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Revamped Taskforce Set to Deliver a Sustainable Vision for Aviation

(UK Department for Transport and The Rt Hon Louise Haigh MP)  The Jet Zero Taskforce will serve as the driving force to make flying a cleaner, greener experience. -- Secretary of State for Transport launches new Jet Zero Taskforce with some of the most senior

November 25, 2024 Read Full Article

Deutsche Aircraft and RTX’s Pratt & Whitney Canada Collaborate to Ensure 100% SAF Readiness for the D328eco™, Building on 40-Year Relationship and Recent D328® Uplift Test Flights with Synthetic Fuel

(Deutsche Aircraft) Deutsche Aircraft, and Pratt & Whitney Canada, announce the conclusion of a series of five emission and contrail measurement flights on a D328® UpLift research aircraft using a fully synthetic Fischer-Tropsch fuel, preparing for the use of future sustainable

November 06, 2024 Read Full Article

Gulfstream Completes Emissions Testing of Sustainable Aviation Fuel with Zero Sulfur

(Aviation Pros) Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. announced its successful completion of ground emissions testing of 100% neat sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) containing zero sulfur on the all-new Gulfstream G700. Powered by Rolls-Royce Pearl 700 engines, the G700 ground emissions test was conducted

November 04, 2024 Read Full Article

Ultrafine Particles in Jet Fuel Emissions Responsible for Serious Health Problems, Finds Study

by Christopher Surgenor (GreenAir)  ...  The amount of UFPs emitted from flights depends strongly on the composition of the jet fuel and the study estimates that the use of 100% hydrotreated jet fuel with very low sulphur and aromatics can reduce

July 09, 2024 Read Full Article

Flight Tests Show Aircraft Reduced Contrails and Soot Emissions with 100% SAF

(Aerospace Testing International)  Results from flight testing the use of 100% blends of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in commercial aircraft have shown a reduction in the amount of soot and contrails they emit compared to conventional Jet A-1 fuel. The Emission and

June 10, 2024 Read Full Article

Airline Contrail Index

(Blue-Lines) The first step to solving any problem is to acknowledge it exists. With the Airline Contrail Index, we track public contrail announcements to highlight airlines that set contrail reduction targets, participate in trials, help advance the science, or simply acknowledge

May 31, 2024 Read Full Article

Airlines Divide over New EU Rules on Monitoring and Reporting of Their Non-CO2 Emissions

by Christopher Surgenor (GreenAir) Global airline body IATA has called for “urgent action” on better understanding of the climate effects of non-CO2 emissions from aircraft at high altitudes, in particular cirrus cloud formation from persistent contrails. Scientists have long warned that

May 31, 2024 Read Full Article

Aerospace Industry to Collaborate on 100% SAF Compatibility as Virgin Releases Flight100 Results

by Christopher Surgenor (GreenAir) The International Aerospace Environmental Group (IAEG), a non-profit organisation of global aerospace companies created to collaborate on and share environmental solutions for the industry, has announced the formation of a working group to evaluate technical issues regarding

May 31, 2024 Read Full Article

Virgin Atlantic’s Flight100 Saved 95 Tonnes of CO2 and Demonstrated Environmental Benefits of Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(Virgin Atlantic)  “If enough SAF is made, we will fly it” -- • Headline Flight100 results pave the way for the use of 100% Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), proving it’s a safe drop-in replacement for fossil fuel The use of 100% SAF saved

May 08, 2024 Read Full Article

FAA Invests $27 Million on Research to Reduce Emissions and Noise

(Federal Aviation Administration)  Research teams from universities nationwide are working on a variety of aviation environmental topics including sustainable aviation fuels, aircraft emissions, and noise impacts with support from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grants. The FAA is awarding $27.2 million to

April 02, 2024 Read Full Article

RTX's Pratt & Whitney Collaborates with FAA to Study Non-CO2 Emissions under FAA ASCENT Program

