(US Treasury Department Internal Revenue Service) The Internal Revenue Service today issued guidance on the Section 45Z Clean Fuels Production Tax Credit to empower America’s crop and livestock farmers, ranchers, and fuel producers across the country and help them access the growing domestic biofuels market in a way that makes the Clean Fuels Production Credit work for them.
“Today's guidance helps America’s farmers, ranchers, and fuel producers access growing opportunities in the domestic biofuels market,” said IRS Chief Executive Officer Frank J. Bisignano. “This guidance helps unlock billions of dollars for America’s agricultural producers, provides greater certainty for investment across rural America, strengthens domestic biofuel production, and helps lower fuel costs for American consumers.”
Notice 2026-53 PDF provides the 2026 emissions rate table used to calculate the clean fuel production credit and provides additional guidance, including on the use of manure-derived fuels and regenerative agricultural practices, supporting American biofuel production.
The Working Families Tax Cuts (WFTC) amended and extended section 45Z, including making several changes that require technical modeling updates to the 45ZCF-GREET model used to determine emissions rates. The section 45Z proposed regulations, which were issued February 4, 2026 and are under final consideration by the IRS and Treasury Department, proposed rules implementing the WFTC changes to the Clean Fuels Production Credit, including addressing how the annual emissions rate tables work and which table and models a producer should use to determine the emissions rate of a particular fuel.
Today’s notice provides certain technical modeling language used to implement WFTC-mandated model updates for manure-derived fuels. This notice addresses how producers should account for WFTC changes when using the emissions rate table and allowed models. The DOE is developing corresponding updates to the 45ZCF-GREET model.
The 45Z proposed regulations indicated that the IRS would provide further guidance on how United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) rules on regenerative agricultural practices will be integrated into the 45ZCF-GREET model once the USDA finalized its rules, which USDA did on June 29, 2026. This notice provides a safe harbor that will be available for 2025 clean fuel production.
The notice also provides transition rules for applying changes made by the WFTC when an allowed methodology has not yet been updated to reflect those changes, including rules addressing used cooking oil and other feedstocks. Among other changes, the law:
The Clean Fuel Production Tax Credit, as modified by the WFTC, provides a tax credit for eligible clean transportation fuels produced domestically and sold in a qualified sale, including sustainable aviation fuel and other clean fuels. The credit amount generally depends on a fuel's lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions rate, with lower-emission fuels qualifying for larger credits.
Today's notice provides the 2026 emissions rate table used to calculate the credit and allows certain regenerative agricultural practices and farm-specific manure management practices to be reflected in emissions calculations, helping agricultural producers participate in the growing domestic biofuels market.
For agricultural feedstocks, the guidance allows taxpayers to account for qualifying low-carbon agricultural practices consistent with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s technical guidelines and the 45Z-specific Feedstock Carbon Intensity Calculator. The guidance also provides transition relief for fuel produced in 2025 and 2026 from certain requirements relating to the development of a nutrient budget before nutrients are applied.
The guidance provides for distinct emissions rates for transportation fuel derived from specific animal manure feedstocks, as required by the WFTC. The 2026 emissions rate table includes dairy manure and swine manure, and Treasury and IRS anticipate that the 45ZCF-GREET model will be updated later in 2026 to include poultry manure and beef manure as primary feedstocks. The guidance also allows farm-specific prior manure management practices to be taken into account in certain circumstances, allowing emissions calculations to better reflect conditions on individual farms. READ MORE
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Excerpt from DTN Progressive Farmer: In particular, the guidance gives special treatment to manure-based fuels, rewards regenerative agriculture and limits the use of foreign feedstocks in fuels that generate the credit. In addition, the U.S. Department of Energy released an updated Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies (GREET) model this week.
The IRS is giving special relief for 2025 and 2026 crops that were planted prior to the agency guidance, noting in the guidance, "for fuel produced in 2025 and 2026, the requirements (under the law) regarding the pre-application development of a nutrient budget are deemed satisfied for purposes of 45Z."
The IRS makes clear that taxpayers will have to prove any regenerative agriculture claims with actual evidence.
"A taxpayer must be able to substantiate the application of any nutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and measurable nutrient sources and removals that the taxpayer inputs into 45ZCF FD-CIC," the IRS said in the guidance.
"A taxpayer must also keep records sufficient to substantiate its claim for the 45Z credit."
Taxpayers qualify for the 45Z using only farming practices identified by USDA in its technical guidelines, the IRS said. Those practices include cover crops, no-till or reduced tillage, enhanced nutrient management, nitrogen inhibitors and manure applications.
Farmers will not be penalized for failing to have nutrient budgets prepared in advance for 2025 and 2026, because many crops were planted before USDA finalized its guidelines, the IRS said.
The National Corn Growers Association said on Wednesday the actions will "give safe harbor" to previously recognized on-farm practices in reducing the carbon intensity of fuels.
"We are very pleased to see these agencies reaffirm the positive actions from the administration earlier this year, which recognized the importance of existing regenerative practices," NCGA President Jed Bower said in a statement.
"We have been encouraged by the strong cooperation and emphasis on how this tax credit will benefit the individual farmer throughout the implementation process."
In addition, the IRS guidance excludes indirect land-use change as a factor in calculating carbon emissions for 45Z.
"For taxpayers using a version of the 45ZCF-GREET model that includes ILUC emissions to determine the emissions rate for a transportation fuel produced after Dec. 31, 2025, the ILUC value published in the 45ZCF-GREET model must be subtracted from the total life cycle analysis results (total LCA results)," the IRS said.
ANIMAL MANURE
The IRS said it was updating its emissions model to allow for dairy and swine manure to qualify for the 45Z.
"The Treasury Department and the IRS anticipate that an update to the 45ZCF-GREET model including dairy manure and swine manure as distinct primary feedstocks is forthcoming," the IRS said.
"As such, dairy manure and swine manure are included as primary feedstocks in the 2026 emissions rate table."
As part of that, livestock operations will be allowed to use a farm's actual manure management history instead of relying on a national average when calculating carbon scores.
The IRS notice said, "A taxpayer producing a transportation fuel derived from animal manure may use an alternative fate reflecting farm-specific prior manure management practices for the animal manure from which the taxpayer derived its transportation fuel."
Prior practices include manure storage in uncovered lagoons, deep pits, liquid/slurry, pasture/range/paddock, dry lot and solid storage.
So, if a dairy or swine operation has historically managed manure in a way that led to higher methane emissions, capturing that methane through an anaerobic digester and converting it to renewable natural gas may receive greater recognition in carbon counting.
Those operations, however, will be required to have records to support exactly how manure was handled before a given digester project was implemented.
"A taxpayer that cannot substantiate the farm-specific prior manure management practices of a given farm will not have avoided emissions included in the 45ZCF-GREET model for such farm's portion of the taxpayer's manure inputs," the IRS said.
New farms, however, would not qualify for the farm-specific benefit. The IRS said it was concerned that new livestock facilities could intentionally choose high-emitting manure systems to later create larger carbon reductions.
In addition, the IRS guidance said manure-based fuels qualify for negative emissions rates after Dec. 31, 2025.
Patrick Serfass, executive director of the American Biogas Council, said in a statement the IRS guidance was much needed.
"Since Congress created 45Z four years ago, the biogas industry has been waiting for the certainty needed to fully put this tax credit to work," he said.
"Billions of dollars of potential investment have been sidelined in recent years while companies waited to understand how 45Z would apply to their projects. Today's guidance provides a path to move that investment forward, build new biogas systems and turn more of the organic waste produced in our communities into domestic renewable fuel."
FOREIGN FEEDSTOCKS
The IRS guidance said transportation fuel produced after Dec. 31, 2025, must be exclusively derived from feedstocks grown in the U.S., Mexico or Canada to qualify for the 45Z.
"The Treasury Department and the IRS remain concerned about the ability to reliably distinguish between imported used cooking oil and palm oil, and the resulting risk of crediting ineligible fuels," the IRS said in its guidance.
In addition, fuel produced only in 2025 using non-North American used cooking oil imported into the U.S. potentially qualifies for the 45Z, according to the guidance, using the "applicable pathway." READ MORE
Excerpt from Energy.AgWired.com: A big focus of last week’s American Coalition for Ethanol 39th annual conference was on the 45Z clean fuel production tax credit, with the final panel on Friday serving up an overview of policy, modeling, and compliance for biofuel producers.
USDA released its final guidelines for the production of regenerative agricultural biofuel feedstocks in June and Kate Zook, Acting Director of USDA’s Office of Energy and Environmental Policy, explained that it covers corn, soy, sorghum, and spring canola. “The official calculator that is used to calculate the farm scale carbon intensity is USDA’s Feedstock Carbon Intensity Calculator,” said Zook. “It reports out in CO2e per bushel and it contains all the practices and crops with USDA’s rule. So it is meant to work in tandem with USDA’s rule.”
Zook said the Department of Energy still must incorporate the calculator into the GREET model required by statute, and then Treasury must formally cite the USDA regulations. “We know from the regulatory agenda that 45Z is aimed to be finalized in November of this year,” she said. “This is a huge deal. It’s a huge deal for agriculture. If there’s a way that we can pass that value down to the farm and allow the farmer to have some power in this market with their grain, that’s an excellent opportunity.”
