by Jennifer Kaplan (LEC Partners/Biofuels Digest) Imagine a bioeconomy where sustainability is a fundamental prerequisite. While we have made much progress on bioeconomy technology, the challenges of developing verifiably “sustainable” feedstock remains a challenge. The fact remains that to achieve the promise
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Back TO HOMEBETO Selects 13 Small Businesses to Develop Innovative Bio-Based Products and Biomass Processing Technologies
(U.S. Department of Energy) The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced awards for the FY24 Phase I Release 2 of the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program. Across DOE, 229 projects in 39 states received $52 million to pursue clean
December 10, 2024 Read Full Article
Haffner Energy Launches Its Hydrogen Production, Testing and Training Center in Champagne, France
(Haffner Energy) Inaugurated today (November 22, 2024), Haffner Energy’s hydrogen production, testing and training center is about to start producing renewable hydrogen using its patented biomass and organic waste thermolysis process. The project, a laureate of the France 2030 and Territoires
November 29, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Jen-Zero technology
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) This is a presentation by Dr. Jayant Khambekar of Jenike & Johanson, a technology company specializing in bulk solids flow. It highlights the challenges of feeding high-pressure reactors in the advanced biofuels industry. Specifically, the presentation
November 16, 2024 Read Full Article
Licella Honored with Biorenewable Deployment Consortium’s Innovation Award; Canfor with BDC’s Industrial Partnership Award
(Bioreneable Deployoment Consortium) The Biorenewable Deployment Consortium (BDC) honored Licella with the 2024 Innovation Award for their culture of innovation, which has led to the global commercialization of Licella’s patented Cat-HTR™ platform, the world's most advanced hydrothermal liquefaction technology, for the
November 14, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to MicroBio Engineering
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) This presentation deck reports on the use of algae in wastewater treatment and the production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) by MicroBio Engineering Inc., a company based in California and British Columbia. The report highlights the
November 05, 2024 Read Full Article
Barracuda Technologies Launches Its Maiden Modular Bio-Refinery Project in India
(Barracuda Technologies/Business Wire) Barracuda Technologies Pvt. Ltd., an indirect subsidiary of San Francisco (USA) based Startup Barracuda Technologies Inc., has just completed its first modular Bio-Refinery project in India, marking a significant milestone in sustainable and circular materials manufacturing. This semi-commercial
November 05, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Single-Pass, Weather Independent Fractionation Technology
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) An estimated 60% of the available corn stover will be collected in excess of 20% moisture resulting in a lack of ability to produce a reliable feedstock with conventional harvest and storage systems. A team of
October 21, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Optimal Preprocessing and Deconstruction of Corn Stover
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Physical fractionation and characterization of corn stover. US Department of Energy Peer Review presentation. READ MORE Related articles Enhancing efficiency in ethanol production from high solid corn stover: Insights into enzymatic hydrolysis parameters and cellulase recovery (Journal of
October 18, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Fractionation of Forest Biomass Wastes
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) A team of researchers have designed a project to support development of woody feedstocks forUniversity of Maine’s Thermal Deoxygenation pathway to produce renewable aviation fuel and chemicals. The goal of the project is to prepare woody
October 17, 2024 Read Full Article
Biofuel Boom Still Leaves US Soybean Glut
by Michael Hirtzer (Bloomberg) ... Just to the south, an enormous processing plant, with the capacity to crush 35 million bushels a year, is under development. The investment is a bid to cash in on soaring demand for renewable diesel, a fuel chemically similar
October 17, 2024 Read Full Article
GrowTEC Awarded $2M from Government of Canada for Phase 2 of Anaerobic Digester Expansion Project
(GrowTEC/Business Wire) EverGen Infrastructure Corp. (“EverGen” or the “Company”) (TSXV: EVGN) (OTCQX: EVGIF), is pleased to announce that Grow the Energy Circle Ltd. (GrowTEC), an operating farm scale biogas facility, has received up to $2-million from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) to
October 16, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Biomass Size Reduction, Drying and Densification
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Low-cost carbon resources (agricultural residues, forest residue, and non recyclable municipal and industrial wastes) exhibit consistent challenges. Inherent physical and chemical variability in feedstocks result in excessive process downtime, and uncontrolled costs with documented failures in the industry
