California Governor Puts E15 in the Fast Lane

by Cindy Zimmerman (Energy.AgWired.com)  California Governor Gavin Newsom on Friday gave a surprise boost to the ethanol industry by issuing a directive to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to accelerate studying how California could increase ethanol blending in gasoline to allow the sales of E15.

“There’s massive potential for this to be a win-win for Californians: lowering gas prices by up to twenty cents per gallon while keeping our air clean. It builds on our efforts to keep gas prices low by holding Big Oil accountable and helping prevent price spikes at the pump,” said Newsom.

The Renewable Fuels Association immediately praised Gov. Newsom for taking this action since California is the only state in the country that bans the sale of lower-cost, lower-carbon E15. “Not only does E15 reduce greenhouse gas emissions and harmful tailpipe pollution, but it also delivers significant savings at the pump,” said RFA President and CEO Geoff Cooper. “Allowing the sale of E15 would provide economic relief to California families, while at the same time providing important environmental benefits.”

Gov. Newson cited a recent study conducted by the University of California, Berkeley and the United States Naval Academy, showing that just allowing the sale of E15 could lower gas prices in California by up to $0.20 per gallon and save Californians as much as $2.7 billion annually. That study was sponsored by the Renewable Fuel Association. “Consumers would save about $200 per household there,” said RFA Chief Economist Scott Richman who contributed to the study. “And it would be low income households that would benefit the most from this.”

Listen to an interview with Richman about the study:   RFA Chief Economist Scott Richman 6:38    READ MORE; includes AUDIO

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Excerpt from Renewable Fuels Association:  The Renewable Fuels Association today applauded California Gov. Gavin Newsom for directing the state’s Air Resources Board (CARB) to expedite the approval of E15, gasoline containing 15 percent ethanol. California is the only state in the country that doesn’t currently allow the sale of lower-cost, lower-carbon E15.

In a letter to CARB Chair Liane Randolph today, Gov. Newsom wrote, “Given the potential for allowing E15 gasoline to increase fuel supply and reduce gasoline prices, with little to no environmental harm, it is prudent for CARB to prioritize resources that would allow for the expeditious completion of this process. Therefore, I am directing CARB to accelerate its action on this critical issue.”

In a related news release, Newsom stated, “There’s massive potential for this to be a win-win for Californians: lowering gas prices by up to twenty cents per gallon while keeping our air clean. It builds on our efforts to keep gas prices low by holding Big Oil accountable and helping prevent price spikes at the pump.”

Gov. Newsom’s letter cited a recent study by economists at the University of California, Berkeley and United States Naval Academy that showed E15 could result in a $0.20 per gallon price decrease for the state’s drivers, saving California families up to $2.7 billion per year.

“We sincerely appreciate Gov. Newsom’s efforts to accelerate the approval of the cleaner, greener E15 fuel blend in California,” said RFA President and CEO Geoff Cooper. “Not only does E15 reduce greenhouse gas emissions and harmful tailpipe pollution, but it also delivers significant savings at the pump. Allowing the sale of E15 would provide economic relief to California families, while at the same time providing important environmental benefits.”

Newsom’s news release also highlights recent vehicle testing from the University of California, Riverside showing that “blending in gasoline would not affect NOx emissions and would reduce particulate emissions.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Office of Governor Gavin Newsom:  Governor Newsom urged CARB to more quickly study the implementation of increased ethanol blending in gasoline, which could help to lower prices by up to $0.20 per gallon and save Californians as much as $2.7 billion every year — with little to no impact on the environment. 

SACRAMENTO – Governor Gavin Newsom today issued a directive to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to expedite measures that could lead to lower gas prices without compromising environmental protections.

Building on legislation passed in 2023 and 2024 to prevent price spikes and increase transparency in the oil industry, the Governor’s order directs CARB to accelerate studying how California could increase ethanol blending in gasoline (E15), which studies have shown could reduce prices while maintaining environmental protections.