Kari Buttenhoff and Jamey Cline, both with Christianson PLLP, provided some insight into the modeling and compliance pieces for ethanol producers, acknowledging that every plant is different and the program is complicated and still not yet finalized. “With different markets comes uncertainty,” said Cline. “And this is exacerbated by the fact we don’t have a final rule for 45Z and have sought interpretation for very complex regulations since they were released. The industry is having to comply with a new regulation that doesn’t have all the rules down yet on paper, nor are they fully understood. In fact, because the market was being developed in real time, pricing and other benefits had to be developed.”
Listen to the panel conversation:
The 45Z Playbook: Policy, Modeling, and Compliance for Biofuel Producers – panel
Kate Zook, Acting Director, Office of Energy and Environmental Policy, USDA
Kari Buttenhoff, Christianson
Jamey Cline, Partner, Christianson PLLP
45Z Playbook panel 54:44 READ MORE
We need more homegrown biofuels, not less. -- Emily Skor, Growth Energy CEO READ MORE
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Today, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced decisions for 34 small refinery exemption (SRE) petitions under the Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) program for 2025. In consultation with U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), EPA reviewed and considered information submitted by each petitioning small refinery. EPA then evaluated each SRE petition consistent with the Clean Air Act and case law.
Based on that analysis, EPA is exempting 1.76 billion RFS compliance credits, known as Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs), for 29 small refineries. EPA will propose to reallocate 100 percent of the difference between projected and actual exempted volumes for 2025 SREs into the 2026 and 2027 Renewable Volume Obligations (RVOs) before the end of October 2026.
Due to the agency’s 2025 SRE decisions, EPA will also be announcing a direct final rule to extend the 2025 RVO compliance date by 30 days to October 1, 2026. This will allow the market to appropriately account for the additional RINs.
EPA is making the following 2025 SRE determinations:
| EPA Determination | Number of Small Refineries Receiving |
| Full (100%) | 18 |
| Partial (50%) | 11 |
| Denial (0%) | 3 |
| Ineligible (0%) | 2 |
In 2020, EPA established a methodology in regulation for predicting the expected volumes that would be exempted based on an average of the past three years. Before that rulemaking, SREs were not considered as part of the volumes – in other words, all SREs had the result of reducing volumes. Following EPA’s methodology, the agency estimated that 990 million RINs would be exempted in 2025 in “Set 2” and put into the volumes. However, due to more small refineries requesting exemptions and changes in financial circumstances, EPA is exempting more RINs than estimated in “Set 2.”
Based on agency experiences, DOE is evaluating how it has historically utilized their 2011 disproportionate economic harm methodology and the information needed for future small refinery petitions to account for current market circumstances in this new phase of the RFS program. DOE will continue to seek public feedback from all impacted stakeholders on these analyses.
Since the beginning of the Trump Administration, EPA has observed inaccurate and misleading reporting on the agency’s RFS actions that have contributed to significant market movements despite no official statement or action from the Administration. Most recently, misleading reports and information led to significant volatility in the RIN market. These incidents raise serious concerns about the potential misuse of material nonpublic information and possible market manipulation. EPA continues to work with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and will expand its coordination to ensure compliance with all applicable federal laws and protect the integrity of the RIN market.
Information on the 2025 SREs can be found here. READ MORE
Missouri Soybean Association Statement on Small Refinery Exemptions & RIN Reallocation: MSA appreciates continued commitment to historic Renewable Fuel Standard volumes and strong domestic demand for U.S. soy (Missouri Soybean Association)
EPA and Small Refinery Exemptions: 2, 4, 6, 8 — Reallocate! Making Farmers Whole — or Making Another Hole for Farmers to Fall Into? (Biofuels Digest)
Trump Ramps Up Pressure on Squeezed Refiners to Ease Pump Prices (Bloomberg/Yahoo! Finance)
Biofuels industry reaction to SRE decisions mixed (The Fence Post)
RFA Connects with Farmers at Farm Progress Show (Energy.Agwired.com; includes AUDIO)
EPA lets Iowa oil refineries skip blending ethanol, other biofuels into fuel (KETV Omaha/Governors/ Biofuels Coalition)
What They Are Saying: Leaders Across U.S. Applaud EPA’s Action on 2025 Small Refinery Exemptions (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Ethanol Report from the 2026 Farm Progress Show (Energy.AgWired.com)
EPA Small Refinery Exemptions Impact Ag Markets: OSU’s Todd Hubbs on Biofuels, Wheat Basis, and Harvest Strategy (Oklahoma Farm Report)
Iowa biofuel industry presses EPA after refinery exemptions (Daily Nonpareil)
Senator says changes to biofuel blending quotas come with uncertainty (Brownfield Ag News; includes AUDIO)
Excerpt from Renewable Fuels Association: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency today granted dozens of new small refinery exemptions from 2025 Renewable Fuel Standard blending requirements and laid out a proposed plan to restore the lost renewable fuel volume in the near future.
Of the 34 pending exemption petitions, EPA granted full exemptions to 18 and partial (50 percent) exemptions to 11. It also denied three petitions and determined two petitions to be ineligible. This represents a total of 1.76 billion exempted RINs, or renewable fuel blending credits. EPA simultaneously announced it will propose to reallocate 100 percent of the newly exempted renewable fuel volume into the 2026 and 2027 renewable volume obligations before the end of October 2026.
“While we continue to believe most of the SREs issued today are completely unjustified, we are somewhat encouraged that EPA is taking steps to minimize the damage through reallocation,” said RFA President and CEO Geoff Cooper. “The proposed plan laid out by EPA today creates a pathway for ensuring no net loss in renewable fuel demand, and it is crucially important that the agency moves quickly to faithfully implement this approach. At a time when oil refiners are reporting record-high profit margins, gasoline supplies are tightening, and consumers are paying record-high prices at the pump, the administration should focus on efforts to increase—not decrease—the domestic production and use of more affordable biofuels like ethanol.”
Cooper noted that ethanol with a RIN credit attached is selling for $2 per gallon wholesale today, compared to $3.08 per gallon for gasoline, underscoring the fact that ethanol is helping to provide economic relief at the pump for American families.
Still, unwarranted SREs continue to plague the RFS with uncertainty and instability, Cooper said, noting that reform of the “broken SRE program” is needed. “The RFS has been in place for more than 20 years, and Congress never intended for SREs to be a permanent entitlement for Fortune 500 oil refining companies,” he said. “The exemptions were always meant to be a temporary measure to give truly small, independent refiners a little more time to come into compliance with the RFS program. Unfortunately, many so-called small refiners have been allowed to exploit this loophole for two decades, putting American consumers, farmers, and biofuel producers on the losing end.”
EPA’s own analyses show that RIN costs for all refiners—big and small—are passed along to buyers of refined fuels at the wholesale level, and those costs are offset when lower-cost renewable fuels are blended with gasoline, Cooper noted.
Media reports on the looming SRE announcement led to an effort by RFA and its allies across the agriculture and biofuels industry to soften the blow. Numerous state and federal lawmakers, members of the Trump administration, and other leaders also stepped in to voice strong support for renewable fuels, Cooper said. “We are grateful to the many elected and appointed officials who spoke out publicly over the past week about the potential damage these exemptions could do to farmers, renewable fuel producers, and American families,” he said. “They understand what’s at risk in their home states and districts, and we appreciate their willingness to stand up for their constituents.”
June polling for RFA by Morning Consult found that more than three-quarters of respondents with an opinion want oil companies to be required to meet their renewable fuel blending requirements. Less than a quarter want oil companies to be allowed to avoid them. READ MORE
Excerpt from Clean Fuels Alliance America: Kurt Kovarik, Clean Fuels’ Vice President of Federal Affairs, stated in reaction: “America’s biodiesel, renewable diesel and SAF producers have been working overtime to meet the historic RFS volumes announced just last March. The industry is producing at record pace today, providing a strong domestic market for America’s farmers, investing billions in rural communities, contributing to America’s energy security, and providing American consumers a price break at the pump – in short, delivering measurable results on the administration’s goals for the RFS. We’re hopeful that today’s action won’t reverse the progress we’ve made and that our industry can maintain faith in the RFS program.
“Clean Fuels fundamentally disagrees that small refiners need reprieve from the tepid 2025 RFS volumes set by the prior administration. We appreciate the White House’s commitment to hold biofuel producers harmless and will work with EPA to quickly finalize the promised supplemental rule. We will continue to press the administration to reallocate future small refinery exemptions to ensure they do not harm farmers and other stakeholders in clean fuel production.
“Clean Fuels and its members are extremely grateful for the quick action of Senators Chuck Grassley, Joni Ernst, Representative Ashley Hinson, and numerous other congressional champions who worked to ensure that EPA’s relief measures for small refineries do not come at the expense of America’s biofuel producers and farmers.” READ MORE
Excerpt from DTN Progressive Farmer: National Corn Growers Association President Jed Bower said corn growers were "disheartened" by the number of SREs granted.
"We are thankful that the Trump administration is taking action to offset this development by pledging to reallocate these RINs," Bower said in a statement. "Reallocation is essential for protecting farmers, biofuel producers and consumers alike."
