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Measuring Value during a Linear to Circular Transformation

by Russ Freeman (Biofuels Digest) ... Reform emphasizes using carbon already in the natural cycle to displace fossil sources. With realization comes pressure to entice financial investment away from resource mining and toward repurposing. That brings us quickly to the theme of

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Show Me the Economics!: Stand out to Investors and Partners by Tackling Their Biggest Concern Upfront

by Steve Weiss (Grey Heron/Biofuels Digest)  In the bioeconomy, you need to compete for attention – of investors, customers, analysts, press, and new hires. It’s not enough to be green, or to trumpet the latest tech: you need to show how

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Forestry and the US Renewable Fuel Standard, the Key Issues.

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Where does forestry fit into the RFS and with the biofuels industry, asks Lee Enterprises Consulting’s Larry Sullivan in this enlightening tour of the past, present and future of forest-based feedstocks. Sullivan goes back to

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The Impossibilities of the Circular Economy: Separating Aspirations from Reality

Edited ByHarry Lehmann, Christoph Hinske, Victoire de Margerie, Aneta Slaveikova Nikolova (Routledge) The fifth Factor X publication from the Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA), The Impossibilities of the Circular Economy provides an overview of the limits to the circular economy, emphasising the relationship

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Biden Win Could Be Net Positive for Metals and Mining, Observers Say

by Jacob Holzman and Gaurang Dholakia (S&P Global Platts)  ... As a result, observers have predicted that producers of battery and base metals such as lithium and nickel could benefit from a Biden victory. ... The benefits to metals producers from a

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New Iowa State Web Hub Offers Resources to Track COVID-19’s Economic Impacts

(Iowa State University) Tracking COVID-19’s economic impacts, especially in the state of Iowa, is now possible thanks to resources on a new web hub. The webpage “COVID-19 Pandemic: Research and Resources” developed by the Center for Agricultural and Rural Development and the Department

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UC Researchers Discover Amount of Biofuel Needed to Match Price with Gasoline

by Tarunika Kapoor (Daily Californian) UC researchers published a study March 27 that found the exact amount of biofuel needed to match price with and potentially replace petroleum-based gasoline and other fuel sources, which could have broad environmental consequences. Published in the

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#1 Biggest Barrier to Bioeconomy: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Bioeconomy Bottlenecks

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  What are the bottlenecks that prevent technologies from fueling the bioeconomy? Is it government? Is it lack of public acceptance or perception? Is it lack of access to capital? How about lack of market pull?

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UFOP: Biodiesel Quotas Take Pressure off the Market - Non-EU Countries Show How Bioeconomics Work

(Union zur Förderung von Oel- und Proteinpflanzen (UFOP)/LifePR)   ...The Union zur Förderung von Oel- und Proteinpflanzen (UFOP) has noted that the price situation in the vegetable oil markets would be even more dramatic, if countries such as Argentina, Brazil, the

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Oil, Biomass, Carbon – The Value Story and a Look through the Lens of Price

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ... So, producers band together to limit production and raise prices in the short term and oil-field value in the long-term. Cartels generally do a much better job of limiting production than the free market does.

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Taxes versus Emissions Trading System: Evaluating Environmental Policies that Affect Multiple Types of Pollution

by Boon-Ling Yeo and Andrew Coleman (Environmental Economics and Policy Studies)  This paper examines the interaction of different policies used to control two types of agricultural pollution. Pollution control policy is efficient when both pollution types are controlled by taxes, although a

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QUOTE OF THE WEEK -- Michael Tamor

A recent Biofuels Digest article noted that Michael Tamor, a Henry Ford Technical Fellow at Ford, at a recent DOE Bioeconomy event in Washington observed that at least double our current electrical power capacity will be required to be able

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Solar Fuels Come Nearer: Direct-from-Air CO2 Capture Cost Drops below $100/Ton Threshold

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  A technology for direct air capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with a cost that “fully burdened with interest on capital, ranges from 94 to 232 $/t-CO2 depending on financial assumptions, energy prices, and the

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Jet Fuel from Hooch Comes Closer as ASTM Clears Way for Ethanol-to-Jet, Higher ATJ Blends

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Washington, an ASTM International Sub-Committee has voted in favor of revising specification D7566 (Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons) to include ethanol in addition to isobutanol; and increase the approved blend levels

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The Circular Economy: It’s Time Has Come

by KSL (Biofuels Digest)  ... Prior to the energy crisis, most economies were too extravagant; now, they have now overreacted and have become retrenchment-mad. It is imperative to think rationally and design progress with the right analysis and tools to