(Pratt & Whitney)  Tests will compare emissions from conventional Jet A and 100% SAF -- Pratt & Whitney, an RTX (NYSE: RTX) business and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) will work together with Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T), Aerodyne Research, Inc.,

March 28, 2024 Read Full Article

Experts Expand the Coverage of Greenhouse Gases in Travel Impact Model for Flight Emissions

(International Council on Clean Transportation)  The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) announced a series of updates to the Travel Impact Model (TIM) that will more fully reflect the environmental impact of aviation and help people make more sustainable choices when planning air

February 27, 2024 Read Full Article

Airbus and TotalEnergies Sign a Strategic Partnership in Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(TotalEnergies) Airbus and TotalEnergies have signed a strategic partnership to meet the challenges of aviation decarbonization with sustainable aviation fuel. In line with the objective of achieving net carbon neutrality of aviation by 2050, this partnership aims to contribute to the reduction

February 22, 2024 Read Full Article

The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to CleanJoule

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) CleanJoule has a proprietary process for manufacturing sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and renewable bio-polymer. The basic building block of these carbon negative products are biologically derived intermediates, which are manufactured by an innovative process. This has

December 20, 2023 Read Full Article

Assessment of Aviation Non-CO2 Climate Effects Warns of Trade-off Dangers

by Christopher Surgenor (GreenAir Online)  A new assessment by a group of UK climate scientists into potential solutions to limit non-CO2 emissions produced by aircraft concludes there is no ‘silver bullet’ and concerted efforts and commitments are needed to better understand

December 18, 2023 Read Full Article

Groundbreaking Transatlantic Flight Using Greener Fuel Lands in the US

by Katy Austin  (BBC)  The first transatlantic flight by a large passenger plane powered only by alternative fuels has landed in the US. Operated by Virgin Atlantic, it flew from London's Heathrow to New York's JFK airport. Airlines see the flight, which is

November 28, 2023 Read Full Article

Boeing, NASA, United Airlines to Test SAF Benefits with Air-to-Air Flights

(Boeing)  Boeing ecoDemonstrator Explorer, a 737-10 for United Airlines, will fly on SAF, trailed by NASA's DC-8 Airborne Science Lab measuring non-CO2 emissions; - Studying how SAF can reduce soot and impact contrails; - Supported by FAA, GE Aerospace, German Aerospace Center (DLR),

October 13, 2023 Read Full Article

Using Sustainable Aviation Fuels Could Reduce Emissions by up to 80%, Scientists Find

by Jessica Marsh (University of Manchester) A team of scientists have completed tests to quantify the emissions from the combustion of sustainable aviation fuels, revealing a profound reduction when compared to regular jet fuel. Researchers from the National Centre for Atmospheric Science

October 13, 2023 Read Full Article

Alder SAF100 – Accelerating Development for Next Generation Sustainable Fuels

by Derek Vardon & Bruno Miller  (Alder Fuels/Biofuels Digest)  Today, we are providing a high-level technical analysis of what we are calling Alder SAF100, a new and 100% sustainable replacement for petroleum-based jet fuel. To demonstrate the viability of reaching that crucial

March 21, 2023 Read Full Article

Airbus’ Most Popular Aircraft Takes to the Skies with 100% Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(Airbus) This A321neo is the first Airbus single-aisle aircraft to test 100% SAF on both engines -- Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) is a key element for the future reduction of air transportation’s carbon footprint, and Airbus is continuing its testing

March 16, 2023 Read Full Article

Aviation Biofuel Would Need Half of UK Agricultural Land, Report Says

by Danny Halpin (The Independent)  The Royal Society said a portfolio of alternative fuels will be required to meet current passenger demand and achieve net zero.  -- Replacing jet fuel with biomass would require the UK to give up 50% of

February 28, 2023 Read Full Article

Government Pledges to ‘Scale up’ Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production

by Ian Taylor (Travel Weekly) The Department for Transport (DFT) has promised a call for evidence on aviation sustainability and a second consultation on sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), repeating a government pledge “to scale up” SAF production amid industry criticism that