The American Soybean Association said on Monday that it was thankful for the plan to reallocate the gallons waived.
"We appreciate the administration's commitment to reallocating 100% of these additional exemptions and their intention to enter into supplemental rulemaking soon, but timing is critical," said Dave Walton, ASA vice president and Iowa soybean farmer.
"Any delay in reallocation risks undermining the domestic market demand that soybean farmers urgently need as we enter harvest season. EPA must move quickly to fully reallocate these RINs and ensure soybean farmers are held harmless."
Growth Energy CEO Emily Skor said the group had not changed its position that SREs should be granted only when refiners "prove disproportionate economic hardship."
"It's difficult to see how these refiners have met this threshold when they're simultaneously reporting sky-high and, in some cases, record-setting earnings," she said in a statement.
"We will work with EPA to fully account for lost biofuel gallons and make producers and farmers whole."
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Devin Mogler, president and CEO of the National Oilseed Processors Association, said the exemptions had created uncertainty in the market.
"President Trump's strong RFS put American agriculture on a path toward greater certainty, investment and growth, and we appreciate the president and Congress stepping in to protect that progress," Mogler said.
"We remain disappointed by the sheer volume of these refinery exemptions and the uncertainty they have injected back into the market. But restoring waived gallons to the established RFS volumes is critical to sustaining domestic growth, creating stronger markets for American farmers and reducing our reliance on China."
PETROLEUM SRE OPPOSITION
The Trump administration continued forward with the proposal even after the American Petroleum Institute warned EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin in a letter on Monday that granting a higher volume of SREs could be harmful to the market. READ MORE
Excerpt from Reuters: U.S. oil refiners have waged a long lobbying battle with agricultural and biofuel industries over the Renewable Fuel Standard, which requires refiners to blend renewable fuels into gasoline and diesel or purchase credits known as renewable identification numbers, or RINs.
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Refineries owned by Marathon Petroleum and Chevron were among those that received exemptions, according to the EPA. READ MORE
Excerpt from Minnesota Bio-Fuels Association: Association says it will harm farmers and significantly reduce demand for biofuels
Today, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made an announcement that they are significantly expanding the number of small-refinery exemptions for 2025 under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) requirements. The Minnesota Bio-Fuels Association (MN Bio-Fuels) Executive Director Brian Werner released the following statement in response to the EPA’s decision:
"Today’s decision by the EPA is a setback for farmers, ethanol plants, and our ag economy. Exempting oil refiners from their blending obligations won’t lower gasoline prices. As we’ve seen in Minnesota with E15, blending more biofuel into our fuel supply lowers the price consumers pay at the pump.
We appreciate that the recently finalized Renewable Volume Obligations (RVOs) set the highest biofuel blending targets in history, and that’s why it is especially confusing to see the EPA backtrack today. We share the Administration’s desire to make fuel more affordable for American families and small businesses, but the way to do that is through expanding access to year-round E15 and maintaining strong RVOs.
The announcement includes a statement of intent to propose reallocating 100 percent of the nearly 800 million gallons of lost biofuel demand approved in these exemptions back into the 2026 and 2027 RVOs. The EPA needs to follow through on that promise, or this announcement could undermine the economic viability of the biofuels industry." READ MORE
Excerpt from Iowa Renewable Fuels Association: IRFA Urges EPA to Account for Any Changes to 2026-2027 Refinery Exemptions
Today the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) granted 29 refinery exemptions (SREs) to Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) blending levels for the 2025 compliance year. T
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“Every day that passes while these new refinery exemptions are final but the reallocation is hypothetical leaves renewable fuels producers and farmers in the lurch,” said Monte Shaw, Executive Director of the Iowa Renewable Fuels Association. “The EPA must act expeditiously to propose and finalize a rule that reallocates 100 percent of the new refinery exemptions. Nearly a billion gallons of renewable fuels demand hangs in the balance.”
President Trump garnered much praise from the agriculture community in March by finalizing the most robust RFS blending levels in history for 2026 and 2027, called the Set 2 rule.
“Since President Trump put the RFS back on track in March, it has been doing exactly what it was supposed to – driving demand for biofuels,” stated Shaw. “In Iowa, we had biodiesel plants that were shuttered or running at very reduced rates. Today they are producing at full capacity, buying soybean oil from our farmers, and hiring back workers that had been let go. It is almost unimaginable to pull the rug out from under this success story by granting what we believe are unjustifiable refinery exemptions. Exemptions should be extremely rare and only granted when a refiner experiences economic hardship due to the RFS. That’s just not happening. While we are disappointed by the exemptions, a swift and full reallocation can preserve every gallon of renewable fuels demand under the RFS.”
The March RFS rule also prospectively reallocated projected refinery exemptions for 2026-2027, similar to the 2025 projections. While EPA has not announced its intentions, if the agency granted similar refinery exemptions in 2026 and 2027 as it did in 2025, an additional 1.6 billion gallons of renewable fuels demand would be in jeopardy.
“The EPA should also make clear the agency will take steps to protect the historic RFS blending levels finalized in March,” stated Shaw. “Reallocating the new 2025 exemptions is important, but so is preventing any backsliding on 2026-2027 blending levels. The market needs certainty. The record-breaking RFS levels don’t mean a thing if they are undermined through unjustified refinery exemptions. IRFA members urge EPA to commit to full reallocation of any 2026-2027 refinery exemptions in excess of the projections formalized in the Set 2 rule.”
Shaw concluded: “We want to thank the Iowa delegation and all the renewable fuel champions for speaking up loudly when exemption rumors first surfaced. While we may disagree with the exemptions, our united voices ensured that 100 percent reallocation was part of the decision. Now we’ll stand united to ensure 100 percent reallocation is expeditiously implemented.”
The Iowa Renewable Fuels Association represents the state’s liquid renewable fuels industry and works to foster its growth. Iowa is the nation’s leader in renewable fuels production with 42 ethanol refineries capable of producing over 5 billion gallons annually – including 34 million gallons of annual cellulosic ethanol production capacity – and 8 biodiesel facilities with the capacity to produce 408 million gallons annually. For more information, visit the Iowa Renewable Fuels Association website at: www.IowaRFA.org. READ MORE
Excerpt from Sustainable Advanced Biofuels Refiners: Biodiesel would have taken the brunt of the negative impact of this unexpected expansion of SREs. SABR represents stakeholders throughout the biodiesel value chain including soybean farmers and processors, biodiesel producers, glycerin refiners, and fuel distributors and retailers. Together, these industries support millions of American jobs and generate billions of dollars in domestic economic activity while supplying homegrown, renewable fuel to the nation’s diesel supply. Without the administration’s decision to address the additional exempted volumes as a result of the expanded SREs for compliance year 2025, those businesses and the investments they have made to meet national fuel needs would have been placed at risk.
The year 2025 was devastating for the biodiesel industry because of major federal energy and tax policy uncertainty. This uncertainty lasted through the first quarter of 2026, when the administration wisely signaled some hope for a recovery by issuing robust volumes under the RFS. Biodiesel producers immediately stepped up to meet those prescribed volumes by adding much-needed fuel to the domestic diesel supply at a time of global fuel shortages and price increases. That additional supply is making U.S. diesel prices lower than they otherwise would be. READ MORE
Excerpt from Ethanol Producer Magazine: According to EPA’s SRE data dashboard, 8 SRE petitions remain pending, including four compliance year 2026 petitions and four compliance year 2027 petitions.
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The American Coalition for Ethanol also expressed disappointment in the EPA’s action to approve SREs. “American farmers continue to struggle to make ends meet, while oil refineries are posting record profits,” said Brian Jennings, CEO of ACE. “In this context, it does not make sense to exempt any refiners from blending low-cost renewable fuels into their outrageously expensive petroleum products. Nevertheless, we appreciate that EPA is taking steps to reallocate the exempt volume to non-exempt refiners and look forward to seeing that promise fulfilled. Until reallocation is final and complete, every exempted gallon is an economic drain on rural America.
“The integrity of the RFS depends on ensuring volume obligations translate into real-world demand. Any gap between required volumes and actual blending undermines the program and creates uncertainty for ethanol producers, farmers and rural communities,” Jennings added. “ACE, along with others in the biofuel industry, has spent significant time defending the RFS and ensuring proper limits on SRE authority through federal circuit and Supreme Court decisions. Any effort to weaken the specific criteria dictated by the courts is troubling, and we will be monitoring any such efforts by DOE.
“SRE controversy has essentially hijacked efforts in the Senate to finally adopt legislation simply allowing retailers nationwide to sell low-cost E15 to their customers year-round. Given EPA’s actions today, we once again call on the Senate to work in a bipartisan way to get E15 legislation over the finish line this year.
“Finally, EPA has the authority to set volumes that require more than 15 billion gallons of conventional biofuels annually. We encourage EPA to seriously consider higher volumes in Set 3 to account for any negative impact from SRE gallons not being fully reallocated and for potential E15 increases.” READ MORE
Excerpt from Biofuels Digest: The seed got better. The fertilizer got better. The machinery got bigger, faster and astonishingly precise. Hybrids arrived, then biotechnology, GPS, variable-rate application and a century’s accumulation of knowledge about how to coax more corn out of the same Iowa dirt.
