DOE Awards $29 Million to Advance Clean Hydrogen Production

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August 29, 2022
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(U.S. Department of Energy)  Industry and Universities Will Work to Reduce the Cost of Clean Hydrogen to Deliver Cheap Electricity; New $32 Million Funding Opportunity will Support Clean Hydrogen Technologies  --  The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced the award of $28.9 million to 15 industry- and university-led projects and a new $32 million funding opportunity for research that will advance cutting-edge clean hydrogen technology solutions. The funding will support clean hydrogen uses for a more available and affordable fuel for electricity generation, industrial decarbonization, and transportation fuel. Electricity generated from clean hydrogen will help in reaching the Biden-Harris Administration’s goal achieving a net-zero economy by 2050.

“Clean hydrogen is an incredibly versatile tool for decarbonizing our economy and tackling the climate crisis,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm. “DOE is investing in projects that will help bring down the cost of producing clean hydrogen,  increase its availability as an affordable, low-carbon fuel for power production, and generate good-paying jobs.”

Hydrogen is a clean fuel that, when combined with oxygen in a fuel cell or burned in a gas turbine, can be used to produce electricity with only water and heat as by-products. Hydrogen can be produced through a variety of low-carbon pathways, including domestic resources like sustainably-sourced biomass or natural gas and waste coal, coupled with carbon capture and storage. This makes it an attractive fuel option for both electricity generation and industrial applications, such as in buildings and manufacturing.

DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), under the purview of the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM), will manage the 15 selected projects, which address the following topics:

  • Production of low-cost, carbon-neutral hydrogen from sustainable biomass feedstocks.
  • Production of clean hydrogen from blended feedstocks that include biomass, waste coal, waste plastics, and municipal solid wastes, with carbon capture.
  • Front-end engineering design studies to design and implement carbon capture systems that enable the production of clean hydrogen from natural gas. 

A detailed list of the selected projects can be found here.

DOE also announced a new $32 million funding opportunity for applications in four areas of interest:

  • Development of technologies to advance clean hydrogen production from sustainable biomass, municipal solid wastes, coal wastes and waste plastics.
  • Further development of existing natural gas to hydrogen processes to bring them closer to commercialization.
  • Performance improvements for leak detection in hydrogen pipelines and transportation infrastructure.
  • Options for safe, long-term subsurface hydrogen storage.  

Read the full funding opportunity announcement here. 

Since January 2021, FECM has invested nearly $80 million in 46 projects to explore new, clean methods to produce hydrogen and to improve the efficiency of hydrogen-fueled turbines. The selected projects announced today and the additional research to be funded also support DOE’s Hydrogen Shot initiative, which seeks to reduce the cost of clean hydrogen by 80% to $1 per 1 kilogram in 1 decade to grow new, clean hydrogen pathways in the United States. 

FECM funds research, development, demonstration, and deployment projects to decarbonize power generation and industrial production, remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and mitigate the environmental impacts of fossil fuel production and use. Priority areas of technology work include carbon capture, carbon conversion, carbon dioxide removal, carbon dioxide transport and storage, hydrogen production with carbon management, methane emissions reduction, and critical minerals production. To learn more, visit the FECM website, sign up for FECM news announcements and visit the NETL website.   READ MORE

AREA OF INTEREST 1- CLEAN HYDROGEN COST REDUCTIONS VIA PROCESS INTENSIFICATION & MODULARIZATION FOR HYDROGEN SHOT

Metallic Membrane Reactors: An Intensified Process to Transforming the Production of Carbon-Neutral Hydrogen – Clarkson University (Potsdam, New York) plans to develop a potentially transformational approach to produce low-cost, carbon-neutral hydrogen from biomass gasification using hydrogen-selective membrane-assisted water-gas shift reactors (MAWGS). In this approach, hydrogen is produced from the water-gas shift reaction and simultaneously separated from the mixture gas without undergoing other treatments that remove pollutants and separate it. The key goal is the synthesis of a reliable hydrogen-selective membrane material with long-term stability, high permeability, and selectivity. Process modeling, life cycle assessment, and techno-economic analysis will be conducted to determine the best option for the location of the MAWGS in the modular gasification process, environmental impact, and ability of the MAWGS technology to provide a pathway for achieving the Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Shot goals.