October 16, 2024 Read Full Article
VTTI and Connex Intend to Develop Renewable Feedstock Pretreatment Facility in Amsterdam
(VTTI) VTTI and Connex are joining forces to develop a renewable feedstock or 'Greenstock' Pretreatment Facility (GPF) at VTTI’s terminal in Amsterdam (ETA). -- VTTI, an industry leader in energy infrastructure, and Connex, a renewable feedstocks trader, are joining forces to develop
October 11, 2024 Read Full Article
The Contaminant Challenge: Boosting Efficiency and Flexibility with Pretreatment
by Matthew Clingerman (Sulzer Chemtech/SAF Magazine) ... The processes used to convert fats, oils and greases (FOG) into finished fuels are well established. However, opportunities exist to improve upon the process used to pretreat the incoming raw materials. The feedstocks from which
August 28, 2024 Read Full Article
Expanding the Feedstock Arsenal
by Katie Schroeder (SAF Magazine) ... According to U.S. DOE’s 2023 Billion-Ton Report, there is up to 1.5 billion tons of biomass available on a sustainable basis in the U.S. each year, from waste to forest residuals to ag waste. Currently
August 28, 2024 Read Full Article
Biomass Plant in Dobbins Headed for Construction with Financing from Yuba Water, Will Fast-Track Forest Treatments to Reduce Wildfire Risk
(Yuba Water Agency) Construction of a 5-megawatt biomass plant near Dobbins in Yuba County can now move forward with the help of a $7 million grant and $8.3 million low-interest loan to the Camptonville Community Partnership approved today by Yuba Water
August 13, 2024 Read Full Article
Biofuels Can Power the Biggest Ships: Five Things to Know about Expanding Their Use
by Zia Abdullah (U.S. Department of Energy) ... Propelling massive ships around the world requires lots of energy created by burning thousands of gallons of fuel. The industry uses an estimated 2.5 billion barrels of fuel every year—primarily heavy fuel oil made from
August 08, 2024 Read Full Article
DOE Issues Notice Of Intent to Fund Industrial Partnerships across the Bioenergy and Bioproducts Value Chain
(U.S. Department of Energy/SAF Magazine) The U.S. Department of Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office's Feedstock- Conversion Interface Consortium intends to issue an industrial partnership call (IPC) to allow collaboration between industry stakeholders and FCIC researchers. These partnerships will address the cost and risk impacts of
July 24, 2024 Read Full Article
BETO Selects 13 Small Businesses to Develop Innovative Bio-Based Products and Biomass Processing Technologies
(U.S. Department of Energy) The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced awards for the FY24 Phase I Release 2 of the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program. Across DOE, 229 projects in 39 states received $52 million to pursue
July 18, 2024 Read Full Article
New Study Shows U.S. Oilseed Feedstock Production Exceeds Existing Federal Renewable Fuel Requirements; Domestic Feedstocks to Support Additional 1.4 Billion Gallons of U.S. Biofuel Production by 2030
(National Oilseed Processors Association) The National Oilseed Processors Association commissioned S&P Global Commodity Insights to review the present and future availability of biofuel feedstocks to support U.S. biofuel production and consumption. -- A new study shows feedstocks produced within the U.S.
July 15, 2024 Read Full Article
Decarbonizing the Aviation Sector: Global Bioenergies Extends Its Technological Process to the Production of e-SAF
(Global Bioenergies) a unique e-SAF with a record selectivity rate of 95% compared to existing technologies; a complementary approach to ASTM-certified SAF technology, substituting a plant-based resource for a synthetic resource -- Global Bioenergies announced today that it has adapted its process for
July 11, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Value and Sustainability through Agriculture
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Pacific Ag is North America’s largest harvester and marketer of crop residue, operating the largest harvest fleet globally.In this ABLC presentation from pacific Ag’s Harrison Pettit, the potential of ag residuals when realized globally – improving lives,
July 02, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Hexas Biomass
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Hexas Biomass is a biomaterials company focused on the production and use of sustainable plant-based materials to replace wood and petroleum-based feedstocks in multiple applications, including energy, chemicals, packaging, textiles, and structural/non-structural applications. CEO Wendy Owens
June 26, 2024 Read Full Article
Haffner Energy Teams up with LanzaJet for “Paris-Vatry SAF”
(Haffner Energy) Alcohol-To-Jet (ATJ) pathway selected for first biomass thermolysis-to-SAF project in France -- “Paris-Vatry SAF”, the Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) production plant project at Paris-Vatry airport, will be developed with leading ATJ (Alcohol-To-Jet) technology provider LanzaJet, Haffner Energy announces today (June
June 07, 2024 Read Full Article
Sublime Energie Wants to Expand Biogas Production Thanks to Its Liquefaction Process
