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North Dakota Approves Summit Carbon Pipeline Route

by Jeff Beach (North Dakota Monitor) North Dakota regulators on Friday approved a route permit for the Summit Carbon Solutions pipeline, a significant win for what the company says is the world’s largest carbon capture project.  The three-person Public Service Commission voted

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Trump Picks Doug Burgum to Lead Interior, RFK Jr. for HHS

by Isaac Arnsdorf (Washington Post) Donald Trump said during his speech at Mar-a-Lago he would name North Dakota Gov. Doug Burgum to lead the Interior Department. A formal announcement will come on Friday, he said.  READ MORE Related artices (see also White House for information

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The CO2 Report: Fermentation CO2, the Most Elemental Offshoot of Grain Ethanol Production

by Tom Bryan (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Fermentation CO2, the most elemental offshoot of grain ethanol production, is no longer the industry’s quiet, behind-the-scenes byproduct, but its most discussed, chased and controversial output. The current race and clamor over CO2—sequestration, in particular—would

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Luján, Barrasso Spearhead Bipartisan Legislation to Harness Carbon Capture’s Full Potential to Reach Net-Zero Emissions and Create New Jobs

(Office of US  Ben Ray Luján (R-NM)  U.S. Senators Ben Ray Luján (D-N.M.) and John Barrasso (R-Wyo.) led the introduction of the bipartisan Coordinated Action to Capture Harmful (CATCH) Emissions Act to enhance the federal Section 45Q tax credit to commercialize

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Proposals to Build California’s First Carbon Storage Facilities Face a Key Test

by Emma Foehringer Merchant and Joshua Yeager (Inside Climate News and KVPR)  Experts say extensive monitoring of the sites will be required to ensure safety.  --  ... Proposals to build California’s first carbon storage facilities are facing key tests in the coming

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US Carbon Capture Tax Credits to Persist No Matter Who Wins Elections: Experts

by Markham Watson (S&P Global) Government-funded, industry-led program; Large projects move forward; challenges remain -- US tax credits for carbon capture and storage and carbon capture, utilization and sequestration will likely continue no matter what political party wins the 2024 presidential and congressional

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CapturePoint Closes 45Q Direct Transfer Tax Credit Transaction Associated With the Arkalon Co2 Capture Facility in Kansas

(CapturePoint/Business Wire) -CapturePoint LLC announced today (March 18, 2024) that it has closed on a private Section 45Q direct transfer tax credit transaction for carbon dioxide (CO2) captured at the company’s Arkalon facility near Liberal, Kansas and utilized for Carbon Dioxide

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Carbon Dioxide and the Green Gases Agenda

by Sam A. Rushing (Advanced Cryogenics/Biofuel Digest)  ... Carbon dioxide is generally thought of by those who are not in the gases industries as either a greenhouse gas; and/or for use in beverage carbonation, and perhaps fire abatement. To those in the

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US Carbon Pipeline Company Pledges No Oil Recovery, but Bakken Drillers Want It

by Leah Douglas (Reuters) Summit Carbon Solutions, which is trying to build the biggest carbon dioxide capture pipeline in the United States to transport and bury greenhouse gases, has repeatedly pledged its project will not be used by drillers to boost

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These Ethanol Plants Want to Bury CO2 in Kansas to Cut Their Carbon Footprints

by Calen Moore and Celia Llopis-Jepsen (KMUW/NPR)  Kansas has three carbon dioxide pipelines. Next, it could get two carbon sequestration wells, linked to ethanol plants. Here’s what we know. Two companies seek to build the first sites in Kansas where carbon dioxide emissions

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Another Attempt to Block Carbon Pipelines from Using Eminent Domain Fails

by Joshua Haiar (South Dakota Searchlight)   Another legislative attempt to stop a proposed carbon sequestration pipeline from using eminent domain failed Monday.  “It is up to us to defend South Dakotans’ property rights,” said Rep. Jon Hansen, R-Dell Rapids, the prime sponsor of