Today, Iowa corn yields can run north of 200 bushels an acre. American agriculture solved the problem of abundance. It never solved the problem that comes next.
Who buys the next bushel?
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Year-round E15 offered the prospect of opening still more of America’s gasoline market to ethanol. For a farmer wondering where the next increment of corn demand might come from, Washington appeared, for once, to be pointing in a promising direction.
Except permanent year-round E15 still isn’t settled.
And now come the small-refinery exemptions.
On Monday, EPA ruled on 34 petitions covering the 2025 Renewable Fuel Standard.
Eighteen refineries received full exemptions.
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Add it together and 1.76 billion RINs of renewable-fuel obligations were excused.
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If Washington promises you a market on Monday and exempts somebody from it on Tuesday, exactly how much market do you have on Wednesday?
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Think of a Renewable Identification Number, or RIN, as essentially the receipt attached to renewable fuel.
Make qualifying renewable fuel and RINs are generated. Refiners and importers have annual obligations requiring them to acquire and retire enough of those receipts. Blend renewable fuel and you can acquire them that way. Don’t have enough and you can buy RINs on the market.
Congress also provided an escape hatch for small refineries suffering “disproportionate economic hardship.”
Fair enough.
If a genuinely struggling refinery is being pushed toward the wall by a federal mandate, nobody gains much by pushing it through the wall.
The difficulty is what happens to renewable-fuel demand when the refinery gets out.
An SRE says, in effect:
You don’t have to collect these receipts.
Reallocation says:
Fine. Put the volume back into the system and spread the requirement across the obligated parties.
Translated into Page County English:
The small refinery gets out. The gallons don’t.
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When EPA established its renewable-fuel requirements, it wasn’t naïve enough to assume that no small refinery would receive an exemption.
EPA had already projected 990 million RINs worth of 2025 small-refinery exemptions and accounted for them in setting the volumes.
Call that the hole Washington knew about.
Then Monday arrived.
The exemptions EPA actually granted totaled 1.76 billion RINs.
Call that the hole Washington actually dug.
Subtract one from the other and you get roughly 770 million RINs of unexpected exemptions.
And that distinction matters.
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You cannot repair a hole in the diesel market by pouring ethanol into it.
And today the implications run far beyond biodiesel.
Renewable diesel is pulling on oils and fats. Sustainable Aviation Fuel increasingly reaches into overlapping agricultural and low-carbon feedstock systems. Soybean oil, animal fats, used cooking oils and other feedstocks now participate in an interconnected industrial market.
So an exemption isn’t merely an argument between a little refinery and a corn ethanol plant.
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And eventually the investment committee deciding whether the next plant gets built.
That’s the larger importance of reallocation.
The RFS isn’t simply setting today’s fuel volumes anymore.
It is helping send tomorrow’s capital signals.
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The statute provides exemptions for small refineries suffering disproportionate economic hardship.
Biofuel organizations understandably ask how widespread hardship can coexist with strong refining profitability.
They also question how much RIN compliance actually costs a refinery after costs are passed through in petroleum-product prices.
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Then an exemption can arrive after the market has already organized itself around the mandate.
The industry’s phrase for what follows is demand destruction.
It sounds abstract.
It isn’t.
It means somebody invested, planted, produced or financed something expecting a customer that government policy said would exist — and government policy subsequently made some of that customer disappear.
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A small refinery can face legitimate hardship.
Congress provided relief for exactly that reason.
But the Renewable Fuel Standard was created to establish renewable-fuel demand, not merely to distribute paperwork among refiners.
If one party is exempted, account for the volume elsewhere.
Don’t erase it.
Because the consequences no longer stop at the ethanol plant.
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EPA still has to finish the job.
It says it will propose the additional reallocation before the end of October.
Until that becomes enforceable arithmetic, the unexpected missing demand remains principally a promise that Washington intends to restore it. READ MORE
Excerpt from Bloomberg/Yahoo! Finance: (U.S. President Donald) Trump got an earful about federal biofuel-blending requirements, as some refining executives used the hour-long meeting (on September 1, 2026) to argue that quotas compelling them to mix alternative fuels into gasoline are raising pump prices, according to people familiar with the conversation who asked not to be named because it was private.
Roughly a dozen executives from fuel refining and distribution companies joined Trump....
...
The gathering was dominated by talk about the Renewable Fuel Standard, the federal law that compels refiners to blend corn-based ethanol, soy-based biodiesel and other alternative fuels into gasoline and diesel, people said. Industry representatives took aim at the administration's decision to set record-high biofuel-blending quotas, with some casting the targets as unattainable and describing them as driving up gasoline costs, some of the people said.
Tensions on the issue were heightened after Trump's Environmental Protection Agency on Monday granted a host of small refineries exemptions from some of those mandates. At the same time, in a blow to the owners of large refineries, the administration also said it would seek to ensure other, non-exempted facilities are on the hook to blend those waived volumes in their stead.
Renewable fuel quotas are a particularly thorny subject for Trump, dividing the agriculture and oil industries, two key constituencies. Administration officials on Tuesday acknowledged the political dynamic in suggesting their hands were tied on the issue, some of the people said.
...
While gasoline prices have fallen from this year's peak of more than $4.50 a gallon in May, they remain about $1 higher than at the Feb. 28 start of the war — much less the $2.79 low Trump notched in January. Trump says prices will eventually ease and that Americans understand his stated aim of preventing Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. READ MORE
Excerpt from The Fence Post: National Farmers Union President Rob Larew said, “We appreciate the administration’s decision to fully reallocate the renewable identification numbers affected by these exemptions, protecting a stable market for family farmers.”
“Farmers spoke out about the harm they’d face without full reallocation, and we appreciate EPA listening to those concerns. The uncertainty around potential changes to the Renewable Fuel Standard has not been helpful at a time when farm country needs predictability,” Larew said. “We’re glad to see the integrity of the program upheld and continued demand for what our farmers grow.”
Last week the American Farm Bureau Federation’s Intel service published a report explaining small refinery exemptions.
“Farm Bureau opposes small refinery exemptions, but if exemptions are granted, the associated RFS obligations should be reallocated to preserve overall renewable fuel demand the RFS was designed to support,” the report said.
Farm Bureau President Zippy Duvall said Monday, “While we have concerns about granting any small refinery exemptions that undercut a strong domestic biofuels market for farmers, we are pleased to see EPA’s commitment toward 100% reallocation of exempted volumes before the end of October. Reallocation is necessary to maintain robust demand for American grown crops.”
Sen. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn., the ranking member of the Senate Agriculture Committee who is running for governor of Minnesota, said, “Farmers are already facing the headwinds of the president’s tariffs, rising input costs from the war in Iran, and dwindling international markets, and now the administration is choosing to damage another critical market for American farmers.”
“I led bipartisan efforts to secure strong blending levels through both Republican and Democratic administrations and this announcement walks back that progress. I will continue to fight for stronger blending levels and a reallocation that helps Minnesota farmers,” Klobuchar said. READ MORE
Excerpt from Ethanol Report: The 2026 Farm Progress Show kicked off September 1 in Boone, Iowa with breaking news for the ethanol industry. On Monday, the Environmental Protection Agency announced new small refinery exemptions for the 2025 compliance year, along with a plan to reallocate the lost volume. And second, breaking in the wee hours of Tuesday morning, California lawmakers passed a fix to hopefully allow sales of E15 to finally happen in the state.
Renewable Fuels Association President and CEO Geoff Cooper, along with Robert White, Senior VP of Industry Relations & Market Development, were at the show to talk with farmers and the media about those two developments and what they mean for the industry and agriculture. This edition of The Ethanol Report includes their comments, as well as part of Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins’ remarks at Farm Progress Show.
Ethanol Report 9-4-26 12:21 READ MORE; includes AUDIO
Except from Grist/AlterNet: Even with the waivers, gasoline prices in many states are $1.50 above their pre-Iran highs. The early months of the conflict hinged on the question of the Strait of Hormuz, but even if the strait were to open tomorrow, the gasoline market will remain tight, and neither more oil from Venezuela nor cheaper inputs will free up refining capacity.
“I think it’s going to have a tremendous impact; ultimately, prices are going to come down,” said Trump at the Oval Office on Monday. “Will it happen before the election? I can’t tell you that.” The stubborn high prices do not bode well for Republicans in the midterm elections. On average, the president’s party loses 25 more congressional seats in midterm elections after gas prices spike than in those after gas prices go down, according to a Politico analysis of elections since 1978. READ MORE
Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News: A member of the Senate Ag Committee says reallocating the volume of small refining exemptions into future blending quotas over the next two years is an attempt to balance competing interests.
“It’s threading a needle and we probably haven’t gotten the needle threaded correctly yet.”
Jerry Moran of Kansas tells Brownfield, “That, of course, is a long time and remains to be seen, so that creates some uncertainty. The idea behind that is certainly supported by renewable fuels processors in Kansas and across the country.”
He says it can be difficult to create a solution that benefits both the ag and refining industries. “Everybody is affected in different ways. It’s a reminder that every time we intrude – it’s a story that the cattlemen would remind us of – that every time we intrude into the economy and the free-market system, there are those who benefit and those who do not. Some are harmed in significant ways.”