(L'Usine Novelle) French start-up Sublime Energie has developed a unique process to liquefy biogas directly at its place of production - a technology that could extend biogas production to a number of farms for which methanization was not previously possible. not
June 04, 2024 Read Full Article
MTU to Lead €9 Million CBE JU Farm-Based Grass Biorefinery Demonstration Initiative
by Daniela Castillo Monagas (World Bio Market Insights) Munster Technological University will lead a new first-of-its-kind decentralised green biorefinery demonstration initiative funded under the Circular Bio-based Europe Joint Undertaking (CBE JU). The €8.7 million “Rural BioReFarmeries” project will advance the development of farm-centred bioeconomy approaches through
May 25, 2024 Read Full Article
UK Researchers Lead a National Team, Transforming Solid Waste into Aviation Fuel
by Jordan Strickler (University of Kentucky) In a move towards sustainable energy and waste management, the University of Kentucky has launched a pioneering research initiative that seeks to turn everyday trash into high-quality sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). Titled "Surface Enhanced Smart Preprocessing
April 26, 2024 Read Full Article
FOG And Fatbergs: Food for a Growing Army of Green Monsters
(Greasezilla) At last, a sustainable way to address the never-ending stream threatening the health of communities and the wastewater treatment plants that serve them. -- Back in 1972 at the movies, a never-ending supply of pollution fed a malevolent, fictional Smog Monster,
April 22, 2024 Read Full Article
Earth Day Spotlight: BETO Technology Manager Focuses Work on Agricultural Sustainability, Environmental, and Equity Justice Impacts
(U.S. Department of Energy) ... BETO Technology Manager for Renewable Carbon Resources (RCR), Dr. Chenlin Li, is a DOE innovator supercharging the clean energy revolution with a commitment to stewardship of the planet’s natural resources. BETO’s RCR Program focuses on facilitating availability, reducing
April 22, 2024 Read Full Article
What Fits the Process
(BDI Bioenergy/Biofuels International) ... When biodiesel producers shift to waste-based material as feedstock, the first choice is often used cooking oil (UCO). The main reason is that UCO’s feedstock parameters are close enough to that of vegetable oil. The result is
April 11, 2024 Read Full Article
UC-Davis Analysts Warn of Significant Soybean Acreage Requirements for SAF
(Pro Farmer/Ag Web) Two UC-Davis analysts in a report highlighted that satisfying sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) goals would require a significant increase in soybean plantings, almost by 50%. Conversely, relying solely on corn ethanol would necessitate a lesser increase in land
April 09, 2024 Read Full Article
Cargill Enters Biofuel Fray in Fresh Blow to GrainCorp Growth Plans
by Brad Thompson (Financial Review) Cargill and CBH Group are working together on plans for a large-scale oilseed crushing plant south of Perth as they look to cash in on growing demand for biofuels. The Minnesota-headquartered commodities trader is in talks with
April 06, 2024 Read Full Article
Rapid Expansion of U.S. Soybean Processing Capacity Risks Industry Overbuild
by Brian Earnest , Tanner Ehmke and Jacqui Fatka (CoBank) • The push for renewable diesel is boosting demand for soybean oil as a feedstock. Soybean crush capacity in the U.S. is expected to expand 23% over next three years
March 26, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Feedstock Supply Chain Analysis
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) To meet its defossilization goals, the US needs cost-effective solutions to provide conversion-ready feedstocks. A team of researchers at Idaho National Laboratory have undertaken a project to look at advanced supply system designs that utilize active
March 25, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Feedstock Preprocessing
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) A team of researchers is working to develop science-based design and operation principles informed by TEA/LCA that result in predictable, reliable, and scalable performance of preprocessing unit operations. The comminution and fractionation manuals that industry needs
March 18, 2024 Read Full Article
Bold Goals Action Group Releases 40 Bold Actions to Accelerate the Bioeconomy
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Washington, the Bold Goals Action Group released the final text of the 40 Bold Actions to Accelerate at ABLC 2024. The release capped a year-long, multi-national effort by bioeconomy stakeholders to define specific actions that
March 16, 2024 Read Full Article
Canola Sector Anticipates Major Biofuel Boom
by Don Norman (Glacier FarmMedia/Western Producer) The biofuel industry could drive canola demand into uncharted territory in the coming decade, says one industry expert. “The capacity of crush could grow from 11.3 million metric tonnes today to 18 million metric tonnes in
March 01, 2024 Read Full Article
Meeting the Demand for Clean Energy
by Andre Ditsch and Ivonne G. Ruggles (Oleo-X/Biofuels International) ... The preparation of feedstock for refineries demands a much more rigorous removal of contaminants compared to conventional food-grade processing. In 2021, Oleo-X was founded to meet the increasing demands and quality requirements of
