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Ampaire Completes Ground Test of Hybrid Electrical Aircraft Using 100% SAF

by Sydney Leimbach (Environment + Energy Leader) Ampaire said it has successfully completed ground tests using Dimensional Energy’s sustainable aviation fuel to power its hybrid electrical propulsion system. Ampaire conducted tests using its Eco Caravan hybrid electric aircraft in order to validate Dimensional Energy’s

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The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Boeing and the Journey to SAF at Scale

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Boeing Regional Director for Sustainability Dale Smith gave this illuminating presentation at ABLC NEXT 2023 in Washington, DC examining global emissions, the rise of SAF in the context of other emissions-limiting measures, and the progress and

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Rolls-Royce Sours on Electric Planes, Says Hydrogen Needs Time

by Siddharth Vikram Philip (Bloomberg)  Rolls-Royce Holdings Plc backed away from electric powered aircraft, with plans to put a business making such engines up for sale and said conventional propulsion will remain the mainstay possibly for the two decades as hydrogen takes

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Groundbreaking Transatlantic Flight Using Greener Fuel Lands in the US

by Katy Austin  (BBC)  The first transatlantic flight by a large passenger plane powered only by alternative fuels has landed in the US. Operated by Virgin Atlantic, it flew from London's Heathrow to New York's JFK airport. Airlines see the flight, which is

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How Aviation Can Cut Emissions by 2035 Using SAF and Existing Tech

by Jerome Bouchard and David Kaplan (Oliver Wyman/Forbes)  Aviation needs to address its greenhouse gas emissions problem, yet the conversation and investment around decarbonization too often focuses on the wrong technologies and the wrong date. The industry cannot wait until 2050 to

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Sustainable Aviation Fuel Future Foggy: Airline Official Tells Ethanol Industry Future of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production Uncertain

by Todd Neeley (DTN Progressive Farmer) ... Steve Csonka, executive director of the initiative ( Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative), said during a recent panel discussion at the Fuel Ethanol Workshop in Omaha that it is unclear how or if SAF

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Airlines Can Eliminate up to 70% of Emissions by 2050, but Many Will Miss Their Net Zero Goals if Air Traffic Continues to Grow Faster than GDP

(Bain) New research from Bain & Company shows the cost of decarbonizing airlines will start increasing ticket prices by 2026, a trend likely to trim global demand --  A new study from Bain & Company reveals airlines can cut up to

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Safran Boss Tells EU Commission SAF Mandates Are ‘Too Shy’

(AIN Online) Safran CEO Olivier Andriès has warned the European Commission that the region might fall behind the U.S. if it does not increase its incentives for airlines to use sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and for the oil industry to advance SAF

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How SAF Experimentation Is Fuelling Change for Military Operators

by Mark Pilling (Flight Global) Over the past six months, an Airbus Defence & Space A400M tactical transport, NH Industries NH90 multirole helicopter and a Eurofighter Typhoon have become the latest military aircraft to undertake test flights with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). They

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Rolls-Royce Says It Remains Committed to Sustainable Aviation Fuels

(Proactive Investors) Rolls-Royce Holdings PLC (LSE:RR.) has said it won’t alter its net zero plans, following a report which claimed sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are not a viable solution to decarbonise air travel. “SAF remains a key part of our sustainability strategy,” a

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Aviation Biofuel Would Need Half of UK Agricultural Land, Report Says

by Danny Halpin (The Independent)  The Royal Society said a portfolio of alternative fuels will be required to meet current passenger demand and achieve net zero.  -- Replacing jet fuel with biomass would require the UK to give up 50% of

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ZeroAvia, Shell, RHIA and Rotterdam The Hague Airport Advance Plans for Hydrogen-Electric Flights by 2025

(ZeroAvia) Zero-emission innovator, a global energy company, and Netherlands’ second city airport target green flights and decarbonising airport operations using hydrogen  ZeroAvia, the leader in developing zero-emission solutions for commercial aviation, today announced signing a collaboration agreement with Shell, Rotterdam The