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Carbon Dioxide and the Green Gases Agenda

by Sam Rushing z9Advanced Cryogenics/Biofuels Digest) ... What has become particularly interesting today, and the focus of this article, are ‘green’ applications for the product (CO2). This can include uses from agricultural in nature, such as commercial closed greenhouse CO2 enrichment

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CO2 Pipeline Projects Struggle to Gain Traction

by Christopher E. Smith (Oil & Gas Journal)  A much larger pipeline network than that already used for enhanced oil recovery would be needed for carbon capture, storage, and sequestration (CCS) to meet national greenhouse gas reduction goals. Estimates published

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Carbon Capture and Storage in the United States

(Congressional Budget Office) CBO examines the status, federal support, and future potential of carbon capture and storage—a process that removes carbon dioxide from the emissions of power plants and industrial facilities and stores it permanently underground. -- To help reduce U.S. emissions

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Q&A: Carbon Pipeline Execs Say Ethanol’s Future Hangs in the Balance

(South Dakota Searchlight)  ...  If South Dakota’s ethanol industry does not reduce the amount of heat-trapping carbon dioxide it emits into the atmosphere, the industry’s future is grim. That’s according to two top executives of the remaining carbon-capture pipeline company hoping to

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SD Farm Bureau Takes Stance on Carbon Pipelines

by Carah Hart (Brownfield Ag News)  “(I)f a pipeline or proposed pipeline has two-thirds of landowners along the line who have voluntarily signed easements, the company should be able to use eminent domain on the rest.” South Dakota Farm Bureau has new

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Analysis: US Carbon Capture Pipeline Setbacks Reflect Challenges in Climate Fight

by Leah Douglas (Reuters)   A series of permit rejections for two high-profile carbon pipeline projects in the U.S. Midwest could bode poorly for carbon capture and storage (CCS) as a widespread solution to climate change, reflecting deep-seated public concern about its

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DOE Announces $17.2 Million to Use Carbon Dioxide for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Unconventional Reservoirs, Combined with Carbon Storage DEADLINE December 13, 2023

(U.S. Department of Energy)  The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) today announced up to $17.2 million to evaluate the potential for unconventional oil production through a combined process that uses captured carbon dioxide

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The Carbon Dioxide Industry: A Merchant & Sequestration Perspective Today

by Sam A. Rushing (Advanced Cryogenics, Ltd/Biofuels Digest) ... The ethanol industry accounts for the highest percentage of merchant CO2 supply to adjacent refining plants, than any other sectors; approximately 45% of the approximate 110 merchant CO2 sources which have CO2

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Why Injecting CO2 Underground Is a Legal Morass

by Shelby Webb (E&E News Energywire) ... As oil and gas companies rush to build carbon sequestration projects — in hopes of taking advantage of increased tax credits in the Inflation Reduction Act — states are scrambling to answer questions about

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Bill Aims to Create Clean Transportation Standard in Minnesota

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) Legislation currently pending in Minnesota aims to establish a clean transportation standard that would require the state’s transportation fuels to achieve 100 percent reduction in carbon intensity (CI) by 2050. The standard would phase in with a

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Midwest CO2 Pipeline Rush Creates Regulatory Chaos

by Mike Soraghan  (E&E News Energywire)  A complicated question is looming in the Midwest over plans to build thousands of miles of carbon dioxide pipelines: Who would regulate them? The answer could affect the Biden administration’s hopes for a massive buildup of

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A Blue State Asks: Is Carbon Capture Part of Climate Agenda?

by Jeffrey Tomich (E&E News/EnergyWire) ...  Less clear, however, is whether (Gov. J.B) Pritzker and Illinois’ Democratic-led General Assembly are willing to embrace carbon capture — a third rail of climate politics — as a complementary solution. While carbon capture technology and its

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Sen. Jeff Magrum Files 8 Bills Related to Summit Carbon Solutions Pipeline

by Jeff Beach (InForUm) Summit Carbon Solutions says its $4.5 billion pipeline project will help ethanol plants and corn growers but has been met with resistance from landowners. -- The controversial Summit Carbon Solutions carbon capture pipeline has spawned at least

