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The Digest’s 2025 Multi-Slide Guide to Renewable Natural Gas Production via Chemical Looping Gasification

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In this presentation, researchers chart the progress of a project focused on a sorbent-enhanced chemical looping gasification (SE-CLG) technology for renewable natural gas production from biomass wastes. The technology integrates biomass gasification, air separation, and syngas conditioning into

March 12, 2025 Read Full Article

The Digest’s 2025 Multi-Slide Guide to Mobile Bioreactor Systems for Renewable Natural Gas Production

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) This presentation by Kevin Harrison from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory aims to scale down a hydrogen-biomethanation system into a mobile RD&D platform to enable faster research, IP development & validation, and improved gas mass transfer

March 10, 2025 Read Full Article

The Digest’s 2025 Multi-Slide Guide to Futuria Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) This  presentation deck by Futuria Fuels discusses the company’s efforts to develop renewable propane, a clean alternative fuel. The presentation deck highlights the importance of biopropane as a by-product of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production and

January 17, 2025 Read Full Article

The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Biomethanation to Upgrade Biogas to Pipeline Grade Methane

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Renewable natural gas (RNG) is typically produced from biogas using gas separation technology – keeping the CH4 – venting the CO2. Upgrading CO2 present in biogas using naturally-occurring organisms can  increase production 60 – 70%. In

September 24, 2024 Read Full Article

GTT Strategic Ventures Invests in Energo, the Technological Expert in the Production of Synthetic Molecules Using Plasma Catalysis

(GTT Group) GTT Strategic Ventures, the investment fund of the GTT Group, announces that it has participated in a €16.5 million financing round to support the development of Energo, the French technology expert in the production of synthetic molecules using plasma

May 23, 2024 Read Full Article

French Tech: Sublime Energie Wants to Facilitate Agricultural Methanization

by Camille Wong (Les Echos) This mission-driven company specializes in the liquefaction of biogas from organic agricultural waste. It has just raised 11.5 million euros to manufacture fuel for mobility. -- The start-up Sublime Energie, a spin-off from Mines ParisTech, has developed

March 12, 2024 Read Full Article

CycleØ Acquires Biogasclean to Increase Fully Circular Green Gas Production by Capturing CO₂

(CycleØ/PR Newswire) Acquisition puts CycleØ at the forefront of synthetic green gas innovation via carbon capture and utilisation (CCU); CycleØ now offers a fully circular biomethane solution which captures methane emissions and CO2; Biogasclean is one of the few companies worldwide pioneering a

February 29, 2024 Read Full Article

Circular Economy, Energy and the Environment

by Jerry Murphy (MaREAI/Science in Society)  MaREI Director Professor Jerry Murphy presented a lecture in the Science in Society Public Lecture Series entitled “Circular Economy, Energy and the Environment” on Thursday 1st February. In this lecture, Prof Murphy explained a series of

February 05, 2024 Read Full Article

West Biofuels Secures $4 Million to Develop Bioenergy Facilities

(West Biofuels/EIN Presswire) CAL FIRE Grants will Increase Forest Sustainability, Promote Innovation, and Bolster Rural Economies  --  Today (December 20, 2023), West Biofuels, LLC (“West Biofuels”) announced $4 million from the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection’s (CAL FIRE) Business and Workforce

December 21, 2023 Read Full Article

Standard Gas and Topsoe to Collaborate on UK-Based Renewable Natural Gas and Methanol Project

(Standard Gas) Standard Gas and Denmark’s Topsoe A/S have agreed to collaborate on a UK-based project to produce renewable natural gas and methanol from residual waste feedstocks. The two companies have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the Danish group to

December 19, 2023 Read Full Article

Photovoltaics for Biomethanation

by Lior Kahana (PV Magazine) Researchers in Denmark have studied the technical and economic feasibility of biomethanation through large-scale PV power generation. They said that the intermittent PV-driven biomethanation process matches the efficiency of continuous processes after several days.  READ MORE Sunshine-to-fuel:

November 30, 2023 Read Full Article

Launch of Demonstration Experiment for CO2 Capture from Waste-to-Energy Plant Flue Gas for Use in Methanation

(Mitsubishi Heavy Industries) Joint Project by the City of Yokohama, Tokyo Gas, and MHI Group to Establish a CCU Chain Based on Regional Cooperation -- The City of Yokohama and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. (Tokyo Gas), together with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

August 09, 2023 Read Full Article

West Biofuels Secures $1.5 Million to Develop Bioenergy Facilities

(West Biofuels) Federal Grants will Increase Forest Sustainability, Promote Innovation, and Bolster Local Economies -- West Biofuels, LLC (“West Biofuels”) announced $1.5 million in grant funding from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to increase the sustainable use of forest products while

July 31, 2023 Read Full Article

ENGIE Joins Forces with CMA CGM and Air France-KLM to Accelerate the Decarbonization of Sea and Air Transport by Launching the First Industrial-Scale Renewable and Low-Carbon Fuel Platform in Le Havre