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Heart, Embraer and Universal Hydrogen join Air New Zealand’s Zero-Emission Regional Aircraft Programme

by Tony Harrington (GreenAir Online)  Air New Zealand has named Heart Aerospace, Embraer and Universal Hydrogen as new partners in its Mission Next Generation Aircraft accelerator research programme to help identify low-or-no emission technology to replace or upgrade its fleet of 23

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True Sustainability for Private Jets Will Take Time. Here’s What Still Needs to Happen.

by Jaclyn Trop (Robb Report)  Carbon offsets, even when legit, can “still be perceived as a ‘stab in the dark," says one industry expert. From biofuels to battery-powered aircraft, the aviation industry is searching for ways to shrink its carbon footprint.

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ICCT Releases Roadmap for Decarbonizing California In-State Aviation Emissions

(International Council on Clean Transportation/Biobased Diesel Daily) The International Council on Clean Transportation announced Jan. 19 the release of a roadmap for decarbonizing California in-state aviation emissions. The briefing assesses the contribution of passenger civil aviation to California’s aviation-sector emissions and evaluates

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Sustainable Aviation Fuel Offers Flight Path to Net-Zero Air Travel

by Marc Hamy & Nancy Gillis (Green Biz/First Movers Coalition)  It will take long-term, coordinated action from airlines, aircraft manufacturers, fuel producers, airports and governments for zero-emissions flight to really take off. -- ... On Nov. 27, a small piece of

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The Alliance for Zero-Emission Aviation

(European Commission) The Alliance for Zero-Emission Aviation, a public-private initiative led by the European Commission, has held its First General Assembly, with 90 organisations from the aeronautics industry taking part. The objective of the Alliance is to prepare the market

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Goals Are Set, but Can the Aviation Industry Reach Net-Zero Emissions by 2050? New Bain & Company Research Sheds Light on Key Challenges

(Bain & Company) Aviation industry is united in quest to reduce emissions, but more realistic targets and timelines are needed -- There is clear consensus that reducing emissions is critical, and the aviation industry pledged to significantly invest in the effort

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Clean Aviation SWITCH Project to Advance Hybrid-Electric and Water Enhanced Turbofan Technologies

(Airbus)  A group of aerospace technology companies have announced the formation of a collaborative consortium to develop hybrid-electric and water-enhanced turbofan technology for future aircraft propulsion systems, supported by the European Union Clean Aviation Joint Undertaking (Clean Aviation). MTU Aero

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Airbus Develops Fuel-Cell Engine for Hydrogen Plane

by Tim Hepher (Reuters) Airbus (AIR.PA) has started developing fuel-cell engine technology, it said on Wednesday as it reaffirmed plans to introduce a hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft by 2035. The system is one of several options being considered for a potential zero-emission aircraft based on

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Increasing Electrification Will Not Threaten Biofuel Transport Sector, Majority of Poll Participants Believe

(Biofuels International) ... With more countries increasing their biofuel blends in their petrol – like the UK that upped it from E5 to E10 a year ago – this has helped producers increase their production capacity while assisting the transport

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The BTA Urges Braver Sustainable Aviation Fuel Targets

(Business Travel Association (BTA)/HospitalityNet) The Business Travel Association (BTA) has released its second report in its Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) transparency series focusing on sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and the jet zero pathway. The report, titled Sustainable Aviation Fuel: A Journey Towards

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Airlines and Airports Call on UK Gov to Ramp up Support for Green Aviation Fuel Production

by Ilaria Grasso Macola  (City A.M.) A group of UK airlines and airports has called on the government to ramp up state support for the production of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). “We believe UK SAF production has the chance to become a