February 29, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Biomass Feedstock National User Facility Capabilities for MSW to SAF
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The Biomass Feedstock National User Facility (BFNUF) offers technology and expertise to help the U.S. bioenergy industry overcome biomass challenges during scale up and integration of biomass preprocessing facilities. The BFNUF is a congressionally designated, national
February 22, 2024 Read Full Article
Yes, You Can Use Poultry Fat as a Renewable Feedstock
by Ivy Ruggles (Inddevco/Biobased Diesel Daily) Advanced pretreatment coupled with chemistry and refining knowledge are opening new opportunities for this often-overlooked raw material. There is an increased demand for greener fuels, which has prompted research and development into finding alternative feedstocks for renewable diesel
February 06, 2024 Read Full Article
S-OIL to Produce Bio-Based, Low-Carbon, Eco-friendly Products
(S-Oil) ● S-OIL has begun to introduce bio-based feedstocks, including used cooking oil and the byproducts of the palm oil, to produce low-carbon fuels such as sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), a first for a refiner in Korea. ● It will produce eco-friendly
January 31, 2024 Read Full Article
Full Circle UCO
by Anna Simet (Biodiesel Magazine) With a single truck in 1953, James Mahoney started up Mahoney Grease Service as a fats and oils recycler, using 13-gallon drums to service customers. Upward of seven decades later, the company has grown to service
January 02, 2024 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to USDA Energy & Climate Action
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The Inflation Reduction Act provides nearly $40 billion for USDA over the next 10 years to improve life and livelihoods in rural communities. Specific investments include: $19.3 billion for climate-smart agriculture on farms, ranches, and forests;
December 19, 2023 Read Full Article
The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Licella
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest/REenergize the Gulf Coast) What’s up with the Wonder from Down Under? Licella’s Cat-HTR decarbonization platform could help customers meet their net-zero carbon commitments. How do they use water as the agent of change and turn biomass
December 05, 2023 Read Full Article
Bold Actions to Accelerate the Bioeconomy: Report from Ottawa Meet-up of the Bold Goals Action Group
by Jim Lane (REenergize the Gulf Coast) In Ottawa, on the sidelines of the Jeff Passmore’s SCALING UP meeting, a coalition of the willing known as the Bold Goals Action Group refined and amended a series of 37 Bold Actions that must be
December 05, 2023 Read Full Article
Biomass to Liquid Fuels: We Need Commercial Scale Gen 2 Success
by Doug Rivers (Lee Enterprise Consulting/Biofuels Digest) ... And while advances have been made in the materials handling and pretreatment of these feedstocks, commercial scale attempts produce ethanol have been met with multiple and highly visible failures measured in at least hundreds
December 04, 2023 Read Full Article
Greasezilla Fuel Established for Brown Grease Sales
(Industry Today) Greasezilla offers a service plan to manage sale of the system’s Brown Grease ABF for use as a renewable fuels feedstock. -- Downey Ridge Environmental Company, developer of Greasezilla FOG (fats, oils & grease) separation and processing system, announces the
November 29, 2023 Read Full Article
IFC Invests Sh32 Billion in Kenya’s Biofuel Project
by Allan Odhiambo (Business Daily) The International Finance Corporation(IFC) is set to invest Sh31.96 billion ($210 million) in an agribusiness project by Italian firm, Eni Kenya. The IFC said the investment in the form of a senior loan will support capital requirements
November 20, 2023 Read Full Article
Bold Actions to Accelerate the Bioeconomy: Findings from the Bold Goals Action Group
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In San Francisco on the sidelines of the ABLC NEXT 2023 meeting, a coalition of the willing called the Bold Goals Action Group outlined a series of 31 Bold Actions that must be taken by industry
October 31, 2023 Read Full Article
Oilseeds Industry Stakeholders Discuss Potential Crops for Use in Renewable Biofuels
by Ann Baily (AgWeek) As companies across the United States are building plants to produce renewable biofuel to meet anticipated demand, researchers are studying which oilseeds crops will provide them with the best product and which crops have potential. The Agricultural Utilization
June 16, 2023 Read Full Article
Astra Energy Inc. Announces Strategic Partnership with Phambili, USA
(Astra/Globe Newswire) Astra Energy Inc. (OTCQB: ASRE) (“Astra” or the “Company”), is pleased to announce that the Company’s subsidiary Astra Energy California Inc. ("Astra California”) has finalized an agreement with Phambili, USA (“Phambili”). Phambili solidifies municipal solid waste (“MSW”) and organic
June 16, 2023 Read Full Article
Bunge Boosts Oilseed Dominance, Renewable Diesel Potential with Viterra Deal
by Karl Plume and Rod Nickel (Reuters) Bunge's planned acquisition of Viterra would make the world's biggest oilseed crusher even more dominant and secure a larger role in the expanding renewable diesel industry, although it may face competition hurdles. Under the deal to create