February 16, 2023 Read Full Article

Airlines Unite with Tech Sector and Academia to Tackle Climate Challenge of Aviation Contrails

(Rocky Mountain Institute) The Contrail Impact Task Force is the first cross-sector forum to address the potential climate impact of contrails, the cirrus clouds that trail some aircraft.  -- Five major airlines today announced that they have joined forces with academic,

December 26, 2022 Read Full Article

Urgent Government Action Needed to Meet 10% Sustainable Aviation Fuel by 2030 Target

(Sustainable Aviation) • Policy support, in the form of a price support mechanism, is needed to deliver sufficient SAF facilities to meet this target through UK production; announced UK plants would only meet around half of the target New analysis shows that the

December 01, 2022 Read Full Article

DSV Becomes First Etihad Cargo Partner to Purchase SAF to Offset Carbon Emissions

(Zawya) Etihad's first NetZero transatlantic flight from Washington Dulles to Abu Dhabi utilised SAF combined with SAF Book & Claim, demonstrating the potential to utilise current technology to achieve net-zero aviation; The NetZero flight, operated with Etihad's Boeing 787 "Greenliner"

December 01, 2022 Read Full Article

Delta and Other Firms Are Struggling to Meet Sky-High Climate Pledges

by Steven Mufson (Washington Post) Some corporations started out using their sustainability goals as a marketing tool, underestimating the challenges. Now they face charges of “greenwashing” and even litigation. -- Delta Air Lines has embraced one of the corporate world’s most

November 11, 2022 Read Full Article

$2 Million FAA Grant Supports Study of Sustainable Aviation Fuels at Missouri S&T

by Andrew Careaga (Missouri University of Science and Technology) The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recently awarded a $2.05 million grant to a Missouri S&T researcher to study how different types of sustainable aviation fuels could reduce greenhouse gas emissions from

October 31, 2022 Read Full Article

First Etihad Airways Flight Using Sustainable Aviation Fuel as Part of Deal with ITOCHU and NESTE Departs Tokyo Narita

(Etihad Airways) Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: The first Etihad Airways flight to use Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) supplied by ITOCHU Corporation and NESTE took off from Tokyo Narita airport today. The pioneering flight, EY871 departed Tokyo Narita at 1500, was the

October 28, 2022 Read Full Article

ETIHAD Airways and World Energy Collaborate to Demonstrate the Future of Net-Zero Aviation with Zero Emissions Flight to COP27

(World Energy/CISION) Scheduled Washington Dulles to Abu Dhabi service to fly via Sharm-El-Sheik delivering COP27 delegates with zero emissions; Operated on Etihad's Boeing 787 "Greenliner" the flight will leverage SAF Book & Claim systems in partnership with World Energy to

October 21, 2022 Read Full Article

SAF Demand Leads to Shortages, Prompting New Products, Partnerships

(Environment + Energy Leader) ... To meet demand in the face of limited supplies of these traditional SAF feedstocks, technology companies are competing to create new forms of SAF. Honeywell is the latest to announce a new technology for creation of

October 13, 2022 Read Full Article

PNNL Team Recognized with ACS Award for Affordable Green Chemistry

by Mary Ann Showalter (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) The American Chemical Society (ACS) has announced that development of a catalytic process and catalyst to create sustainable aviation fuel is receiving the 2023 ACS Award for Affordable Green Chemistry. The team named in the

September 30, 2022 Read Full Article

Aemetis Signs Agreement with Cathay Pacific to Supply 38 Million Gallons of Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(Aemetis) Fuel to be delivered to San Francisco International Airport  --  Aemetis, Inc.(NASDAQ: AMTX), a renewable fuels company focused on negative carbon intensity products, announced today the volume of an offtake agreement that has been signed with Cathay Pacific Airways Limited