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France Could Lead Way and Make Private Jets Use Biofuel, Says Minister

by Thomas Brent  (The Connexion) ... Private jets should be powered by biofuel rather than be subject to extra taxes or even banned altogether, France’s Minister of Public Action and Accounts Gabriel Attal has said. Mr Attal’s comments come on the back

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Low- and Zero-Carbon Fuels Critical to Meeting Aviation Decarbonization Needs

by Emily Kent & Jonathan Lewis (Zero Carbon Fuels/Clean Air Task Force) ... A new CATF analysis, conducted and co-authored by Na’im Merchant, that examines the potential roles for biofuels and scalable zero-emissions fuels such as hydrogen to reduce aviation emissions found

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Global Aviation’s Best Shot at Going Green Relies on Scarce Fuel

by Elizabeth Low (Bloomberg News/Governors' Biofuels Coalition) High costs and limited production are dulling sustainable aviation fuel’s prospects -- In Tuas, Singapore’s industrial-heavy district, Finnish company Neste Oyj is building what will one day be the world’s largest facility for sustainable aviation fuel. Once

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Catalyst with Shayle Kann Podcast: Electric and Hydrogen-Fueled Planes Are Coming. But Will They Really Decarbonize Aviation?

by Shayle Kann (Canary Media/Post Script Media)  There’s a crowd of low-carbon technologies vying for a slice of the aviation market. On one hand, the long-haul portion of the market will likely rely on sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), which still emit greenhouse gases

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Achieving Net Zero Aviation Will Cost $175bn per Year until 2050 and Immediate Action Needed This Decade, Says Report

by Tony Harrington (GreenAir Online)  A new report on sustainable aviation says an annual average investment of $175 billion will be needed from now until 2050 for the air transport sector to meet its target of net zero carbon emissions. It

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Aviation Faces Hurdles to Hit Goals for Cutting Emissions

by David Koenig and Kelvin Chan (Associated Press/Chicago Tribune) ...  Airbus and Boeing, the world’s two biggest aircraft makers, both addressed sustainability during Monday’s opening day at Farnborough, although they approached the issue in different ways. Europe’s Airbus and seven airline

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NBAA’s Congressional Testimony Highlights Business Aviation’s Focus on Sustainability, Safety and Innovation

(National Business Aviation Association) The National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) today detailed for Congress a policy roadmap for strengthening the general aviation sector in the U.S. and around the world, today and in the years to come. In testimony before the U.S.

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Opinion: Inconvenient Truths behind Sustainable Aviation Fuel

by Jim Harris (Bain & Co./Aviation Week)  Governments are making commitments to incentivize sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)—Europe, through February’s “Toulouse Declaration,” and the U.S., with the Biden administration’s aim to have enough SAF to meet 5-10% of jet fuel demand by

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Aviation Industry Intensifies Pressure on Governments to Support Long-Term Decarbonisation Goal

by Tony Harrington (GreenAir Online) Aviation industry pressure is intensifying on governments to adopt a long-term goal to help decarbonise air transport when they meet at this year’s ICAO 41st Assembly. Executives from across the industry have met to detail aviation’s

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Powering Progress Towards Net-Zero Emissions: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Shell Aviation

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Shell’s focus on low carbon fuels for aviation is apparent and progress is being made towards more sustainable skies as Shell reaches key milestones and has plans for even bigger ones by 2030. Find out

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Fit for 55: Transport MEPs Set Ambitious Targets for Greener Aviation Fuels

(European Parliament)  85% of aviation fuel should be sustainable by 2050; Leave space for electricity and hydrogen to be part of new fuel mix; Create a Sustainable Aviation Fund -- EU aviation should gradually switch to sustainable fuel, such as

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Aviation Industry Showcases SAF Initiative during Summit of the Americas

(International Air Transport Association/Biobased Diesel Daily) The International Air Transport Association announced June 6 that airlines from the Americas region are operating flights powered by sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to demonstrate their commitment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Under