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Expected Drop in Farm Income Highlights Need for Biofuels, RFS

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The USDA’s February 2018 Farm Income Forecast predicts net farm income will decline by or 6.7 percent this year. According to Growth Energy, the expected drop underscores the need for a strong Renewable Fuel Standard. The

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Techno-Economic Analysis of Biofuel Production from Macroalgae (Seaweed)

by Mohsen Soleymani and Kurt A. Rosentrater (Bioengineering)  A techno-economic evaluation of bioenergy production from macroalgae was carried out in this study. Six different scenarios were examined for the production of different energy products and by-products. Seaweed was produced either via

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BFC Keynote Addresses Policy, Technology, Economy

by Lisa Gibson (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Geoff Cooper, senior vice president of the Renewable Fuels Association, told attendees at the Biofuels Financial Conference Sept. 27 in Minneapolis that it’s tough to predict the future. “Predicting the future is hard work, and

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Crossing the Valley of NLACM with Alcohol-to-Hydrocarbon Technology

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  There’s one crossing worse than the Valley of Death and that is the Valley of NLACM. Although it sounds more like a goose trying to say “You’ll like him” — it’s the Natural Law of Alternative Commodity

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The Next Oil Price Spike May Cripple The Industry

by Andreas de Vries & Salman Ghouri (OilPrice.com)  Two diametrically opposed views dominate the current debate about where the oil price is heading. On the one hand, there is the view that the price of oil will be “lower for

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Oil Price Information Service Publishes "The New Economics of Octane"

(Oil Price Information Service)  The unexpected run-up in octane's market value is puzzling to the marketplace. What factors are driving this rise and how will it impact your industry?  --  Written by energy experts with 125+ years of combined experience,

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QUOTE OF THE WEEK

Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest), explaining how international efforts to reduce the carbon footprint of aviation that focus on cheap offsets accomplish exactly the opposite:  "We do need change. Right now, we’re leasing public land at absurdly low rates so that

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Explosive New ICCT Report Says “Offsets” Will Dominate “Alternative Fuels” in Aviation

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) “Bulk of aviation emissions reductions will be achieved through carbon offsets,” not fuels, writes ICCT Slow scale-up foreseen for biofuels Challenges in feedstock costs Carbon pricing too little, too late The fatal distortion lies in petroleum

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What’s My Feedstock Worth? A Primer for Measuring Bio-Value

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ... Whether you are owner or seller, you need to know the underlying value of a feedstock in the advanced bioeconomy — and that is not the same thing as its current market price. In fact, what

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$20 Oil? $200 Oil? Does It Matter? Part 1 of the 3-Part Digest series: Carbon 2017

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) For the world of renewable fuels — the only significant carbon legislation on the books, it really doesn’t matter what the oil price is. The RFS creates a separate market for renewable fuels and they compete

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E15 Infrastructure Bill Would Add $35.9M to Minnesota GDP

(Minnesota Bio-Fuels Association/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  An infrastructure bill in the Minnesota House and Senate that calls for expanding access to E15 would contribute $35.9 million to the state's GDP, according to an analysis by ABF Economics. House File 1257 and Senate

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First-Gen Fuels under Siege, Hit Back with Hard Data

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Ethanol supporters in the US and Australia and first-gen fuels advocates of conventional ethanol and biodiesel in the EU are striking out against what they see as misguided reports that have appeared across three continents

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As OPEC Falls, What Is the Liberated Market Signaling to Producers?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ...  There’s a theory going around that biofuels are “government fuels” — and prices are set around a table in Washington, DC. But if you visit the big biodiesel and ethanol firms, you’ll see right

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What is Australia’s Biofuel Future?

(Ecogeneration)  With growing interest in Australia in the production of liquid biofuels, bio-refining experts Geoff Bell, CEO of Australian company Microbiogen, and Ed de Jong, vice-president of development at Dutch renewable chemicals company Avantium, consider the drivers of biofuels production

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How to Thrive in Emerging Markets: Making Industrial Biotechnology Work away from Home

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Why do hot US agricultural technologies fail to get the explosive growth they deserve? BEE offers a new tech-to-market approach. --  ...  Why think about the developing world at all? Most tech firms hardly bother. Because

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Plans Farmers Are Making this Year in Reaction to Lower Commodity Prices.