Moran says the U.S. needs additional refining capacity and does not want to see the changes impact soybean crushing facilities. READ MORE; includes AUDIO
Chaired by Daniel Yergin, CERAWeek is the foremost annual gathering in the energy sector, ranked among the top five “corporate leader conferences” worldwide. CERAWeek 2026 focused on the forces reshaping global energy. Convening in Houston, CERAWeek brought together more than
Global Hydrogen Compass 2026 provides a fact-based assessment of global clean hydrogen progress, highlighting more than USD 130 billion in committed investment across over 570 projects, 90% of which are under construction or already operational, and the actions needed to
(Stanford Report) Using a novel heating method that cuts carbon emissions, engineers dramatically improved hydrogen production efficiency. The process also comes with a surprising side benefit. Producing hydrogen is essential for some of the world’s biggest industrial and agricultural needs, but it
(Eni) Signed a Feasibility Agreement to evaluate high-performance, commercially scalable bio-gasoline for potential future applications -- During the 2026 Formula 1 Italian Grand Prix, Eni and PETRONAS have signed a Feasibility Agreement (FA) to evaluate the development of innovative high-performance bio-gasoline starting
by Charlotte Edmond (World Economic Forum) • The World Economic Forum's Fuelling the Future report argues that clean fuels can strengthen energy security while protecting food systems, if supported by the right policies. As hundreds of millions of people face hunger, the expansion of
by Marc Heller (Politico Pro) Colleges and universities are pushing back on Trump administration proposals that would give political appointees more say over grants. -- The federal government has long awarded agricultural research grants to universities based on set criteria, such as
by Erin Murphy (The Gazette) Democratic candidate for state ag secretary spoke to a clean water advocacy group -- Iowa needs more farmers and less reliance on ethanol, Chris Jones, the Democratic candidate for Iowa agriculture secretary, said during a candidate forum
(Bayer) Commitment aims to support the growth of winter canola in the Southern Great Plains of the U.S., as a feedstock for renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel -- Bayer and Neste, the world’s leading producer of renewable diesel and sustainable aviation
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Shared infrastructure is defined by governance rules, not physical connections. Without clear rules to allocate capacity and price exit, shared assets remain unstable multi-user facilities vulnerable to oversubscription and anchor defection. For example, bilateral agreements often
(Bain & Company) Sustainability has entered an age of divergence. Over the past decade, $17 trillion has been invested in sustainable technologies—$4 trillion more than expected. But progress has been radically uneven. Only a handful of key green technologies have met or
(DNV) Hydrogen has the potential to enable emission-free operations at sea, but key barriers remain. Learn how the industry is addressing challenges around storage, safety, and cost to unlock its long-term potential. READ MORE; includes VIDEO Ammonia as fuel: potential, challenges, and
North American Improved Forest Management carbon credits are growing increasingly relevant in global efforts to mitigate climate change. Retirements have grown at an average rate of 44% since 2020. New measurement practices like dynamic baselines are increasing confidence in project
by Sophie Zienkiewicz (Carbon Neutral Fuels) CNF and EE will collaborate in the development of a sustainable aviation fuel project in North Queensland using sugarcane agricultural waste as feedstock. Collaboration will evaluate feedstock supply, site selection, pathway selection and offtake, marking CNF’s first step
Beyond the Breakthrough: Building Long-Term Value in a Maturing Market -- Future of Renewable Natural Gas North America 2026 is for producers and project owners who already understand the market and are now focused on one priority: how to create lasting
Be part of the Future of BioLNG: Europe 2027, hosted by ACI on the 24th & 25th March in Stockholm, Sweden. Bringing together the complete BioLNG value chain, this two-day conference will explore how Europe can turn its available BioLNG
Preparations are currently underway for Gasification 2027, the leading event dedicated to advancing the role of gasification technologies within the global energy and industrial landscape. Taking place in Helsinki, Finland March 10-11 2027, the conference will once again bring together
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... Biomass. Then algae. Agricultural residues. Waste carbon. Starches and oils. Municipal and industrial wastes. Carbon dioxide itself. Familiar materials, perhaps, but cut differently this season — transformed into chemicals and chemical intermediates through processes DOE
Biomass, Biochar, Biogas, and SAF are central to Southeast Asia's energy transition, with Indonesia as a critical hub given its vast agricultural resources and net-zero commitments. As the nation seeks high-value markets for palm oil waste, forestry residues, and municipal
Indonesia is rapidly emerging as one of the most promising Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) markets in Southeast Asia. Supported by abundant renewable feedstocks, ambitious decarbonization policies, and increasing demand from the aviation sector, Indonesia is expected to become one of
(DQS) DQS Hong Kong -- Founded in 1985 by the German Institute for Standardisation (DIN) and the German Society for Quality (DGQ), DQS is one of the world's most established independent management system certification bodies. DQS is a founding member of the
(Instituto Mobilidade de Baixo Carbono Brasil) From Waste to Wheels - Turning Organic Waste into Renewable Fuel for Transport -- Commissioned by Instituto MBCBrasil, the study aims to accelerate the global deployment of the renewable fuel and highlights opportunities for Brazil in
(Axens) Axens and Wison Engineering signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to explore collaboration opportunities on global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) and eSAF projects, including the Fischer-Tropsch pathway. Through this framework, the two companies will jointly assess practical execution approaches that
(Hydrogen Council) Global Hydrogen Compass 2026 provides a fact-based assessment of global clean hydrogen progress, highlighting more than USD 130 billion in committed investment across over 570 projects, 90% of which are under construction or already operational, and the actions needed
(U.K. Trade Remedies Authority) The TRA has published its final determination in the HVO biodiesel investigation, following the Secretary of State’s decision. -- The Trade Remedies Authority has today (Thursday 10 September) published its final determination in its subsidy investigation into imports
(Binatural/PetroNoticias) Binatural, one of the largest biodiesel producers in the country, is expanding the use of pure biofuel (B100) in road transport operations involving its own fleet, partner carriers, and clients. These initiatives are expected to prevent the emission of more
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Feedstock competition in the bioeconomy represents a massive arithmetic failure rather than a market working. Because individual producers forecast demand independently against a shared physical resource base, the sum of their assumptions quietly exceeds the real
by Jared White (Brownfield Ag News) An ag economist at the University of Illinois says he’s somewhat optimistic about the direction of commodity prices primarily due to demand prospects created by biofuels. In a recent FarmDoc webinar, Nick Paulson says updated federal
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... (W)hat are we eventually going to put in the tanks of these massive long-haul machines? It is a gigantic question involving gigantic aircraft, refineries, capital requirements, and energy loads—and aviation remains among the hardest
by Katie Radin (Amazon) Amazon invests in GranBio to help drive innovation in sustainable aviation fuel -- For decades, discarded wood from logging operations and building sites has gone to waste. GranBio is working to change that. Its advanced biomass technology converts
by Rhonda Brooks (AgWeb) Planting soybeans months before wheat harvest sounds risky. But farmers Brian Tanner and Jason Mauck find it dries wet fields faster, cuts input costs and gives wheat a profitable place back in Corn Belt rotations. Brian Tanner’s challenge
(Farms.com) New Alberta carbon capture hub could support low-carbon agriculture, biofuels, fertilizer innovation, and rural economic growth. Canada has taken a step toward net-zero emissions goals with the launch of construction on what is expected to become the country's largest carbon capture
(Xinde Marine News) The conversion of Shenghang Yongle marks the first time an operating vessel has been classed for ship-to-ship liquid ammonia fuel bunkering. The breakthrough also highlights the increasingly important role of CMB.TECH, which is simultaneously building an ammonia-powered fleet,
(Pacific Environment) The study supports global maritime authorities in preventing greenwashing and fuel fraud -- Pacific Environment and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) have issued a new study highlighting that strict and reliable fuel certification is essential to keep the global
(International Maritime Organization) The Intersessional Working Group on Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Ships (ISWG-GHG 22) met for its 22nd meeting from 1-4 September 2026, chaired by Mr. Sveinung Oftedal (Norway). The meeting had a high level of participation,
(Renewable Fuels Association) The U.S. corn ethanol industry continues to stand out for employing military veterans and maintaining a diverse workforce, according to the 2026 U.S. Energy & Employment Report released today by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Veterans comprise
(US Treasury Department Internal Revenue Service) The Internal Revenue Service today issued guidance on the Section 45Z Clean Fuels Production Tax Credit to empower America’s crop and livestock farmers, ranchers, and fuel producers across the country and help them access the
(Renewable Fuels Association) Blending ethanol into the nation’s fuel supply has helped to substantially lower gasoline prices during the ongoing Iran conflict, a new study for the Renewable Fuels Association shows. Prepared by George Hoekstra, a 35-year veteran of the petroleum
The Aviation fuel market is at a critical crossroads. As the industry navigates shifting supply-demand fundamentals, geopolitical uncertainty, evolving trade flows, and the growing role of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), stakeholders face an increasingly complex operating environment. From jet fuel pricing
(Toyota) **2015-onward HiLux diesel models capable of running on 100 per cent LCLF** **Toyota working with industry to explore the role of low-carbon liquid fuels in Australia's energy transition** **Additional Toyota diesel models to become HVO100 compatible in near future** Toyota is exploring the
by Yves Le Marquand (Corporate Jet Investor) Beyond Aero and Aéroports de la Côte d’Azur are preparing the operational conditions required to accommodate hydrogen-electric business aircraft at Nice Côte d’Azur, Cannes Mandelieu and Golfe de Saint-Tropez airports. Aéroports de la Côte d’Azur,