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Faced with Risks from Climate Change, Hawaiian Outlines Plans for SAF and REGENT’s Electric Seaglider

by Tony Harrington (GreenAir Online) Niche US carrier Hawaiian Airlines, whose mid-Pacific hub is at serious risk of lasting damage from the impact of climate change, has outlined a package of measures to help decarbonise its operations, from initiatives including

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Rules Brittania: The UK’s New Energy Security Strategy, and the Bioeconomy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In the UK, the British Government announced its Energy Security Strategy to create a ‘flow of energy that is affordable, clean and above all secure. We need a power supply that’s made in Britain, for

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EPA Announces Leaded Fuel Endangerment Finding

by Mark Phelps (AvWeb) In a long-anticipated move, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced today (Jan. 12) that it “will take the necessary steps to regulate lead pollution from aircrafts (sic).” Those steps start with proposing an “endangerment finding” on leaded

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Comment: Net-Zero Aviation Is More than a Flight of Fantasy

by Tim Ryley and Emma Rachel Whittlesea (Australian Aviation) In this cross-posting with The Conversation, Griffith University aviation professor Tim Ryley and research fellow Emma Rachel Whittlesea discuss the steps still required to achieve net-zero emissions in aviation. ... Most recently, at the

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Hungry for Value: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to The Wolfpack on Green Hydrogen

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) If you missed the ABLC Wolfpack’s take on 5 key Green Hydrogen companies, then check out this slide guide that covers FuelCell Energy, Ballard Power Systems, Plug Power, Bloom Energy and Air Products & Chemicals

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The Airline Industry Is Catching Hydrogen Fuel Cell Fever

by Tina Casey (CleanTechnica) United Airlines and ZeroAvia are teaming up to bring the dream of zero emission hydrogen fuel cell flight down to Earth.  --  The dream of all-electric flight just got bumped up in scale last week, when

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Celebrate United Airlines’ First Passenger Flight Using 100% Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(U.S. Department of Energy) The first United Airlines passenger flight to fly using 100% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) will depart today from Chicago O’Hare International Airport at 1 p.m. ET and will arrive at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport at 4

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COP26 Outcomes Provide Boost for Aviation Decarbonisation and the Sector’s Net Zero Ambitions

by  Christopher Surgenor  (GreenAir Online)  Whether COP26 is ultimately judged a success or failure, a number of notable outcomes for the aviation sector emerged that could accelerate momentum and encourage progress towards its net zero emissions by mid-century ambition. One

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State of Advanced Biofuels & Biorefining

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest)  Check out remarks from Jim Lane, Editor & Publisher of The Digest on rationale, forecast, the top news and storylines, feedstocks, genetics, crops, supply chain and more on the state of advanced biofuels and

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Etihad Expands Strategic Sustainability Programme Uniting Industry Leaders in the Most Comprehensive, Cross-Organisational Aviation Sustainability Initiative Ever Undertaken

(Etihad Airways)  Etihad Airways has signed multiple partnership and collaboration agreements with the aviation industry’s top manufactures, suppliers and stakeholders at the 2021 Dubai Airshow, bringing aviation’s leading organisations together under its strategic sustainability programme to drive decarbonisation creating the industry’s

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Net Zero Horizons: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to Boeing

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  For more than a decade, Boeing has been a leader in developing sustainable transportation, including the fostering of the wave of technologies now available in 2021 via a multi-pronged effort in fuel testing, aircraft certification, supply-chain

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Embraer Presents the Energia Family – Four New Aircraft Concepts Using Renewable Energy Propulsion Technologies

(Embraer)  São José dos Campos, Brazil, November 8, 2021 – Embraer today announced a family of concept aircraft that it is exploring to help the industry achieve its goal of net zero carbon emissions by 2050. The details of the Energia

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20 Airlines Commit to Use New Technologies to Minimize Climate Impact

by Harry Gray Calvo (World Economic Forum) • Airlines from across the sector pledge their support for novel forms of propulsion such as electric and hydrogen powered planes Industry leaders aim for 30% of the aircraft serving shorter range routes