(Zimm News)  J.L.Farmakis, Inc has just released a new research study conducted in February by Millennium Research that shows plans farmers are making this year in reaction to lower commodity prices. Among the findings of the "Farmer Speaks Study" are: * Half

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The Roads to Decoupling: 21 Countries Are Reducing Carbon Emissions While Growing GDP

by Nate Aden (World Resources Institute)  As countries embark on the transition to a new climate economy, there’s a debate about whether growth can drive, or even coexist with, climate stabilization. On the other side of the coin, it’s also

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Setting the Record Straight on Heartland Institute’s False RFS Claims

by Tom Buis (Growth Energy)  Last week, the Heartland Institute published a blog post claiming  the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) has a detrimental impact on American farmers and rural corn producing areas. Growth Energy responded to the post, pointing to the

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The United States’ Shifting Approach to Ethanol and other Biofuels Is a Case Study in Short-Sighted Decision Making.

by Alexis Bateman and Yossi Sheffi (MIT Sloan Management Review)  How a Lack of Systemic Thinking Threatens a Sustainable U.S. Energy Policy -- ... In 2011, a combination of market conditions and government policies in the U.S. and Brazil led to a

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Ethanol Industry Contributed $2.1 Billion to Minnesota's Economy in 2015

(Minnesota Bio-Fuels Association)  Minnesota’s ethanol industry contributed $2.13 billion to the state’s gross domestic product in 2015, according to a new study by ABF Economics. The study, commissioned by the Minnesota Bio-Fuels Association, said the industry generated $7.37 billion in gross

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Tesoro Makes Its Move on Renewable Biocrude

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Texas, Tesoro has unveiled its plan to foster the development of biocrude made from renewable biomass, which can be co-processed in its existing refineries, along with traditional crude oil. And the company has identified three

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Upside Down Ethanol-Gas Ratio Appears to Be New Normal

by Susanne Retka Schill  (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  After a decade of ethanol mostly being priced lower than gasoline, the ethanol/gasoline price ratio has been above 1.0 for the past four months. “The hefty premium of ethanol to gasoline threatens the position

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Renewable Energy Benefits: Measuring the Economics

(International Renewable Energy Agency)  This report from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)provides the first quantification of the macroeconomic impact of doubling the global share of renewables in the energy mix by 2030. The study builds on IRENA’s previous work

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Economist: Blend Wall Debate Might Help Sluggish Crop Prices

by Nat Williams (The Southern News Services)  ...The reasons include the Great Recession and falling gasoline prices, among a few other things. At issue is the federal mandate for ethanol inclusion as a component of motor fuels, according to Scott Irwin.

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Large-Scale Reaction Screening Study of Advanced Cellulosic Biofuel Pathways Finds ethyllevulinate and 2-MTHF Promising Alternatives to Ethanol

(Green Car Congress)  A team at RWTH Aachen University has identified ethyllevulinate and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as promising alternatives to cellulosic bioethanol with respect to cost and environmental impact based on a large-scale reaction screening study. In addition, the study of 97 reactions

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EU Biodiesel Premiums Hit New Highs as Global Energy Prices Tumble

(Platts)  Biodiesel premiums to the underlying ICE gasoil futures in Europe rose steeply Monday, as energy prices tumbled further after Friday's OPEC meeting, and supported by high feedstock prices. The RED RME premium Monday hit its highest since Platts started assessing

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Indonesia to Boost Biodiesel Output to Meet New Mandates -Industry

by Emily Chow (Reuters)  * Expected to boost biodiesel output capacity by a fifth next year * It will be enough to support B15 and B20 next year-industry exec * Automotive Industries Association says confident to process B20 Biodiesel producers in Indonesia are

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Oil Jobs Lost: 250.000 And Counting, Texas Likely To See Massive Layoffs Soon

by Charles Kennedy (Oilprice.com)  Crude oil just capped off a third straight week of declines, as WTI nears the $40 per barrel threshold. Goldman Sachs is once again raising the possibility of oil dipping into the $20s per barrel. That spells

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Ethanol Industry Making Profits Despite Lower Price of Fuel

(Bloomberg/McClatchy-Tribune/Star Tribune)  Low prices at the gas pump have put a persistent squeeze on Midwest ethanol producers, but most are staying profitable. Of eight Minnesota-affiliated ethanol producers tracked by the Star Tribune, all but one made money in the third quarter,

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Study Shows Potential for Growth in Biofuels from Corn Stover

by Jessica Eise (Phys.Org)  Making biofuel from corn crop residue could become economically viable for farmers with government support and, therefore, lead to a major shift in crop rotation practices favoring more continuous corn plantings, Purdue University researchers conclude. The agricultural economists

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Skyfill: Where the Sky Is a Free Sewer, Are Bioeconomy Thermodynamics Extremely Flawed from the Get Go?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ... As the reader notes, much of the original underlying biomass is not utilized when we make a hydrocarbon fuel, or any fuel. Take the case of corn, for example, and conversion into ethanol. We start