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Big Oil Talks ‘Transition’ but Perpetuates Petroleum, House Documents Say

by Steven Mufson and Timothy Puko (Washington Post) ... For more than a year, the committee (House Oversight Committee) has been investigating a handful of major oil companies, along with two of the biggest trade groups in Washington, the American Petroleum

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Fossils, Fertilizers, and False Solutions: How Laundering Fossil Fuels in Agrochemicals Puts the Climate and the Planet at Risk

(Center for International Environmental Law) Fertilizers and pesticides are interdependent inputs to a destructive food production model that is contributing to catastrophic biodiversity collapse, toxic pollution, and the violation of human rights. But there is an often-overlooked dimension of the threat

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Global Carbon Capture Capacity Due to Rise Sixfold by 2030

(Bloomberg NEF) More than $3 billion has been invested in carbon capture so far in 2022 -- The global capacity for carbon capture in 2030 is set to increase sixfold from today’s level, to 279 million tons of CO2 captured per

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Where Should We Permanently Store Carbon Dioxide Removed from the Atmosphere?

(Heirloom Carbon) ...  There is only one location big enough to permanently store the 6–10 billion tons of CO2 the world needs to be capturing from the atmosphere each year by 2050 to mitigate the worst impacts of climate change —

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The Persistence of Myth and Energy Infrastructure

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) If you’ve been around the renewable fuels movement, lately the renewable fuels industry, for any length of time, you’ve seen quite a few advocates and champions debunking what they contend are untrue urban legends. Indirect Land Use

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Troubled Carbon Capture Projects Dog US DOE ahead of New Spending Spree

by Karin Rives (S&P Global) ... The San Juan plant is not the only carbon capture project receiving funds from the federal government that has struggled to become operational. With a lot more money coming, how the U.S. government allocates it

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Hennen: The CO2 Boom

by Scott Hennen (InForUm) Columnist Scott Hennen writes that North Dakota Gov. Burgum likens the state's burgeoning CO2 industry to the creation of the Bakken in western North Dakota. -- North Dakota Gov. Doug Burgum is excited about a "giant new

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Over $40M Investment to Kickstart $20B in Carbon Capture Projects

(Emissions Reduction Alberta/Carbon Capture Magazine) The Government of Alberta is investing over $40 million through Emissions Reduction Alberta (ERA) in 11 projects focused on advancing the province’s global leadership in carbon capture utilization and sequestration (CCUS). If successful, these projects could

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The Ethanol Industry’s Commercial Capture

by Katie Schroeder (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  CO2 from corn ethanol plants is a great candidate for capture and sequestration because it is so clean. That also makes it a versatile and critical product for myriad commercial and industrial uses. -- 

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Summit Carbon Solutions Equity Campaign for 5-state Carbon Capture Project Reaches $1 Billion in Commitments

(Forum News Service/Dickinson Press)  Summit Carbon Solutions is proposing to build the world's largest carbon capture and sequestration project. Ethanol plants in Atwater and Granite Falls, Minnesota, are part of the project. -- Summit Carbon Solutions announced Wednesday that it has

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Breaking It Down Tax Credit Incentives for Carbon Sequestration: Potentially the Most Impactful U.S. Policy to Battle Climate Change

by Bryen Alperin, Gary Blitz, Sarah Grey, Steve Whittaker, John Koenig, John Pierce, and Jason Kuzma  (Carbon Capture Magazine) The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 expanded the 45Q tax credit, the most important federal incentive for encouraging private investment in

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Proponents Say Storing Captured Carbon Underground Is Safe, But States Are Transferring Long-Term Liability for Such Projects to the Public

by Nicholas Kusnetz (Inside Climate News)  As companies propose storing carbon dioxide in depleted oil fields or saline aquifers, some states are putting themselves on the hook for future problems with the projects. --  As states rush to enact rules and