September 20, 2022 Read Full Article

Issue Brief | The Growth in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Commercial Aviation (2019, revised 2022)

by Jeff Overton (Environmental and Energy Study Institute) This issue brief examines the impact the growth of air travel and freight will have on greenhouse gas emissions. Subsequent briefs will feature the aviation industry’s emission mitigation efforts and commitments to reduce

August 24, 2022 Read Full Article

Airbus to Take up the Hydrogen Contrail Characterisation Challenge

(Airbus)  Airbus UpNext to perform hydrogen-powered flight with new flying testbed; Record-holding Perlan 2 pilots to fly glider with hydrogen combustion engine; Test campaign will study composition of hydrogen engine contrails  Airbus UpNext, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Airbus, has revealed a

July 25, 2022 Read Full Article

Issue Brief | The Growth in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Commercial Aviation (2019, revised 2022)

by Jeff Overton (Environmental and Energy Study Institute)  This issue brief examines the impact the growth of air travel and freight will have on greenhouse gas emissions. Subsequent briefs will feature the aviation industry’s emission mitigation efforts and commitments to

July 22, 2022 Read Full Article

Sky’s the Limit as UK Sets out Strategy to Reach Net Zero Aviation and Deliver Guilt-Free Flying

(U.K. Department for Transport, Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, The Rt Hon Kwasi Kwarteng MP, and The Rt Hon Grant Shapps MP) Jet Zero strategy commits UK domestic aviation to achieving net zero emissions by 2040, and for

July 20, 2022 Read Full Article

Opinion: Inconvenient Truths behind Sustainable Aviation Fuel

by Jim Harris (Bain & Co./Aviation Week)  Governments are making commitments to incentivize sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)—Europe, through February’s “Toulouse Declaration,” and the U.S., with the Biden administration’s aim to have enough SAF to meet 5-10% of jet fuel demand by

July 12, 2022 Read Full Article

Green Infrastructure Critical to Hydrogen Propulsion’s Success

by Chris Kjelgaard (AIN Online)  Aerospace manufacturers agree that the ability to produce hydrogen in vast quantities using only renewable forms of energy such as solar and wind power will prove the most critical factor in the aviation industry’s effort to

July 11, 2022 Read Full Article

Regulate Jet Fuel’s Aromatics Content to Reduce Non-CO2 Impacts of Aviation, says Dutch Report

by Christopher Surgenor (GreenAir Online) Although research is ongoing, it is widely accepted aviation’s contribution to global warming goes well beyond that caused by carbon dioxide emissions alone. One of the main non-CO2 impacts is the net warming effect from the

April 29, 2022 Read Full Article

Aemetis and Finnair Sign SAF Agreement for 17.5M Gallons in $70M Deal

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest)  ... On Friday came news from California that Aemetis, Inc., a renewable fuels company focused on negative carbon intensity products, signed an offtake agreement with oneworld Alliance airline member Finnair for 17.5 million gallons of blended

March 28, 2022 Read Full Article

Strong Demand for Ethanol-Based Jet Fuel

by Larry Lee (Brownfield Ag News) The ethanol industry is working to expand further into the renewable jet fuel market. A panel of ethanol researchers and fuel producers told their colleagues and farmers the demand for sustainable aviation fuel or SAF is

February 24, 2022 Read Full Article

An Introduction to Sustainable Aviation Fuels -- Part 1 of a Series, "Sustainable Aviation Fuels: A Critical Emissions Mitigation Strategy Gaining Momentum"

by Jeff Overton (Environmental and Energy Study Institute)  ... Aviation is a difficult sector to decarbonize. The enormous energy required to fly a heavy aircraft long distances takes an energy dense power source that liquid hydrocarbon fuel provides. Battery technology for

February 14, 2022 Read Full Article

Aemetis Signs Agreement with Japan Airlines to Supply 90 Million Gallons of Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(Aemetis)  Fuel to be delivered to San Francisco International Airport  -- Aemetis, Inc. (NASDAQ: AMTX), a renewable fuels company focused on negative carbon intensity products, announced today that an offtake agreement has been signed with Japan Airlines (“JAL”) for 90 million gallons