by Christopher Otts (Wall Street Journal) Hyundai, Ford and Stellantis are planning to introduce larger EVs with gas generators to solve range anxiety -- Hyundai, Ford Motor F -3.15%decrease; red down pointing triangle and Jeep parent Stellantis STLA -2.70%decrease; red down pointing triangle are
(Farms.com) Higher ethanol use in gasoline is helping drive fuel savings while supporting America’s biofuels and agriculture industries. U.S. gasoline is increasingly being blended with ethanol, with the average ethanol content exceeding 11% for the second straight month in June. Data from
(Eni) Signed a Feasibility Agreement to evaluate high-performance, commercially scalable bio-gasoline for potential future applications -- During the 2026 Formula 1 Italian Grand Prix, Eni and PETRONAS have signed a Feasibility Agreement (FA) to evaluate the development of innovative high-performance bio-gasoline starting
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Lever Federal procurement only de-risks bioeconomy projects when volume risk is enforceably transferred to the buyer in a form surviving appropriations lapses. Standard multiyear contracts are budgeting efficiencies that lenders cannot underwrite because they mandate termination
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... For years, Brazil’s biofuel sector was the energy world’s perfect Caipirinha. It had the right balance of market-driven decarbonization through RenovaBio, ambitious blending mandates like E30, and clear price signals. Then came 2026. Faced with geopolitical oil
by Darshan Nakhwa, Kiran Murali & Anurag Chaturvedi (Autocar Professional) India's transition to cleaner mobility will require a mix of electric vehicles, hybrids, CNG, biofuels and potentially hydrogen rather than dependence on a single technology, Maruti Suzuki India Managing Director and
(Bayer) Commercialization of two blockbusters already started, with additional launches expected over the next years / Bayer announces genome-edited standable soy and development of herbicide tolerant trait to correspond with Icafolin, a unique crop protection solution / More than 15 novel
(American Trucking Associations) Today (September 2, 2026), the American Trucking Associations commended the House Energy & Commerce Committee for unanimously passing the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) of 2025. The bill was introduced by U.S. Representatives Doris Matsui (D-CA), Ken Calvert (R-CA),
(Eni) The study highlights that biofuels from renewable feedstocks are a solution to help decarbonise transport, contribute to energy security and maintain industrial competitiveness in Europe. Cernobbio (Como), 5 September 2026 – The strategic Study “Sustainable biofuels as a strategic lever for
(Chemical Industry Digest) ... India Explores a Diverse Clean Mobility Strategy -- The discussions come as India seeks to expand its clean mobility options and reduce dependence on fossil fuels while strengthening domestic energy security. Rajnath Ram, Advisor at NITI Aayog, said
by Arlene Karidis (Waste360) Mixed plastic waste is nearly impossible to recycle, with billions of tons choking landfills and incinerators worldwide. Now scientists in California and South Korea have developed a unique, experimental method to manage this problematic stream. It’s designed to
(Fuel Cells Works) • France is preparing to open the second round of its decarbonised hydrogen support scheme, offering support for 250MW of electrolyser capacity, with eligible bidders to be selected in early September and final offers due before the end
(Rolls-Royce) DNV declares mtu engines ready for methanol; Retrofitting concept offers ship operators investment security; Rolls-Royce successfully completes 5,000 hours of methanol engine testing; Expertise in sustainable fuels: HVO, e-diesel and methanol Rolls-Royce has received the Methanol Readiness Certificate from the international classification society
(Baltic Times) As the shipping industry moves towards cleaner solutions, the Port of Klaipėda is preparing for changing market needs. Stricter environmental requirements and the growing market for alternative fuels mean that ports need to start planning now for the infrastructure
(Uniper) Uniper awards contracts worth more than SEK 100 million for the next development phase of NorthStarH2; The planned facility in Östersund is designed to produce around 115,000 tonnes of e-methanol per year; E-methanol can help reduce the use of fossil fuels in
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The primary constraint in scaling regional bioeconomy hubs is the clock mismatch between fast corporate siting decisions and slow institutional talent formation. Siting takes months, but training takes years, putting workforce development on the critical path
(Bioengineer.org) Every year, the European Union discards more than 58 million tonnes of food, and a significant share of that mountain of waste consists of fruit that never makes it to a shopping trolley. Apples that are the wrong shape, peels
by K C Indresh Kumar (Siasat Daily) Belagavi tops the list with 13 applications, followed by Vijayapura with eight, Kalaburagi with six, and Bagalkot and Dharwad with four each. -- Bengaluru: Growing demand for ethanol as an alternative fuel has triggered a fresh
(Team BHP) The Syros Flex Fuel Vehicle (FFV) Concept is powered by a 1.0-litre engine. -- Kia has unveiled the Syros Flex Fuel Vehicle (FFV) concept in India. It is powered by a 1.0-litre engine that can run on petrol, ethanol-blended petrol
by Marc J. Rauch (Auto Channel (Originally Published June 13, 2013)) A Book That's Aptly Named for What It Is -- ... But in my personal research of ethanol, which includes purchasing a non-flex fuel vehicle so that I could experiment with
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... (C)ommercial enterprises inherit the sprawling and considerably more expensive problem of whether everything around your thing works, too — whether the feedstock arrives, whether the hydrogen is available, whether the trucks run, whether the
(U.S. Department of Energy) The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Alternative Fuels and Feedstocks Office (AFFO) today announced up to $58 million in funding to advance novel, high-impact chemical technologies that use domestically sourced alternative and waste feedstocks. DOE will fund research,
by Jocelyn Peshia (KCRG) A new campaign ad from Democrat Nate Willems criticizes incumbent Attorney General Brenna Bird’s response to air pollution at an ethanol plant near Shell Rock. ... Bird’s predecessor, Democrat Tom Miller, also did not take further action after a similar
(Avnos) Project Brighton, Avnos’ largest operating deployment to date, enters service as the company continues to scale commercial Hybrid Direct Air Capture infrastructure. Avnos, the developer of infrastructure-scale Hybrid Direct Air Capture (HDAC™), today announced that Project Brighton has entered operations in
(The Woods Hole, Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority) The Woods Hole, Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority took its first delivery of renewable diesel fuel on Friday as it extended its testing of its use on its largest vessel, the
Driving Responsible Consumption & Production -- The Annual Green Chemistry & Engineering Conference will be held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the week of June 7th, 2027. Join us in exploring cutting-edge green and sustainable chemistry and engineering that advances scalable solutions
Driving Responsible Consumption & Production -- The Annual Green Chemistry & Engineering Conference will be held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the week of June 7th, 2027. Join us in exploring cutting-edge green and sustainable chemistry and engineering that advances scalable solutions
by Krystal Grieger and Alexey Leontyev (North Dakota State University/American Chemical Society) ... As we think about integrating green and sustainable chemistry (GSC) into our courses, we must consider not only which aspects to include and how we want to teach it,
by Pablo Borruel (Dario del Alto Aragon (Google Translation)) The two parties are demanding greater regulation of these facilities in the non-binding resolution they have presented to the Cortes of Aragon. -- Chunta Aragonesista (CHA) and the Green Party in Aragon have
(Fraunhofer UMSICHT) Advancing technologies for a climate-neutral industry together: The Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP and the South Korean energy company SGC Energy are pooling their expertise to
(ORLEN) ORLEN has joined forces with 13 energy companies and organisations from Northern and Central Europe to establish the Baltic Energy Initiative. The partners will work together on projects designed to strengthen energy security and competitiveness across the region, covering offshore
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Industrial bio-processing of critical minerals requires hybrid operators with genuine dual competence in microbiology and extractive metallurgy. However, biology graduates lack plant experience and process operators lack biology, meaning neither parent pipeline is deployable alone. No
Navigating India's Carbon Market & International Carbon Trading Opportunities -- A one-day intensive executive learning programme designed to bridge global carbon market developments with practical implementation. Organised alongside the India SAF Conclave 2026, the Masterclass will bring together policymakers, industry leaders,
Exploring how geopolitical uncertainty is accelerating biofuels adoption and redefining global energy security -- The global biofuels market is undergoing a profound transformation, and geopolitics is increasingly shaping its future. From disruption risks to critical shipping routes and the ongoing impact of
(ACT News) • CARB's repeal of the Advanced Clean Fleets drayage and high priority fleet requirements is pending at the Office of Administrative Law as file 2026-0729-02. OAL had not acted as of its August 28 update, and the office does
(Ansaldo Energia) Ansaldo Energia takes a further step in expanding the fuel flexibility of its gas turbine portfolio. Two recent independent validations have recognized the company's progress in the use of low-carbon fuels: TÜV SÜD has certified the GT36 Hydrogen Readiness,
(Biofuel Development Opportunity Zone Initiative) Be Noble Inc., Ecostrat and the BDO Zone Initiative are pleased to announce the issue of a BDO Zone ‘A’ Rating for Noble County, Indiana. This is the first rating in the State of Indiana, rated
(UFOP/Biobased Diesel Daily) The German trade association for oilseed and protein plants UFOP welcomed Aug. 28 a cooperation project currently being launched between Straubing, Germany-based Technology and Promotion Centre for Renewable Raw Materials (TFZ) and ag-machinery manufacturer CLAAS to develop a
The inaugural Cascadia Sustainable Aviation Leadership Summit. The Summit will bring together leaders across the SAF value chain to discuss solutions for accelerating SAF production and adoption across the Pacific Northwest. The conversation will address the core systemic challenges facing
(U.S. Grains & BioProducts Council) The U.S. Grains & BioProducts Council (USGBC) recently brought a delegation of South Korean biotechnology safety reviewers to the U.S. to enhance participants’ understanding of science-based regulatory frameworks and safety assessment systems for biotechnology and gene-editing