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Giant Grass Miscanthus: Bioethanol Source with Negative CO2 Balance

(University of Hohenheim)  European collaborative project led by the University of Hohenheim shows: Combining bioethanol production with carbon storage can effectively reduce CO2.  A significant reduction in greenhouse gas is feasible. This is the conclusion reached by researchers at the University

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“Super Developing” Carbon Capture: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Carbon America

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Carbon Americashared this illuminating slide guide at ABLC Connect highlighting how they are a “super developer” with developing, building, financing, owning and operating carbon capture and sequestration projects. They also have their own cryogenic flue

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Occidental Is Eyeing California’s Clean Fuels Market to Fund Texas Carbon Removal Plant

by Nicholas Kusnetz (Inside Climate News) The oil company plans to remove carbon from the atmosphere and pump it into the ground to extract oil in the Permian Basin. Some climate activists fear the new technology is a cover for continuing

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Costs, Challenges, Current Projects: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Carbon Capture

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  There are synergies with carbon capture and biofuel processes. This ABLC slide guide from Dave Collings at 1898 & Co. looks at the challenges of biofuels, where and how much CO2 is being produced and

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Infinium™ Enters into Strategic Alliance with Denbury for Ultra-Low Carbon Fuels Projects in Texas, Continuing Development Momentum

(Infinium)  Innovative electrofuels technology is aimed at decarbonizing the transportation sector -- Infinium, a clean fuels innovator, announced today that the company has entered into a strategic alliance with US energy leader Denbury (NYSE: DEN) to collaborate on developing ultra-low carbon

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Carbon and Hydrogen Hubs Part 1: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to GPI’s Atlas

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  What are the major components of a carbon and hydrogen hub? What’s the latest on carbon management and removal in the U.S.? How can hydrogen work as a decarbonization solution for the U.S.? What is

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Shell’s Massive Carbon Capture Plant Is Emitting More Than It’s Capturing

by Anya Zoledziowski (Vice World News)  A new Global Witness report found that it has the same carbon footprint per year as 1.2 million gas-powered cars.  -- A first-of-its-kind “green” Shell facility in Alberta is emitting more greenhouse gases than it’s

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New IEAGHG Report: 2021-02 CO2 as a Feedstock: Comparison of CCU Pathways

(IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Program) A range of carbon dioxide capture technologies have been developed, including amine-based routes and calcium looping methods, some of which are now considered to be at technology readiness level (TRL) 9. These technologies have been deployed

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Khanna Targets Enhanced Oil Recovery

by Matthew Choi (Politico's Morning Energy)  Rep. Ro Khanna, who led the House Oversight Environment Subcommittee’s probe into the oil and gas industry earlier this year, wants to end tax credits for carbon capture that is used to pump more

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New IEAGHG Report: 2021-02 CO2 as a Feedstock: Comparison of CCU Pathways

(IEAGHG) A range of carbon dioxide capture technologies have been developed, including amine-based routes and calcium looping methods, some of which are now considered to be at technology readiness level (TRL) 9. These technologies have been deployed across the world in

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What We Know about Two Carbon Capture Pipelines Proposed in Iowa

by Donnelle Eller (Des Moines Register)  ... Two companies — Summit Carbon Solutions and Navigator CO2 Ventures — want to build pipelines that will be used to move carbon dioxide captured from ethanol, fertilizer and other agricultural industrial plants. The companies plan to

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Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in the United States

by Angela C. Jones and Ashley J. Lawson (Congressional Research Service)  Carbon capture and storage (or sequestration)—known as CCS—is a process that involves capturing man–made carbon dioxide (CO2) at its source and storing it permanently underground. CCS could reduce the amount of CO2—an

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Whitecap Resources Inc. Partners with Federated Co-operatives Limited to Reduce CO2 Emissions in Saskatchewan