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Don’t Weaken the RFS

by Rep. Donald Payne Jr. (R-N.J.) (The Hill)  ... The RFS is Congress’s answer to lowering greenhouse gas emissions and expanding the nation’s renewable fuels sector while reducing reliance on imported oil. The RFS is the most successful law on the books

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A High Price to Pay: The Hidden Costs of Corn-Ethanol Mandates on New England

(Center for Regulatory Solutions)  ...   How have the RFS and federal corn consumption mandates impacted non-corn states, and the small businesses struggling to stay competitive in the global economy? According to a new study commissioned by the Center for

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U.S. Oil Refiners Look Abroad for Crude Supplies as North Dakota Boom Fades

by Jarrett Renshaw and Catherine Ngai (Reuters) ... North Dakota's Bakken production peaked at 1.153 million barrels per day in June, and had fallen to 1.13 million barrels per day by August, according to state data. The supply restraint has made Bakken

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Guest Post: The Petrobras Corruption Scandal and Brazil’s Ethanol Sector

by Luis Ferreira Alvarez (Council on Foreign Relations)  As Brazil’s Petrobras corruption investigation continues to roil its economy and politics, the ethanol sector is emerging as a clear beneficiary. New government policies are boosting ethanol sales, chipping away at gasoline’s

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New Biodiesel Fuel Will Save Bellevue $25,000 Each Year

(Bellevue Reporter)  A new fuel mixture in city vehicles will save the City of Bellevue more than $25,000 a year and help reduce emissions over a vehicle’s lifetime, the city announced this week. “Our new biodiesel contract is a big win

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Biofuel Buses: Transguard UAE Biodiesel Case Study

by John Bambridge  (Construction Week Online)  Operating in any sector presents both challenges and opportunities to cut costs. When a large part of your business involves the management of a fleet of vehicles, alternatives to conventional fuel are worth considering.

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The Business of Algae and the Dream of Algae

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Sapphire’s Jamie Levine, Matrix Genetics’ Margaret McCormick, Algal Scientific’s Geoff Horst, Heliae’s Len Smith and USCD’s Steve Mayfield reflect on the commercial progress of algae.  There is the dream of algae. All that photosynthetic productivity,

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Is U.S. Commitment to Renewable Fuels Waning?

by John Sedbrook (Chicago Business)  ... The Obama administration has taken laudable strides to reconcile fossil fuel dependence and climate change. In the past few months, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced new efforts to curb emissions from airlines, heavy-duty trucks

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8 Ways to Win with $30 Oil: “Energy at the Extremes”

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  What works, what struggles, what changes when oil prices head into the tank? Who will feed China’s manufacturing monster? -- At Clariant’s “Defining the Future VII” conference in San Francisco, the delegates were leaning forward, straining

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Crude Oil Pressures Ethanol / DTN Hypothetical Ethanol Plant Margins Narrow

by Todd Neeley (DTN The Progressive Farmer)  It has become the question of the day for U.S. ethanol producers: What happens to the industry if crude oil prices continue to tumble? ... Donna Funk, certified public accountant with K-Coe Isom in Lenexa,

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Michigan-Made Biofuels the Way to Increase Energy Security (Guest column)

by Drew DuBois  (DuPont Pioneer/MLive)   In a recent guest column in the Kalamazoo Gazette, Michael Miller thanked Congressman Fred Upton for working to allow exports of oil drilled in the United States. Rather than looking for new ways to make money by

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Thrive, Survive, Jive or Take Five: Who Is Weathering the $50 Oil Storm in Biofuels, and How?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)   ... Survive  --  First-Gen ethanol producers. So-so. Corn prices have fallen, and though margins have been compressed and gone negative in some cases, balance sheets remain strong and the margin outlook is improving and positive

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Growers Want Permits to Produce Ethanol from Sugarcane

by N. Dinesh Nayak (The Hindu)  The Karnataka State Sugarcane Growers Association has urged the Union government to allow sugarcane growers to produce ethanol from sugarcane. Speaking to presspersons here on Monday, the association president Kurabur Shantha Kumar said allowing sugarcane growers

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Cellulosic Refiners Hamstrung by Chaos in RFS-Credit Market

Amanda Peterka  (E&E Publishing)  ... Refiners aren't buying cellulosic fuel credits through the renewable fuel standard program for what the company produces. And so Quad County has received as much as $600,000 less than expected for its wares -- a shortfall

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The Push Is on for “High Renewable Content Fuels”