(ENGIE) • ENGIE awarded the Grand Canal project launched by HAROPA PORT on the Gran Canal du Havre for the development of the Salamandre and France KerEAUzen project Development of the Salamandre renewable and low-carbon gas production plant in Le Havre, with

July 27, 2023 Read Full Article

Next Renewable Fuels Buys Stalled Southern Oregon Biofuels Refinery

by Pete Danko (Portland Business Journal) Red Rock Biofuel failed on a $300 million loan, leaving the project just outside the town of Lakeview incomplete and moribund. Work on the $300M project had stopped and it was put up for

April 17, 2023 Read Full Article

European Project Studies New Ways to Create Biomethane, Will Be Used to Power Barcelona Buses

(Cetaqua/Alt Fuels) The drastic increase in global temperatures must be stopped imminently to avoid fatal consequences for ecosystems and humanity. To achieve this goal, the European Union has proposed to reduce net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 55% by

December 02, 2022 Read Full Article

Green Gas to Fight Climate Change: Electrochaea's Commercial 10-Megawatt Biomethanation Plant Engineering Completed

(Electrochaea) Electrochaea has completed the engineering for the first standardized 10 MWe biomethanation plant designed for commercial operation. A 10 MWe plant can produce several million cubic meters of renewable synthetic methane per year that replaces any use of fossil natural

October 12, 2022 Read Full Article

Task Focus: Renewables Gases: Deployment, Markets, Trade and Role of the Gas Grid

Jan Liebetrau (Task 37) & Uwe Fritsche (Task 40) (International Energy Agency/IEA-Bioenergy)  Decarbonization is about much more than electricity which only accounts for about 20% of the global final energy demand: Which technologies will be employed to decarbonize the hard-to-abate sectors

August 25, 2022 Read Full Article

A Car Powered by Animal Poop Just Broke a World Record

by Tony Ho Tran (Daily Beast) The hydrogen-powered vehicle covered more than 1,200 miles on a single tank of gas. -- A team of engineers in France smashed the record for furthest distance traveled in a hydrogen-powered car last Wednesday. The

May 18, 2022 Read Full Article

MHIENG and MHIEC to Commence Demonstration Testing of Separation, Capture and Effective Use of CO2 from Waste-to-Energy Plant -- Collaboration with City of Yokohama and Tokyo Gas --

(Mitsubishi Heavy Industries)  Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engineering, Ltd. (MHIENG) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Environmental & Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd. (MHIEC) – two group companies of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI), both based in Yokohama – are poised to commence demonstration testing

March 25, 2022 Read Full Article

Top 10 Predictions for the Advanced Bioeconomy in 2022

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) A mere “The Year in Rewind” as we sail into 2022? Not the good ship Digest! Instead, we dust off our crystal ball and offer our predictions for the year ahead. As the sunset of 2021 gives

January 03, 2022 Read Full Article

CMA CGM, ENGIE to Develop bioLNG & Synthetic LNG for Shipping Sector

(CMA CGM/Engie/NGV Journal) The CMA CGM Group and ENGIE have committed to working together to advance the energy transition by championing the industrial-scale production and distribution of synthetic methane and bio-LNG that can be used by the shipping sector.. Both companies

November 12, 2021 Read Full Article

SoCalGas’ Biomethanation Reactor System to be Used in Maine Dairy Digester

(SoCalGas) The reactor is part of a $5 million project funded by the Department of Energy  -- SoCalGas’ biomethanation reactor system will be used to help produce renewable energy as part of a power-to-gas demonstration. This system will be installed at

October 19, 2021 Read Full Article

Ethanol, Biogas, Renewable Chemicals: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to Praj

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Dr. Pramod Kumbhar, President and CTO of Praj shared this illuminating slide guide on their Bio-Prism renewable chemicals and materials, Bio-Mobility products, Praj’s 2G tech for agri residue to ethanol, Praj-Sekab tech for forest residue

October 06, 2021 Read Full Article

Breakthrough Methods Help Integrate Renewable Hydrogen with Waste Carbon Dioxide to Produce Clean Fuels, Chemicals, and More

(National Renewable Energy Laboratory)  ... NREL is validating utility-scale hydrogen-production processes that could provide tomorrow’s clean fuels and chemical feedstocks to produce low-carbon, high-value products. New IP To Simplify Renewable Hydrogen Reactions Renewable hydrogen could fit into future low-carbon energy systems like

September 06, 2021 Read Full Article

Biofuels, RNG, SAF, Renewable Chem: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to Praj

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  You may know Praj as a biofuels company but this slide guide from ABLC Digital highlights their growth and expansion into more. Check out Praj’s 2G tech enfinity, Bio-Mobility, Bio-Prism, ethanol projects updates, renewable natural

August 16, 2021 Read Full Article

TotalEnergies: The Coalition for the Energy of the Future Launches the Feasibility Study of Its First Major Project and Welcomes Three New Members