(Whitecap Resources Inc./CISION) Whitecap Resources Inc. ("Whitecap" or the "Company") (TSX: WCP) is pleased to announce that it has signed a memorandum of understanding ("MOU") with Federated Co-operatives Limited ("FCL") to use Whitecap's expertise in carbon capture utilization and storage ("CCUS") to

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The Oil Industry’s Bright Green Energy Future

by Mike Newman (Parhelion Underwriting) The Oil industry is under pressure on many fronts in the climate change era and faces an existential threat from alternative, renewable sources of energy – but the industry is also best-positioned to win the

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Biprtisan Infrastructure Bill Includes $25 Billion in Potential New Subsidies for Fossil Fuels

by Alleen Brown (The Intercept)  Instead of reducing the role of fossil fuels in the economy, critics say, the bill subsidizes industry “greenwashing.” ... The latest draft bill would make fossil fuel companies eligible for at least $25 billion in new

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Burying CO2 Deep in ND’s Geology May Combat Climate Change. Is It Financially Feasible?

by Adam Willis (Forum News Service/Twin Cities Pioneer Press) For some of North Dakota’s legacy industries, like coal power, the future could depend on the capacity of companies to deliver on bold promises around carbon capture. The pricey and so far

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Lawsuits Target Exxon’s Social Media ‘Green Washing’

by Maxine Joselow  (E&E News Climatewire) Two years ago, Exxon Mobil Corp. took to Twitter to promote its research into algae biofuel. The oil giant tweeted a photo of swirling beakers of bright green liquid to its hundreds of thousands of followers. "We’re researching

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Back to the Stone Age, or Everything I Really Needed to Know about Solving Climate Change, I Learned from Fred Flintstone

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  As someone once observed, the Stone Age did not end because we ran out of stones, and the Petroleum Age is not going to end because we ran out of petroleum. Rather, needs and technologies will

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Carbon Capture Is a No-Brainer Solution for Companies Facing Net-Zero Policy Goals

by Ian Palmer (Biofuels Digest) ... Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an escape hatch, or an offset, to be used if there are “leftover” GHG emissions.  If a country is on a pathway to reduce GHG to zero by a

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Big Oil (Probably) Isn't Going Away Anytime Soon. But It's Definitely Changing

by Camila Domonoske (NPR) ... European companies – such as French multinational Total and British-based BP – are staking big bets on a pivot from oil to renewable power. Meanwhile, American giants are staking smaller sums of money on more nascent

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From Biodiesel, DME to Carbon Capture, PT Pertamina Realizes Sustainable Green Economy

(Antara News) In the framework to run the direction of the President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) regarding the Grand National Energy Strategy for energy transformation and strengthening green economy, green technology and green products, PT Pertamina (Persero) continues to prioritize various energy

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New Milestone for Carbon Capture and Storage: Red Trail Energy and EERC Near Commercialization of CO2 Storage Technology

by Patrick C. Miller (UND Today)  After nearly 20 years of researching and developing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies as a means of mitigating climate change, the UND Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) is on the verge of seeing the science

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Kinder Morgan Seeks to Expand CO2 Business in Clean Energy Push

by Sergio Chapa (Bloomberg News) Pipeline giant Kinder Morgan Inc. plans to expand its carbon-capture business, joining the ranks of major oil and gas companies capitalizing on clean energy investing. Fueled by a push to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, carbon capture and

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Carbon Capture Coalition Applauds Introduction of Bipartisan Senate Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Tax Credit Amendments Act

(Carbon Capture Coalition)  Robust Legislation Addresses Top Two Coalition Priorities from New Federal Policy Blueprint -- The Carbon Capture Coalition today endorsed the bipartisan Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage Tax Credit Amendments Act. The bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate

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U.S. Grains Council, Growth Energy, RFA Comment on Proposed Canada Clean Fuel Regulations

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) In Washington, D.C., the U.S. Grains Council, Growth Energy and the Renewable Fuels Association submitted joint comments to Environment and Climate Change Canada, regarding its proposed Clean Fuel Regulations, noting the importance of allowing renewable fuel

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North Dakota Bill Would Benefit CCS Projects at Ethanol Plants