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The Advanced Bioeconomy State of the Industry 2021: As Seen at ABLC

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ABLC 2021 has come and gone with its theme of ““building a bridge to Net Zero” and 560 delegates from 300 organizations grappling with the immense opportunities and supply chain challenges posed by the world’s rapid

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Airlines’ Net-Zero Pledges Fly on Fumes

by Ed Cropley (Reuters) ... Last month the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the airline industry body, said it wanted aviation’s net carbon footprint to fall to zero by 2050. That’s as it should be. Its own forecasts assume emissions grow 3%

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Rolls-Royce, Airbus and Shell Call for Greater Ambition beyond 10% SAF Usage by 2030 Target

by Christopher Surgenor (GreenAir Online) In the lead up to COP26, Rolls-Royce, Airbus and Shell are calling for further ambition and collaboration across the aviation sector, and together with governments, to enable the transition of long-haul aviation towards net zero

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IATA Approves Resolution for Global Air-Transport Industry to Achieve Net-Zero by 2050

(International Air Transport Association/Biobased Diesel Daily) The International Air Transport Association 77th Annual General Meeting approved a resolution for the global air transport industry to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. This commitment will align with the Paris Agreement goal for

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Is Hydrogen the New Oil?

by Fred Pearce (China Dialogue)  Hydrogen may have lost the race to fuel electric cars but it looks a likely contender to replace fossil fuels in trucks, ships, planes and heavy industry -- ...  Japan, once a passionate advocate of

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Fact Sheet: Biden Administration Advances the Future of Sustainable Fuels in American Aviation

(White House) New Actions Aim to Produce Three Billion Gallons of Sustainable Fuel, Reduce Aviation Emissions by 20% by 2030, and Grow Good-Paying, Union Jobs  --  Today (September 9, 2021), President Biden is taking steps to coordinate leadership and innovation across

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Embraer’s Aviation Flight to Net Zero Includes Making Its Current Aircraft Portfolio 100% SAF Capable

by Tony Harrington (GreenAir Online)  Embraer has announced a package of sustainability initiatives, headlined by a commitment to achieve carbon neutral operations by 2040, and to actively develop electrification, hybrid propulsion, sustainable aviation fuels and “other innovative energy alternatives” to

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UK Considers Mandating Flight Emissions Information to Help Travellers Cut Their Carbon Footprint

by Christopher Surgenor  (GreenAir Online)  As part of its ‘Jet Zero’ strategy to ensure the aviation sector meets the national target of net zero emissions by 2050, the UK government is considering whether to mandate the provision of standard, reliable

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Carry on Flying, Says Government Green Plan

by Roger Harrabin (BBCNews) You can carry on flying, the government has told the British public, as it outlines its plan to reduce transport emissions to virtually zero by 2050. Ministers say new technology will allow domestic flights to be almost emissions-free

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Lufthansa Technik and Hamburg Airport Start Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft Research Project

by Christopher Surgenor (GreenAir Online)  MRO and technical aircraft services provider Lufthansa Technik has joined with Hamburg Airport in an initiative to design and test maintenance and ground processes for handling liquid hydrogen (LH2) that is expected to be used

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Aerospace Players Enter Canadian Partnerships on Hybrid-Electric Aircraft and Sustainable Aviation Fuels

by Mark Pilling  (GreenAir Online)  ... P&WC’s announcement is the second sustainability initiative launched in Quebec in the past week, with Airbus joining the SAF+ Consortium, a group of aerospace companies and research institutions that is seeking to transform Montreal

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Can the Airline Industry Live without Fossil Fuels?

by Josh Owens (Oilprice.com)  ... (T)he aviation industry accounts for only 2% of global emissions.  ... Biofuels are fuels manufactured from organic materials, normally crops, wood, or waste. While they do produce carbon when burned, the theory is that the carbon