(TotalEnergies/Business Wire) Launch of the feasibility study of the first French project of BioLNG production within a large maritime port.  Air Liquide, Kuehne+Nagel Group and Rolls-Royce join the Coalition. Tangible progresses and launch of new projects. Launched in late 2019, the

August 06, 2021 Read Full Article

LCRI Looks at Hydrogen, Biofuels, Synthetic Fuels: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Low-Carbon Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Hydrogen, ammonia, synthetic hydrocarbon fuels, and biofuels can provide greenhouse gas emissions reduction for difficult-to-decarbonize sectors when produced via low-carbon means—from clean electricity, renewable feedstocks, or fossil resources with carbon capture, utilization, and storage, says

March 04, 2021 Read Full Article

ABSL Secures Grant for Biohydrogen Research

(Advanced Biofuel Solutions)  Advanced Biofuel Solutions Ltd (ABSL), University College London (UCL) and Wood have been awarded a £250,000 grant from Innovate UK to design a production line that makes high purity biohydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles. The ABSL plant

December 11, 2020 Read Full Article

Decarbonizing Shipping and Transportation: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to BioLNG

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  There are concrete benefits of using BioLNG to decarbonize hard to abate transport sectors like heavy-duty transport and shipping, according to the latest European Biogas Association, Gas Infrastructure Europe, the Natural & Bio Gas Vehicle

December 02, 2020 Read Full Article

SWEN Capital Partners Raises €175m for Renewable Gas Projects

(Bioenergy Insight) SWEN Capital Partners has announced the final closing of its SWEN Impact Fund for Transition (SWIFT), Europe’s first infrastructure fund dedicated to renewable gases. The fund raised €175 million, exceeding its target amount of €120 million. SWIFT is

October 13, 2020 Read Full Article

Methanogenic Microorganisms as Workhorses of the Industrial Bioeconomy

(Technische Universitat Dresden/EurekAlert!)   The Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) is funding the research consortium with a grant of more than two million euros. The Science Year 2020 has its focus on Bioeconomy with the aim of communicating state-of-the-art research

February 04, 2020 Read Full Article

The New Carbon Economy: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Waste Carbon Utilization and Management

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Electrification and batteries can’t remove the need for carbon,and a more sustainable economy is not a low-carbon economy as much as it will be a renewable carbon based economy, according to Ian Rowe, Technology Manager at

January 27, 2020 Read Full Article

Renewable Sources of Natural Gas: Supply and Emissions Reduction Assessment

(American Gas Foundation/ICF) .. Pipeline compatible gaseous fuel derived from biogenic or other renewable sources that has lower lifecycle carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions than geological natural gas.  The primary objective of this report is to characterize the resource and economic potential

January 10, 2020 Read Full Article

Wes Amelie Will Be the World’s First Vessel to Run on Synthetic LNG

(MAN Energy Solutions/NGV Journal) MAN Energy Solutions and Wessels Marine GmbH have announced a technical showcase whereby the 2017-retrofitted ‘Wes Amelie’, a 1,036-teu feeder container ship, will use liquefied synthetic natural gas (SNG) produced from renewable electrical energy as drop-in fuel.

November 12, 2019 Read Full Article

SoCalGas and Electrochaea Announce Commissioning of New Biomethanation Reactor System Pilot Project

(Southern California Gas Co./PR Newswire)  Innovative project with U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory converts renewable electricity into renewable methane for storage in existing natural gas pipelines  --  Southern California Gas Co. (SoCalGas) and Electrochaea today announced the commissioning of the nation's

August 15, 2019 Read Full Article

4 Key Bioenergy Technologies: The Digest’s 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to SoCalGas

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  he Southern California Gas Company is the primary provider of natural gas to the region of Southern California and has a vision to become the cleanest natural gas utility in North America. As California works to

June 17, 2019 Read Full Article

Indian Perspective on Bioenergy: The Digest’s 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to IndianOil Corp.

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  IndianOil has a 33,000-plus work-force, extensive refining, distribution & marketing infrastructure and advanced R&D facilities. In the country’s pursuit of alternative sources of energy, IndianOil is focusing on CNG (compressed natural gas), Autogas (LPG), ethanol blended

May 15, 2019 Read Full Article

BioSNG Bulletin: The Digest’s 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to Biomass to Synthetic Natural Gas (BioSNG)

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Mark Robertson, from Small Planet Engineering and a member of Lee Enterprises Consulting offers this illuminating overview of renewable natural gas via biomass gasification and methanation, biogas upgrading to RNG, BioSNG developments, challenges, opportunities and more. Lee

March 01, 2019 Read Full Article

Climeworks Launches Latest DAC Plant in Italy

by Rob Cockerill (GasWorld) Switzerland-based Climeworks has just launched another of its second-generation Direct Air Capture plants (DAC-3) in Troia, Apulia in Italy. Climeworks has been developing the technology since 2009 and commissioned its first industrial-scale CO2 capture unit in late 2014

November 05, 2018 Read Full Article
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ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape 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