DOE Funding: $535,000; Non-DOE Funding: $137,382; Total Value: $672,382

 

Catalytic Membrane Reactors Based on Carbon Molecular Sieve Hollow Fiber Membranes for Sustainable and Modular hydrogen Production – The Research Foundation for the State University of New York on behalf of University at Buffalo (Buffalo, New York), with partners Los Alamos National Laboratory and Trimeric, plan to demonstrate a process-intensified system for economically viable, modular hydrogen production from waste biomass using a catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) based on carbon molecular sieve (CMS) hollow fiber membranes. The CMR will be developed to selectively remove hydrogen during the high-temperature WGS reaction to circumvent thermodynamic limitations on the conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen. The team will design membrane reactors for high-temperature WGS reaction by integrating hydrogen-selective membranes, catalysts, and optimized process designs; prepare and optimize CMS hollow fiber membrane modules to achieve high hydrogen permeance and hydrogen/CO2 selectivity; design and prepare nano-catalysts with high WGS activity and stability under CMR conditions; prepare and characterize the CMRs for high-temperature WGS reactions using simulated and real syngas containing hydrogen sulfide, CO, and water vapor; and conduct the process design and analysis based on the newly developed membranes for hydrogen/CO2 separations.

DOE Funding: $1,600,000; Non-DOE Funding: $500,000; Total Value: $2,100,000

 

Intensification of Hydrogen Production Enabled by Electrochemical Pumping Module for Purification and Compression – The Washington University (St. Louis, Missouri), in collaboration with Skyre Inc., plans to develop and demonstrate an innovative electrochemical hydrogen pump technology that will significantly reduce the cost of clean hydrogen production from small-scale (5-50MW) biomass gasification units. The project will achieve this cost reduction through substantial process intensification by combining two energy-intensive process steps—hydrogen purification and compression—into a single step and replacing inefficient and scale-driven purification and compression units with a single modular electrochemical purifier/pump. The modular nature of these electrochemical cells enables utilization at similar efficiency at any gasification unit scale.

DOE Funding: $1,600,000; Non-DOE Funding: $401,311; Total Value: $2,001,311

 

Modular Biomass Gasification for Co-Production of Hydrogen and Power – University of North Dakota (Grand Forks, North Dakota), in partnership with Envergex LLC, Singularity Energy Technologies, and the North Dakota Industrial Commission’s Renewable Energy Program, intends to demonstrate a novel process-intensified and modular combined hydrogen heat and power production technology. The process technology integrates a novel adaptation of the steam-iron process to produce high-purity hydrogen from the gasification of biomass and biomass blends with a compression-ready CO2 stream. The proposed technology addresses the challenges to small-scale modular hydrogen production by (1) developing a novel iron-based material with multi-functionality (oxygen carrier material) that combines syngas purification, hydrogen production, and CO2 separation (process intensification); (2) adopting a commercially available, low-cost, modular, moving bed gasification, specifically designed for variable quality feedstocks at feed rates of 25–50 tonnes per day per module; and (3) tightly integrating the gasification process and synthesis gas conversion process.

DOE Funding: $1,600,000; Non-DOE Funding: $520,000; Total Value: $2,120,000

 

Process Intensification of Hydrogen Production through Sorption-Enhanced Gasification of Biomass – University of Utah (Salt Lake City, Utah) plans to demonstrate the feasibility of sorption-enhanced biomass gasification for production of hydrogen-rich syngas in a dual fluidized bed (DFB) reactor operating under industrially relevant conditions.  The project will homogenize and prepare waste biomass to ensure reliable feed to a DFB process development unit (PDU). The PDU will operate as a conventional DFB gasifier with olivine bed material, then as sorption-enhanced gasification (SEG) by adding limestone to the bed material and, finally, as an oxy-SEG by fluidizing the combustor with an oxygen/CO2 mix. Complementary lab-scale studies will provide rate data that will feed into computational models of the gasifier and overall process. The SEG approach will simplify production of hydrogen from biomass by pre-processing the biomass to ensure consistent composition and trouble-free feeding. This will then be fed to a DFB gasifier with the addition of limestone to achieve in-situ removal of CO2 from the gasifier to create a clean, high-hydrogen syngas.