(PSU Watch) BPCL and the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) have signed an MoU to collaborate on biofuels, biomass resource utilisation, waste-to-resource solutions and circular economy initiatives -- Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) and the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)
(Wallenius Sol) Since January 2025, FuelEU Maritime has been reshaping how shipping companies think about fuel. The regulation sets a progressively tightening well-to-wake greenhouse gas intensity target for energy used on board vessels calling at EU ports. For us, this has translated
by Pornpimal Yaempracha (Khaosod/MSN (Google translation)) Bangchak Corporation participated in the “New Energy for Thailand” forum, highlighting the potential of bioenergy to generate 2% of GDP, valued at 153 billion baht, and reduce oil imports by 63 billion baht. Mr. Chaiwat Kovavisarach,
(Everllence) Everllence strengthens leadership in engine technology with successful R&D test for G80 Everllence B&W ME-LGIMe (-Liquid Gas Injection Ethanol) unit at HHI-EMD -- Everllence has announced that the world’s first Everllence B&W G80 ethanol capable engine has been tested and verified
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) While record profits are often attributed to individual multi-asset orchestration, this industry-wide swing was actually driven by macro factors like tax credits and margin shifts. True orchestration requires navigating critical dependencies outside developer control, such as
(Anemoi Marine Technologies) UK based Anemoi will install wind-harnessing technology which reduces fuel consumption and carbon emissions -- A.P. Moller – Maersk (Maersk), a global leader in shipping, has selected Anemoi Marine Technologies (Anemoi), a British innovator in wind-propulsion technology, to supply
(Government of South Korea Maritime Industry Technology Division (Google Translation)) Legislative Notice of Enactment of Subordinate Regulations for the "Special Act on Support for Establishing Green Shipping Routes" - Full-scale implementation of the '2nd Basic Plan for the Development and Supply of
by Jim Kendrick (Biofuels Digest) In the UK, the Nuclear Energy Maritime Organization said Wednesday the commercial shipping debate over nuclear propulsion is shifting from whether it can work to how reactors can be regulated, insured and accepted across international jurisdictions.
(Xinhua Daily (Google Translation)) On September 1, the world's first 325,000-deadweight-ton methanol dual-fuel ore carrier, the "Far Maritime Silk Road," was named in Yangzhou. Built by COSCO Shipping Heavy Industry (Yangzhou) and operated by COSCO Shipping Bulk, the ship is equipped
(GEA) GEA is presenting the new GEA methanol Fuel2Engine System at SMM 2026, the world’s leading maritime trade fair in Hamburg (September 1–4). With this solution, GEA has combined the GEA methanol Booster Unit with the GEA methanol Valve Train to
(Auramarine) Auramarine, a leading fuel supply systems expert, believes shipping’s energy transition is entering a phase where flexibility, not fuel choice, will determine which operators adapt successfully. With fuel price volatility, inconsistent alternative availability and tightening environmental regulation at different speeds
by Roxby Hartley and Chelsa Oren (EcoEngineers/Ethanol Producer Magazine) ... Emerging discussions around feedstock traceability, particularly within California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) framework, suggest that producers may soon be required to demonstrate a much higher level of transparency in their supply
(Renewable Fuels Association) The average ethanol content of gasoline sold in the U.S. surpassed 11 percent for the second consecutive month in June, and the 12-month average blend rate hit a new record of 10.58 percent, according to U.S. Energy Information
by Danielle Anderson & Kari Buttenhoff (Christianson/Biodiesel Magazine) As the USDA’s regenerative agricultural feedstock framework moves toward implementation under the 45Z clean fuel production credit, attention is growing towards reallocating reduced-carbon intensity (CI) feedstock between separately located, but commonly owned elevators. While this
(Global Aerospace Summit/Biodiesel Magazine) The future of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) will depend on strong partnerships among farmers, fuel producers, the aviation industry and government leaders, according to panelists participating in a discussion during the 2026 Global Aerospace Summit in the
by Erin Krueger (Biodiesel Magazine) The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of the Secretarial Boards & Councils on Aug. 18 published a notice announcing the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board will be renewed for a two-year period beginning on Aug. 26. The
(DNV) Can ammonia become a practical fuel for deep-sea shipping? As interest and orderbook numbers grow, so does the need to address its unique safety challenges. Explore what's driving momentum, and which barriers still need to be overcome in our expert
by Andrew Snook (Canadian Biomass) While challenges remain, Canada’s biofuels sectors are ripe with opportunities -- Canada's biofuels sector faces challenges but also significant growth opportunities, according to industry leaders. The wood pellet sector is concerned about potential surpluses due to U.K.
Reviewing the key findings of the 10th edition of DNV's Maritime Forecast to 2050. The latest edition explores how the shipping industry can navigate an increasingly complex and uncertain energy transition, providing insights into regulatory developments, technology uptake, energy efficiency measures
The European Conference Green Marine Transport 2027 will take place on 17–18 March 2027 in Rotterdam, bringing together key decision-makers, innovators, and industry leaders from across the maritime sector. Over two days, the conference will unite shipowners, port authorities, fuel
Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), also known as renewable diesel (RD), is central to global road transport decarbonisation ambitions. And with rising renewables mandates driving higher HVO consumption, understanding HVO pricing, and supply and demand dynamics is becoming increasingly important. Join Argus
by Sam A. Rushing (Advanced Cryogenics/Biofuels Digest) ... The applications are far in wide, from supercritical extraction of cannabis-based medicines, such as CBD used for treating epilepsy; and THC used to manager chemotherapy-induced nausea. Omega 3 fatty acid concentrates used in cardiovascular
(Charles University/Phys.Org) ... Czech researchers at Charles University in Prague, led by Pavla Eliášová, have developed an advanced photocathode that helps convert the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into pure ethanol using sunlight. The new technology solves a long-standing problem of
(American EcoFuels) Company Highlights Progress on Sustainable Aviation Fuel Initiative, Form 10 Filing Preparation, and Potential Offtake Opportunities -- American EcoFuels™ Inc. (OTC: AEFI) (“American EcoFuels™,” “AEFI,” or the “Company”), a developer of advanced synthetic fuel technologies focused on Sustainable Aviation Fuel
(BWT Alpine Formual One) BWT Alpine Formula One Team is to use HVOlution, Enilive’s diesel biofuel produced from 100% renewable raw materials, to power its logistics vehicles during European rounds of the FIA Formula One World Championship. Starting from this season, HVOlution
by Ana Stobbe (Jornal do Comércio (Google translation)) The biofuel manufacturer Be8 presented updates on Monday (31) regarding the R$ 1.5 billion industrial project being developed in Passo Fundo. According to the company's president, Erasmo Battistella, approximately 80% of the works
(Ouka) The city of Oulu and ABO Energy Suomi Oy have signed a cooperation agreement on the hydrogen project in the Pyyryväinen green transition zone. The cooperation agreement is a continuation for the site reservation signed in 2025. It establishes a framework
(Ameresco/Business Wire) First agricultural RNG project for Neogenyx Fuels will convert livestock manure into pipeline-quality renewable natural gas while supporting economic development -- -Ameresco, Inc., (NYSE: AMRC), a leading energy infrastructure company, today (August 31, 2026) announced the groundbreaking of a natural
by Samyak Pandey (S&P Global) SAF costs 50-200% more than jet fuel; India has 210 biogas plants, targets 5,000; Carbon credit pricing remains unpredictable India will struggle to build a meaningful, sustainable aviation fuel industry without mandates and long-term demand signals, according to
by Erin Krueger (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) on Aug. 31 issued a final rule extending the Renewable Fuel Standard compliance reporting deadline for compliance year 2025 from Sept. 1, 2026, to Oct. 1, 2026. The delay
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The bioeconomy’s most realistic talent source is the adjacent, incumbent process industry, which acts as a static reservoir rather than an active supply. Transitioning this workforce requires a defined, employer-funded conversion curriculum to bridge the technical
Following a mandate year in 2025, 2026 marks a critical turning point for the industry. The SAF Global Summit 2026 (#SAFGlobal26) returns to London on September 22-23! This prestigious event unites visionary leaders with a singular mission: building global momentum
(Aster/Biobased Diesel Daily) Aster, a part of Chandra Asri Group that operates a growing portfolio of businesses across Southeast Asia, announced Aug. 28 that it has agreed to acquire a stake and become a shareholder in Changi Airport Fuel Hydrant Installation
(Axens) Axens, a global leader in sustainable refining and biofuels technology licensing and development, today (August 31, 2026) announced that it has been selected by Expander Energy Inc., a Canada-based producer of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and renewable diesel (RD), to
(Argus Media) Gain visibility and monitor palm oil trade with Argus' robust price assessments -- Crude palm oil (CPO) is at the heart of shifting trade dynamics. Indonesia’s biodiesel blending policy, fluctuating Pogo spreads and volatile energy markets are reshaping export flows
(Calumet) • SAF production capacity expected to reach approximately 200 million gallon annual run rate by year-end 2028, with total renewable product sales expanded 40% to 17,000 barrels per day Remaining project capital for this expansion reduced to $137 million from the
We need more homegrown biofuels, not less. -- Emily Skor, Growth Energy CEO READ MORE
by Emily Skor (Growth Energy/Ethanol Producer Magazine) Ethanol is a homegrown biofuel that lowers prices at the pump. Pull into any fuel retailer in the U.S. and you'll find that the option with more ethanol has the lower price. Unfortunately, certain
(Australia Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water) The Albanese Government's $14.8 billion Fuel Security and Resilience Package will protect Australians from global fuel shocks, put downward pressure on costs and accelerate the transition to our own home-grown, sovereign
(Rhinoflux/EIN Presswire) The PoC will test Hydro Chemical Looping as a new pathway to convert sewage sludge into power and 99.9%+ pure CO2 without combustion Sewage sludge should no longer be seen as waste, but as a domestic energy and carbon resource.