February 10, 2022 Read Full Article

How Close Are Hydrogen Planes, Really?

by Sabri Ben-Achour (MarketPlace.org) ... These days, there are two ways one can use hydrogen to fly planes. First, you can burn it (on purpose). “You can run hydrogen through an existing engine,” said Mike McCurdy, a managing director with aviation consulting firm

December 01, 2021 Read Full Article

First Twin-Engine, 100 Percent SAF Test on Commercial Passenger Jet Shows Promise

by Thom Patterson  (Flying Magazine) Airbus and Rolls-Royce report positive initial results using all-sustainable aviation fuel in an A350 with Trent XWB engines. --  For the first time, researchers are studying the effectiveness of burning 100 percent sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)

December 01, 2021 Read Full Article

Etihad to Mark Greenliner Anniversary with Sustainability Showcase Flight from London to Abu Dhabi

by Tony Harrington (GreenAir Online)  Etihad Airways, the national airline of the United Arab Emirates, will mark the second anniversary of its Greenliner programme with a dedicated sustainable flight from London Heathrow to Abu Dhabi on October 23, showcasing a

October 27, 2021 Read Full Article

Decarbonizing Aviation: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to LanzaJet

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Lanzajet says we are at an inflection point for the sustainable aviation industry. Why? How? What’s LanzJet’s role in it all? How are they driving innovation and accelerating deployment of SAF? What’s the status of

September 22, 2021 Read Full Article

Fact Sheet: Biden Administration Advances the Future of Sustainable Fuels in American Aviation

(White House) New Actions Aim to Produce Three Billion Gallons of Sustainable Fuel, Reduce Aviation Emissions by 20% by 2030, and Grow Good-Paying, Union Jobs  --  Today (September 9, 2021), President Biden is taking steps to coordinate leadership and innovation across

September 10, 2021 Read Full Article

Hydrocarbon Fuels from Industrial Off Gas: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to LanzaTech

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  LanzaTech’s Dr. Laurel Harmon shared this illuminating slide guide at the BETO Peer Review on jet and diesel fuel production from industrial waste gases, commercialization of ethanol-to-jet technology by building a standalone Alcohol-to-Jet pre-commercial demonstration

July 27, 2021 Read Full Article

NASA-DLR Study Finds Sustainable Aviation Fuel Can Reduce Contrails

(NASA/PR Newswire) Cleaner-burning jet fuels made from sustainable sources can produce 50%-70% fewer ice crystal contrails at cruising altitude, reducing aviation's impact on the environment, according to research conducted by NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Ice crystal contrail formations can linger in

June 22, 2021 Read Full Article

Climate Change: Jet Fuel from Waste 'Dramatically Lowers' Emissions

by Matt McGrath (BBC) A new approach to making jet fuel from food waste has the potential to massively reduce carbon emissions from flying, scientists say. -- Currently, most of the food scraps that are used for energy around the

March 16, 2021 Read Full Article

New Legislation Sets Policy Menu for Sustainable Aviation Fuels

by Jeff Overton (Environmental and Energy Study Institute)  As the aviation industry recovers from the severe contraction caused by the pandemic, sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) will be essential to help the sector achieve a path to net-zero carbon emissions by

December 12, 2020 Read Full Article

Climate Scientists Take Their Closest Look Yet at the Warming Impact of Aviation Emissions

by Leto Sapunar (Inside Climate News)  A new study reaffirms that contrail clouds produce more global warming than carbon dioxide from flights, a finding that could help reduce emissions from air travel. -- An international team of prominent scientists has published

September 22, 2020 Read Full Article

Comparison of Particle Number Emissions from In-Flight Aircraft Fueled with Jet A1, JP-5 and an Alcohol-to-Jet Fuel Blend

by Steven Tran, Anthony Brown and Jason S. Olfert (Energy Fuels) The aviation sector has begun to adopt alternative fuels in an effort to reduce net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduce their impact on climate change. While many lab and