DOE Funding: $1,595,957; Non-DOE Funding: $399,040; Total Value: $1,994,997

 

Producing Clean Hydrogen Using a Modular Two-Stage Intensified Membrane-Enhanced Catalytic Gasifier – West Virginia University Research Corporation (Morgantown, West Virginia) plans to develop a highly intensified gasifier that, when coupled with a solid sorbent-based pre-combustion CO2 capture system and a few of the plant equipment items, generates fuel-cell grade hydrogen and sequestration-ready CO2 using a highly mass- and heat-intensified process. Project tasks include experimental work synergistically coupled with computational tasks leveraging learning from the experimental studies for optimizing the process and improving its economics. The research team will also produce validated rigorous unit- and plant-level models for design and optimization of the modular scaled-up process, as well as a preliminary techno-economic analysis. Outcomes include >99.9% purity hydrogen, a sequestration-ready CO2-rich stream with >96.5% CO2 purity, a process that can generate gasification steam, and a modular and highly intensified system with far fewer equipment items compared to traditional gasification systems.

DOE Funding: $1,498,751; Non-DOE Funding: $374,963; Total Value: $1,873,714

 

AREA OF INTEREST 2A - CLEAN HYDROGEN FROM HIGH-VOLUME WASTE MATERIALS AND BIOMASS

Hydrogen Production from Modular CO2 Assisted Oxy-Blown Gasification of Waste – Auburn University (Auburn, Alabama), along with partner RTI International, intends to develop a novel process to produce hydrogen from blended feedstock that includes legacy waste coal, forest residues, and the organic-rich fraction of municipal solid waste via CO2-assisted oxy-blown gasification. The proposed project will demonstrate the integration of CO2-assisted oxy-blown gasification with novel, modular technologies for syngas cleanup and conditioning, including RTI’s Fixed Bed Warm Desulfurization Process, Trace Contaminant Removal Process, and Advanced Fixed-bed Water-Gas Shift. Successful completion will provide experimental and modeling data to support informed decisions on feedstock preparation to minimize contaminants of concern in syngas and advanced technologies needed for syngas conditioning and cleanup for producing high-purity (99.97%) hydrogenat a scale of 5–50 megawatts electric.

DOE Funding: $1,574,002; Non-DOE Funding: $401,961; Total Value: $1,975,963

 

Fluidized Bed Gasification for Conversion of Biomass and Waste Materials to Renewable Hydrogen – Gas Technology Institute (Des Plaines, Illinois) and partners Idaho National Laboratory and Electric Power Research Institute plan to advance fluidized bed gasification technology for a hydrogen production plant from feedstock blends of biomass, waste plastics, and municipal solid waste with the goal to enable the application of small modular gasifiers producing hydrogen from low-cost waste materials available at local communities. GTI will build upon its proven U-GAS® fluidized bed gasification technology, and in the future will deploy the currently proposed project results on a large scale via its subsidiary, SunGas Renewables.

DOE Funding: $1,600,000; Non-DOE Funding: $400,000; Total Value: $2,000,000

 

Performance Testing to Advance Modular, Moving-Bed Gasification for the Generation of Low-Cost, Clean Hydrogen from Biomass Mixed with Legacy Coal Waste, Waste Plastic, and/or Other Waste – Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (Palo Alto, California) and partners HMI, Nexant, and Sotacarbo intend to qualify biomass with a mixture of legacy coal wastes, waste plastics, and other wastes based on performance testing of pellet recipes using HMI’s moving-bed gasifier. The testing will provide relevant data to advance the commercial-scale design of the gasifier. The project will focus on effects of the various fuels on feedstock development, resulting products, and impacts on gasifier operations. The project will use the results to specify the range of feedstock blends that can be successfully gasified, as well as quantify gasifier outputs based on specific blends.

DOE Funding: $1,128,034; Non-DOE Funding: $282,010; Total Value: $1,410,044

 

Hydrogen Production from High-Volume Organic Construction and Demolition Wastes – University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) (Grand Forks, North Dakota), with partner Simonpietri Enterprises LLC, plans to generate clean, locally sourced hydrogen via gasification from a high-volume, negative value, highly contaminated feedstock such as organic construction and demolition (C&D) waste. The project will structure a techno-economic evaluation around a notional modular-scale, 5–50 megawatts electric-equivalent-scale plant sited in the United States where there is a potential hydrogen market near C&D landfills. This project will help close specific waste-to-fuel technical gaps by gasifying actual C&D waste in an existing EERC oxygen-blown fluid-bed gasifier while testing numerous syngas cleanup options to control the trace metals of concern and advance the prospect of using other challenging waste streams contaminated with heavy metals.