June 14, 2023 Read Full Article
Crown’s Next Step in Biofuel Innovation
by Bill Morphew (Biobased Diesel Daily) Crown’s recently completed Liquids Pilot Plant offers customers access to a state-of-the-art continuous-process environment. As the world decarbonizes transportation fuels, the role of liquid biofuels will expand. The production of renewable diesel within the U.S. has
June 14, 2023 Read Full Article
Cargill Puts Missouri Bootheel Soy-Crush Project on Hold
by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily) Cargill has put its plans to build a new soybean-processing facility in Pemiscot County, Missouri, on hold, a Cargill representative confirmed with Biobased Diesel Daily®. ... In May 2022, Cargill made public its intention to build a
June 13, 2023 Read Full Article
The Feedstock Whisperers: BETO’s Upgraded Biomass Feedstock National User Facility Is Open for Business
by Katie Carnahan and Michelle Goff (Idaho National Laboratory/Biofuels Digest) ... The upgraded Biomass Feedstock National User Facility (BFNUF) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) addresses many of the challenges facing the U.S. bioenergy industry. The research conducted at the facility
January 20, 2023 Read Full Article
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) from Liquefaction
by John Holladay and Zia Haq (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and U.S. DOE, Bioenergy Technologies Office) In November 2020, PNNL facilitated an international workshop on HTL for SAF production. Present an overview of findings • Quick overview of HTL • Details from the
June 08, 2021 Read Full Article
Lowering Tech Barriers to Grow Bioeconomy: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Biofuels
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) There are major barriers in growing a bioeconomy, but Idaho National Laboratory is tackling some of those by applying artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve the supply of sustainable biomass feedstock for conversion to
November 06, 2020 Read Full Article
Biomass Alliance for Logistics Efficiency and Specifications: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to BALES Bioenergy Feedstock Analysis
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Bale analysis, probes, core samples – measuring and analysis of bioenergy feedstocks is key. In this illuminating slide guide from ABLC Digital, the Idaho National Laboratory, Antares Group, ASDI, and B Hames Consulting share how bale
August 05, 2020 Read Full Article
Solving Feedstock Challenges Today
(Department of Energy) The INL (Idaho National Laboratory) Bioenergy Program's mission is to support DOE in achieving their vision by developing processes and technologies through applied science and engineering that remove the barriers associated with accessing a sustainable, efficient feedstock supply. INL
June 03, 2019 Read Full Article
Energy Department Seeks Information on Algae, Biomass, and Waste Feedstock Research -- DE-FOA-00002020 FY 2019 Bioenergy Technologies Multi-Topic RFI DEADLINE: extended to January 18, 2019
(Department of Energy) The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) is requesting information on research opportunities related to outdoor algae research, biomass characteristics and feedstock performance, and renewable energy
December 14, 2018 Read Full Article
Seeking a Friend for the End of Unreliability: The Digest’s 2018 Multi-Slide Guide to the Feedstock Conversion Interface Consortium
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) What is the Feedstock Conversion Interface Consortium and why does it exist? The Why is simple. #1 issue plaguing High and Low Temperature IBR projects is consistent operability of preprocessing and primary deconstruction. In response, researchers have joined
July 06, 2018 Read Full Article
What’s Next for Advanced Biofuels?
by Michael McAdams (Advanced Biofuels Association/Biomass Magazine) As for what is left to do after Congress returns on Nov. 15, extending existing biofuel tax credits are number one on the list. ... In early October, the U.S. EPA released a new set
November 15, 2016 Read Full Article
Mitigating Risk in Cellulosic: The Digest’s Multi-Slide Guide to Genera Energy’s Portfolio Approach
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Genera Energy “leads the nation in the commercialization of integrated biomass supply chain solutions for the biofuels, biopower and biochemicals markets.” Initially formed in 2008, Genera works with leading technology providers and strategic investors to develop
July 22, 2016 Read Full Article
10 Time Machines for Making Biofuels and Chemicals
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ...The new technologies that come along have to provide pressure, temperature and feedstock at their own cost. So it’s the cost of those three elements, competing against the cost of locating, drilling and pumping. In
November 05, 2013 Read Full Article
National Labs Release New Biochemical Biorefinery Sizing Study
(US Department of Energy) The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory, and Argonne National Laboratory have released a joint study on biochemical biorefinery sizing. “Investigation of biochemical biorefinery sizing and environmental sustainability impacts for conventional