June 19, 2020 Read Full Article

Fact Sheet: The Growth in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Commercial Aviation -- Part 1 of a Series on Airlines and Climate Change

by Jeff Overton (Environmental and Energy Study Institute) This fact sheet begins a series on commercial aviation, by examining the impact the growth of air travel and freight will have on greenhouse gas emissions. The second installment will feature mitigation

October 25, 2019 Read Full Article

Biofuel Use Reduces Aviation Emissions and Contrail Cirrus Climate Effects

by S. Himmelstein  (Engineering 360) Aviation makes a significant contribution to anthropogenic climate forcing in the form of soot, aerosol and greenhouse gas emissions. Soot emissions are responsible for the formation of cirrus contrails composed of ice crystals that can trigger climate

February 27, 2019 Read Full Article

Impact of Biofuels on Contrail Warming

by Fabio Caiazzo, Akshat Agarwal, Raymond L Speth and Steven R H Barrett (Environmental Research Letters)  Contrails and contrail-cirrus may be the largest source of radiative forcing (RF) attributable to aviation. Biomass-derived alternative jet fuels are a potentially major way to mitigate

January 25, 2018 Read Full Article

NASA and DLR Investigate the Impact of Aviation on the Climate - Joint Flight Tests on Alternative Fuel Emissions

(German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR)) Three weeks of research flights from Ramstein Air Base; NASA DC-8 and DLR A320 ATRA fly together; The focus is on particle emissions of alternative fuels and their influence on cloud formation from

January 15, 2018 Read Full Article

Biofuels Could Reduce Contrail Formation, Research Finds

by Sean Broderick (AIN Online) Biofuels offer more than an alternative to hydrocarbons; they also reduce jet-engine particle emissions by as much as 70 percent, research by a NASA-led group suggests. Working with the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the National Research

December 26, 2017 Read Full Article

No Passports, More Turbulence and Standing Cabins – 18 Ways Flying Is Going to Change

by Natalie Paris  (The Telegraph)  ... Within 10 years   ...   Wider use of biofuels  --  Biofuels could be the answer. Efforts to reduce pollution from aircraft have focused on the use of biofuels mixed with aviation kerosene, which

July 25, 2017 Read Full Article

DLR and Lufthansa Technik Investigate Biofuels in New Study

(DLR) In a large-scale test, DLR combustion researchers investigated the use of biofuels as well as blends of biofuels and kerosene in a real engine. Biofuels have the potential to improve the carbon footprint and to make air transport more

June 12, 2017 Read Full Article

Great Leaf Forward: The Top 10 Trends Driving the Canadian Advanced Bioeconomy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Although the bigger players — China, the US, Brazil and the EU take most of the headlines in the advanced bioeconomy, Canada is definitely “boxing above its weight class” these days, as the saying goes. In

May 02, 2017 Read Full Article

Skybound: The Digest’s 2017 Multi-Slide Guide to Sustainable Aviation Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  This week, we hosted a webinar what is universally agreed to be the single largest new application of advanced industrial biotechnology — this is the Big Kahuna, or sustainable aviation fuel. Sustainability is critical to airlines, and

April 28, 2017 Read Full Article

Air Canada Takes off with Biofuels Tests

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Canada, Air Canada just revealed its participation in the Civil Aviation Alternate Fuel Contrail and Emissions Research project, a research project led by the National Research Council of Canada to test the environmental benefits

April 24, 2017 Read Full Article

NASA Begins Flight Research Campaign Using Alternate Jet Fuel

(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)   NASA researchers have begun a series of flights using the agency's DC-8 flying laboratory to study the effects of alternate biofuel on engine performance, emissions and aircraft-generated contrails at altitude. The Alternative Fuel Effects on Contrails

March 04, 2013 Read Full Article
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carbon emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Heat Standards Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services 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drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric 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Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance 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feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for 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price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen 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