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Representatives of the North Dakota ethanol industry on Jan. 20 testified in favor of a bill that aims to create a sales and use tax exemption for carbon dioxide used for secure geologic storage. The

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Coal, Ethanol Industries Seek Sales Tax Exemption for Carbon Storage Projects

by Amy R. Sisk (Bismark Tribune)  Several North Dakota coal and ethanol plants are inching closer to capturing the carbon dioxide they generate and storing it underground, and they’re asking lawmakers to exempt the practice from sales tax. A similar exemption

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SCALE Act Could Help Ethanol Plants Transport CO2 to Customers

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Reps. Marc Veasey, D-Texas; David McKinley, R-W.V.; Cheri Bustos, D-Ill.; and Pete Stauber, R-Minn., on Dec. 16 introduced the Storing CO2 and Lowering Emissions (SCALE) Act, which supports the buildout of the infrastructure necessary to

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Incentives Spur Investors to Pick Up Pace on Low-Carbon Projects

by Dean Scott (Bloomberg Law) Growing interest in combining federal, state credits in low-carbon projects; Congress’ inaction on 45Q credit extension a worrying sign for new efforts  -- A mix of federal and state environmental incentives are drawing investors towards low-carbon,

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Committee to Review Wyo. Carbon Capture, Utilization

by Jeremy Dillon (County 17/E&E News)  The Senate Environment and Public Works Committee will head to Wyoming this week for a field hearing to analyze the state’s efforts on carbon capture and sequestration.The hearing is likely to provide another opportunity for

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The Door Is Open for Ethanol Producers and CCS

by Roxby Hartley (EcoEngineers/Ethanol Producer Magazine) Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is receiving a lot of traction thanks to two exciting developments in 2018 and 2019: 1)      California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard recognized CCS as a viable pathway to reduce emissions from

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There’s More than One Way to Save the Planet! Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Another New Market for Bioenergy

by Mike Newman (Parhelion Underwriting/Biofuels Digest)  Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is an important strategy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change.  CCS is a process by which large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) are captured, compressed, transported, and sequestered.

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45Q, the Tax Credit That’s Luring US Companies to Capture CO2 -- Cement, Ethanol, and Ammonia Makers Are among Those Looking to Convert Waste Carbon to Cash

by Melody M. Bomgardner (Chemical & Engineering News) ...  The most effective policies, economists and industrialists agree, are those that put a price on carbon. Doing so with a tax could make for a potent policy, but the idea doesn’t

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IRS Unveils 45Q Guidance

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico's Morning Energy)  Almost two years after Congress initially expanded a tax incentive for carbon capture and sequestration projects as part of its 2018 budget bill, the IRS on Wednesday released its initial guidance on how exactly industries

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Carbon Capture Initiatives and 45Q

by Cácia Pimentel* (Advanced Biofuels USA) On February 15th the Center on Global Energy Policy (CGEP) Carbon Management Research Initiative and the Women in Energy program hosted a panel of experts to discuss carbon capture policies and technologies, especially Carbon Capture, Utilization

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The New Carbon Economy: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Waste Carbon Utilization and Management

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Electrification and batteries can’t remove the need for carbon,and a more sustainable economy is not a low-carbon economy as much as it will be a renewable carbon based economy, according to Ian Rowe, Technology Manager at

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Capture Carbon Dioxide to Reduce Climate Change

by John R. Snyder (Post Register)  ...  That is, to reverse climate change, carbon dioxide currently in the atmosphere must be removed and new emissions of CO2 must stop. ... Carbon dioxide from coal and industrial plant emissions and the atmosphere

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Carbon Capture Technologies: Biomass Industry’s Unique Opportunity

by Jessie Stolark (Biomass Magazine/Carbon Capture Coalition)  Spurred by interest and growing recognition of the role biomass can play in mitigating climate change, project developers and policy makers are putting biomass on the map, but perhaps under a name you

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emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase 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point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office 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drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric 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