DOE Funding: $1,600,000; Non-DOE Funding: $400,000; Total Value: $2,000,000

 

Advancing Entrained-Flow Gasification of Waste Materials and Biomass for Hydrogen Production – University of Utah (Salt Lake City, Utah) intends to demonstrate the technical feasibility of gasifying blends of biomass and high-volume waste materials to produce hydrogen and improve feedstock preparation and feeding to enhance gasifier performance and conversion. Various liquid mixtures of coal, biomass, and waste plastic will be prepared and gasified in a 1 ton/day pressurized oxygen-blown entrained-flow gasifier to characterize the influence of operating conditions on reactor performance, carbon conversion, and syngas quality. Special attention will be given to the biomass and plastic liquefaction processes to minimize energy input, maximize product yield, and expand the range of usable waste materials to include agricultural waste. The project team intends to develop a new flexible fuel gasifier burner based on proven hot oxygen burner technology that will allow liquid slurries and gaseous feedstocks to be fed individually or in combination. The project will measure impurities and evaluate the suitability of the syngas for hydrogen production via water-gas shift.

DOE Funding: $1,593,376; Non-DOE Funding: $398,345; Total Value: $1,991,721

 

AREA OF INTEREST 2B - SENSORS & CONTROLS FOR CO-GASIFICATION OF WASTE PLASTICS IN PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN WITH CARBON CAPTURE

Integration of LIBS with Machine Learning for Real-Time Monitoring of Waste Plastics/Biomass/Coal Wastes Feedstock in Gasification Applications – Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) and partners Energy Research Company, the Gas Technology Institute, and SpG Consulting, LLC intend to demonstrate the feasibility of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) integrated with machine learning to measure the characteristics of feedstock streams (biomass, waste plastics, and legacy coal waste) entering gasifiers that produce hydrogen. The project will eliminate hazards associated with toxic feedstock products by measuring, in real-time and in situ, the feedstock's chemistry and higher-order parameters so that a gasifier can efficiently and economically use them while producing hydrogen. The team will test the instrument in the lab to assess its capabilities, determine its operating envelope, document its performance, and perform a techno-economic analysis of the technology for gasifier applications.

DOE Funding: $500,000; Non-DOE Funding: $125,000; Total Value: $625,000

 

Development of Distributed Sensors for Waste Plastics Gasification toward Clean Hydrogen Production – University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), in collaboration with the Department of Energy’s Idaho National Laboratory (INL), intends to develop distributed fiber sensors to perform real-time temperature and hydrogen concentration measurements that enable process control optimization to improve hydrogen production using plastics gasification processes. Working with INL, the project team will use the distributed fiber sensors developed in this project to perform comprehensive studies of co-gasification processes using waste plastics mixed with coal waste and biomass as feedstocks for hydrogen production. Data harnessed by these new sensors will be used to optimize gasification processes by controlling air/steam flow rates, reactor temperatures, feedstock preparation, and binary/ternary feedstock mixing to efficiently produce hydrogen while minimizing pollutant emissions.

DOE Funding: $500,000; Non-DOE Funding: $134,765; Total Value: $634,765

 

AREA OF INTEREST 8A-FRONT-END ENGINEERING DESIGN STUDIES FOR CARBON CAPTURE SYSTEMS AT DOMESTIC STEAM METHANE REFORMING (SMR) FACILITIES PRODUCING H2 FROM NATURAL GAS

Carbon Capture on Air Liquide US Gulf Coast Steam Methane Reformer Using the CryocapTM FG Process – Dastur International, Inc. (Ridgewood, New Jersey), in partnership with Air Liquide and the University of Texas at Austin’s Bureau of Economic Geology, plans to conduct a front-end engineering design study on the design and implementation of full-scale carbon capture at the steam menthane reforming  plant on the U.S. Gulf Coast to achieve deep reductions in CO2 emissions and enable clean hydrogen production. The team will focus on the design and economic analysis of carbon capture, including several environmental, technical, and cost assessments that outline how this carbon capture and storage project achieves the Department of Energy’s goal of producing clean hydrogen from natural gas.

DOE Funding: $5,996,304; Non-DOE Funding: $1,499,303; Total Value: $7,495,607

 

Combined Carbon Capture Solution on Air Liquide Northern California Steam Methane Reformer – Electricore, Inc. (Santa Clarita, California) and partner Air Liquide plan to conduct a front-end engineering design study on the design and implementation of full-scale capture at the SMR plant in northern California to enable clean hydrogen production. The team will focus on the design and economic analysis of carbon capture, including several environmental, technical, and cost assessments that outline how this project achieves the Department of Energy’s capture targets and demonstrates net-zero carbon emissions.

DOE Funding: $5,996,261; Non-DOE Funding: $1,499,066; Total Value: $7,495,327

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drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona 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microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts 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Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis 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RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae 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