(Hydrocarbon Processing) Study marks next step in Perpetual Next’s evaluation of a bio-methanol production platform in the United Arab Emirates Perpetual Next, a developer of renewable carbon and green methanol projects, has appointed Kreston ME Consulting (KMEC) to undertake a comprehensive feasibility
(Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore) Singapore and Brazil have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to establish the Singapore-Brazil Green and Digital Shipping Corridor (GDSC). The MOU was signed by Singapore’s Minister for Transport, Mr Jeffrey Siow, and Brazil’s Minister
(Gas Networks Ireland) • Second biomethane plant connected directly to the gas network as Ireland’s renewable gas sector builds momentum Example of circular economy in action with College Group turning organic by-products into biomethane used also in its own operations The biomethane plant
(S&P Global) Platts, part of S&P Global Energy, will delay the launch of a P latts Editorial Window, or eWindow, communication tool for the Intercontinental Exchange ( ICE) renewable diesel (HVO) FOB FARAG barge instruments. Platts announced the launch of the eWindow
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Deploying critical-mineral bio-processing facilities requires operators possessing rare, simultaneous fluency in microbiology, fermentation, and extractive metallurgy. Since no industry standard or competency map exists for this hybrid role, first-of-a-kind developers must write these maps themselves before
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... That is a useful way to think about mobility, and a useful way to think about renewable diesel and the diesel hybrid technology. It disappeared from the United States after VW’s DieselGate, so we headed
(Renewable Fuels Association) The Renewable Fuels Association welcomed the passage late Monday night of Calif. SB 795, the E15 Clean-Up Act, which removes the final impediments that are preventing Californians from accessing the lower-cost, lower-carbon E15 fuel blend at the pump.
(Bioengineer.org) A Heat-Loving Fungus Found in Rotting Rice Straw Turns Farm Waste into Industrial Enzymes—and a Hidden Cache of Bioactive Molecules Deep inside a pile of fermenting paddy straw in southern India, a heat-loving fungus has been quietly demonstrating a solution to
by Antoine Belleguie (Rail Logistics Europe/Railway Gazette International) ... SNCF has set out its own vision in its PlaneTER programme, which aims to remove diesel traction from France’s regional network by 2050, converting DMUs to biofuel or replacing them with battery
(Tomsk Polytechnic University/AK&M Information Agency) Scientists at Tomsk Polytechnic University conducted a comprehensive study and quantified how microdrops of water in biofuels affect the technological cycle of its use — spraying, evaporation, gorenje and emission indicators. The results of the study
by Angie Holland/Kent Kaiser (Trade Alliance to Promote Prosperity/Fort Madison Daily Democrat) Iowa’s agricultural and biofuel industries need clear, consistent federal policy to make long-term investments, create jobs, and compete in a changing global economy. Congresswoman Mariannette Miller-Meeks should be recognized for
by Liam Soanes (Great Yarmouth Mercury) ... Police have warned that used cooking oil, stolen from premises in Norfolk, can be sold and converted into biofuels for diesel vehicles or alternative heating sources. Businesses in the county are being urged to remain
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Today, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced decisions for 34 small refinery exemption (SRE) petitions under the Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) program for 2025. In consultation with U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), EPA reviewed and considered information
by Mukul Yudhveer Singh (Autocar Professional) Samir Somaiya on direct rural E100 distribution, creating demand for surplus ethanol, GST parity for flex-fuel vehicles, remunerative pricing models, and expanding into CBG and DME. India has surpassed its 20% ethanol blending target five years
(Chonnam National University/PR Newswire) Study provides biofuel producers with a practical, multi-dimensional framework for choosing feedstocks by weighing both climate impact and air pollution together GWANGJU, South Korea, Aug. 27, 2026 -- For limiting global warming to within 1.5 °C, scaling up
The Nicollet/Sibley County Corn & Soybean Growers are hosting a fuel event on September 10th at the South side Kwik Trip in St. Peter from 4:00-6:00pm. We hope to see you there! Discounts: $0.88 off per gallon of Unleaded 88 $0.85 per gallon
(Yellowstone-Teton Clean Cities) In this edition of the Renewable Diesel Working Group, Blair will discuss building the supply chains needed to bring finished renewable fuel products to market, along with the Minnesota SAF Hub’s goals and recent accomplishments. The discussion comes
(North American Council for Freight Efficiency) Vehicle emissions are an exceptionally broad and complex subject when it comes to understanding the contribution North American freight movement has on the environment and the people who inhabit it. Emissions are one of the
The Freeborn County Corn & Soybean Growers are hosting a fuel promotion event on Thursday, September 10th from 11:00-1:00pm. We hope to see you there! Location: Kwik Trip, 1210 East Main Street, Albert Lea, MN Discounts: $0.88 off per gallon of Unleaded 88 $0.20 off
by Dexter Barro II (Manila Bulletin) The government is expected to increase the country’s biodiesel blend next year once prices of coco methyl ester (CME) stabilize at a level that would not further burden motorists, according to the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA). PCA
(Xinhua/Asia & Pacific) Thailand's Department of Energy Business said on Monday (August 31, 2026) that it has partnered with 13 car brands, five motorcycle makers, and seven fuel retailers to promote wider use of E20 gasoline, as the government seeks to
by Utkarsh Anand (Hindustan Times) The petition sought directions to the central government to ensure mandatory and uniform labelling on every dispensing nozzle at petrol pumps, clearly disclosing the exact percentage of ethanol The Supreme Court on Monday dismissed a petition seeking
(Minnesota Bio-Fuels Association) A new football season brings fresh excitement on the gridiron and new possibilities for fans to win off the field. For the third consecutive year, the Minnesota Bio-Fuels Association (MN Bio-Fuels), a proud sponsor of Gopher Athletics, is teaming
(TFTAK) DigiFoundry 2.0 – Bioprocess Efficiency Increase via Digitalisation (DF2.0) is a three-year research and development project aimed at making microbial oil production more efficient, scalable and cost-competitive. Building on previous collaboration between TFTAK and ÄIO, the project will combine synthetic biology,
Swedish Bioenergy (Svebio) welcomes participants, online and on-site, to the Svebio's Fuel Market Day, September 24, 2026 in Stockholm, Sweden at IVA Conference Center - Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences. About the Conference Europe’s energy system is entering a new era
CORSIA's offsetting requirements are already live for voluntary participants, and the mandatory phase starts 2027. That deadline is closer than it looks and the gap between where the industry stands today and where it needs to be is still significant.
(Biofuel Development Opportunity Zone Initiative) Network Reaches 58 Rated Zones, $10B in Announced Investment, $556M in Average Annual Economic Impact per Project, and a Path to International Standardization The BDO Zone Initiative today released its 2025 Annual Report, Building the Bioeconomy Infrastructure.
(Fast Company Middle East) Researchers at United Arab Emirates University have developed a catalyst using desert sand, date-pit waste, and nickel that could support lower-cost hydrogen production. What looks like waste or simply an abundant feature of the UAE landscape could become
(Big Info) Japan has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the government of Uttar Pradesh for cooperation in the green hydrogen sector. The MoU was signed by the Uttar Pradesh New & Renewable Energy Development Agency (UPNEDA) and aims to
by Jacob Orledge and Jeff Beach (News from the States) Summit Carbon Solutions is abandoning two-thirds of its planned project to store carbon dioxide underground in North Dakota. The company, which had been granted permits to store CO2 in three designated areas
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