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Commentary: The Global Governance of Aviation’s Emissions – Time to Revisit the ICAO/UNFCCC Relationship

by Chris Lyle (GreenAir Online/Air Transport Economics)  In 1997, the UNFCCC’s COP3 decided, via the Kyoto Protocol, to treat international aviation indirectly through ICAO. CO2 emissions from international aviation have since doubled from 317Mt in 1997 to 641Mt in 2019, to

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NGOs and Aviation Sector Call for Long-Haul Emissions to Be Covered by EU’s Sustainable Aviation Fuels Mandate

by Eoin Bannon (Transportation and Environment) Broad coalition calls on European Commission to ensure that long-haul flights are included in the EU’s SAFs mandate; Call for obligation of the mandate to be placed on the fuel supplier, to ensure equal

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Are Electric Vehicles Really a Threat to Biofuels?: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to EVs

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Plug-in hybrids, all-electric vehicles, electric buses– are they really a threat to biofuels? In this illuminating slide guide from Raymond James, get details on EV economics, charging infrastructure, electric aviation and more and find out

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What’s the Future for SAF: Web Conference Recording and Highlights

by Tammy Klein (Transport Energy Strategies) ... Additional efficiency improvements in planes and engines are not likely to be enough and will require lower carbon fuels also known as sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), as alternative energy vectors, such as hydrogen, will

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Boeing Planning to Debut 100% Biofuel Planes by 2030

by Sarah George (edie.net/Eurative)  Boeing has already completed one commercial flight using 100% biofuel in 2018 --Boeing Co has unveiled plans to deliver commercial aircraft capable of using 100% biofuel by 2030. Using existing technologies under current regulations, it can

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Aircraft Fuel Cell Development Takes Flight after UL Lafayette Lands Grant

(University of Louisiana at Lafayette) An energy storage and power generation system being designed at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette could make flying the friendly skies less harmful to the environment. Solid oxide fuel cells are “a key component” within

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WEF’s ‘Clean Skies for Tomorrow’ Outlines Pathway to Net-Zero Aviation: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Sustainable Aviation Fuel

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  What is the World Economic Forum doing to help aviation meet net zero goals? First, they recognize that the most immediate action to achieve carbon-neutral flying is the investment in, and rapid scale-up, of sustainable

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Blow for Commercial Aircraft Electric Propulsion as Airbus and Rolls-Royce Cancel E-Fan X Programme

(GreenAir Online) Airbus and Rolls-Royce have announced an ending to their joint hybrid-electric E-Fan X demonstrator programme, a pioneering project directed towards the electrification of commercial passenger aircraft. A BAe 146 RJ100 test aircraft with one of its four jet engines

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Norwegian Ambitions for Establishing the Electrification of Short-Haul Passenger Aircraft Laid out in New Report

(GreenAir Online)  The first use of electric aircraft for domestic scheduled air travel in Norway is feasible by the end of the decade, finds a report by airport operator Avinor and the Norwegian CAA for the country’s government. If the

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Electric Planes Aim to Soar High for Cleaner Aviation

by Djallal Malti and Bojan Kavcic (Agence France-Presse/Industry Week)  Ultra light, fast and cheap: more than a century after the Wright brothers flew the world’s first powered aircraft, a small Slovenian company now hopes to revolutionize the aviation industry with its

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fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel clean fuel production tax credit Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP30 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization defossilize Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine internal combustion engine/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol fuel cells methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gas prices natural gas vehicles natural gasoline Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC 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power-to-x/gas/liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD20 RD3 RD30 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) Regulated Emissions regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit renewable diesel pipelines Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/HVO/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED/RED II/RED III) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of 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rice hulls rice husks rice price rice straw/paddy straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shellfish shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silage silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore Singpore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration Small Business Innovatin Research (SBIR) small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap soapstock Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solar fuel solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solaris solid oxide fuel 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