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ...  In the world of gasoline replacement, it is any fuel which has a renewable content higher than the typical E10 ethanol saturation point. It can include drop-in renewable gasoline, or E85 ethanol blends, or

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Is EPA's Biofuel Policy Eroding the Industry?

by John Siciliano (The Examiner) The Environmental Protection Agency's attempts to get its flagship renewable fuel program back on track is coming at a price for the biofuel industry it has sought to support. In the nearly two years that the EPA

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Ethanol Industry Looks to Drivers and Exports for Path out of a Slump

by David Shaffer (Star Tribune)  After a weak start to 2015, industry sees strong exports, more fuel consumption. Increased driving and gasoline consumption are helping the ethanol industry pull out of a first-quarter slump.  Producers of the corn-based fuel reported steep

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Ethanol Friendly to Hoosier Economy in 2014

by Cayla McLeland (HoosierAgToday)  The Indiana Corn Marketing Council has released their economic impact study of the ethanol industry  in 2014 and shared their findings at their annual Ethanol Forum yesterday in Indianapolis. Director of Biofuels, Ken Parrent, says the

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The Wealth Effect, and Farm Impact on the US Economy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Though representing just 1.3% of the US GDP, if the farm sector has a major impact on US economic health, it may tie back to what economists call “the wealth effect”.  In today’s Digest, we

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Do Falling Gasoline Prices Threaten the Competitiveness of Ethanol?

by Scott Irwin and Darrel Good  (FarmDocDaily)  Wholesale (CBOB) gasoline prices in the U.S. have declined by about a dollar per gallon, or one-third, since June (see Figure 1). The CBOB price last week was $2.11 per gallon, the lowest level

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Press Release: “Should Corn Land Be Used for Bioenergy/Biomaterial Crops?” Advanced Biofuels USA Publishes Thought-Provoking New Approach to Food, Feed, Fuel and Fiber Crop Land Use

October 6, 2014—Columbus, OH --  Robert Kozak of Atlantic Biomass Conversions contributes his thoughtful approach to answering these questions* posed by Biofuels Digests’s Jim Lane: “As the first wave of cellulosic biorefineries launch — is there really enough affordable feedstock

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Brazil Study Shows 30 Ethanol Mills Near Bankruptcy, Valor Says

by Vanessa Dezem (Bloomberg)  Brazilian policies to cap gasoline prices may lead 30 ethanol and sugar plants to file for bankruptcy, Valor Economico said, citing a report from a research firm. The mills, with a combined capacity to process 60 million metric

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VIII Annual ISO DATAGRO New York Sugar and Ethanol Conference: Report

by Pamela Rockwell* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  It was fitting that the VIII annual ISO DATAGRO New York Sugar and Ethanol Conference took place in the Empire Room of the Waldorf Astoria in New York City. The event is sponsored jointly by

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USDA REAP Sinks $3.4 Billion into Rural Economies

by Anna Simet (Biomass Magazine) Though the USDA Rural Energy for America Program has been hugely successful since it was first implemented in the 2002 Farm Bill, numerous changes have been implemented over the years in order to maximize program value. To

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Thai Govt to Aim for Rubber Supply Cut to Support Prices

by Apornrath Phoonphongphiphat (Reuters)  Thailand's military government will encourage farmers in the world's biggest rubber producer and exporter to cut down more rubber trees in a bid to restrict supply to help shore up prices, a senior government official said

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The Hydrogen Wall: Looking at the Prospects for Drop-In Biofuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Think affordable, available, sustainable carbon is the biggest barrier to the growth of biofuels? Or, access to market via blender pumps?   In the case of drop-in biofuels, the biggest challenge might be finding enough hydrogen.

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Maginot Line Mentality

by Douglas L. Faulkner (“The Cleantech Conservative”/Biofuels Digest)  ... It does not appear any of the experts are looking at the entire picture of the evolving and increasingly inter-connected agricultural-energy-transportation sector, let alone suggesting a plan with all, or even some, of

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Energy Self-Sufficiency in Brazil

by Roberto Coelho* (Advanced Biofuels USA) The global energy demand will rise 35% by 2035 due to population and economic growth, taking into account environmental and countries’ regulations. Brazil's part of this forecast growth in energy demand can be significantly provided

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Venter: Biofuels 'Dead' without U.S. Aid

by Bradley J. Fikes  (North County Times)  Famed genomics researcher J. Craig Venter, who is working to develop biofuels from photosynthetic algae, acknowledged this week that alternate fuels are “dead” unless the federal government mandates their use with a carbon

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emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase 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point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office 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drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric 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