“There’s massive potential for this to be a win-win for Californians: lowering gas prices by up to twenty cents per gallon while keeping our air clean. It builds on our efforts to keep gas prices low by holding Big Oil accountable and helping prevent price spikes at the pump.” -- Governor Gavin Newsom

How it works

According to a study conducted by the University of California, Berkeley and the United States Naval Academy, this could lower gas prices by up to $0.20 per gallon and save Californians as much as $2.7 billion annually, but also would require strategic considerations regarding market structure and infrastructure modifications.

E15 fuel, which contains 15% ethanol, has been widely adopted in other states and could significantly reduce prices without adding environmental harm. As of 2023, E15 was sold at more than 3,000 stations in 31 states.

Another study from the University of California, Riverside found that increasing ethanol blending in gasoline would not affect NOx emissions and would reduce particulate emissions.

Keeping gas prices low & holding Big Oil accountable

Last week, Governor Newsom signed legislation that allows the state to require oil refiners to maintain a minimum inventory of fuel to avoid supply shortages that create higher gasoline prices for consumers and higher profits for the industry. It also authorizes the California Energy Commission to require refiners to plan for resupply during refiner maintenance outages. It will help prevent price spikes that cost Californians upwards of $2 billion last year.

Following gasoline price spikes in 2022, Governor Newsom called for a special session and worked in partnership with the Legislature to sign into law a package of reforms holding Big Oil accountable

California’s new watchdog found that higher gasoline prices were caused by a suspicious market transaction, refinery maintenance without properly preparing for it, and more. 

In January of this year, the watchdog sent Governor Newsom and the legislature a letter outlining specific proposals to reform California’s gasoline spot market, which included a minimum inventory requirement to prevent price spikes due to lack of stable supply.

The state’s gasoline price watchdog also found that, in 2023, gasoline prices spiked largely due to refineries going offline without adequately planning to backfill supplies, which caused refining margins to spike as spot and retail prices jumped — indicating that refinery margins made up the largest proportion of the price spikes between July and September 2023.  READ MORE

 

Biofuel Groups Welcome Supreme Court Decision on SRE Litigation

(Renewable Fuels Association and Growth Energy)  Two prominent biofuel groups—the Renewable Fuels Association and Growth Energy—commented on the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to grant certiorari on petitions pertaining to the administration of small refinery exemptions under the Renewable Fuel Standard, issuing the following joint statement:

"The Fifth Circuit was clearly an improper venue to hear challenges on small refinery exemptions. Because the Fifth Circuit opinion set up a clear split with several other Circuit courts on the question of venue, this is precisely the sort of issue that the Supreme Court is meant to resolve. The Court has agreed, and we look forward to participating in the case and having this issue settled once and for all.

“The refining community's abuse of small refinery exemptions destroys demand for biofuels nationwide, which negatively impacts farmers and bioethanol producers regardless of where they operate. The economic and environmental impact of this abuse does not recognize state lines. The decision in this case should strengthen the RFS by giving biofuel producers and their farm partners the certainty they deserve.”  READ MORE

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Excerpt from Ethanol Producer Magazine:  The U.S. EPA in April 2022 denied 36 SREs that had been filed under the RFS. The agency in June 2022 denied an additional 69 additional SRE petitions. Those SRE petitions had been filed by 36 small refineries located in 18 states. 

Numerous refineries challenged the denials in the Third, Fifth, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and D.C. Circuit Courts. All regional circuits except the Fifth Circuit concluded that only the D.C. Circuit was the proper venue to hear the challenges and either dismissed or transferred the challenges to the D.C. Circuit. The Fifth Circuit Court, however, denied EPA’s request to transfer the challenges to the D.C. Circuit court, holding that the SRE denials were “locally or regionally applicable” rather than “national applicable.” The Fifth Circuit Court proceeded with the challenges and in November 2023 ruled in favor of the small refineries, remanding six SRE petitions to the EPA for reconsideration. Biofuel groups submitted requests for rehearings with the court, which were ultimately denied. 

Growth Energy and the Renewable Fuels Association in May 2024 jointly petitioned the Supreme Court to overturn the Fifth Circuit’s decision. In their petition, Growth Energy and RFA argued that challenges to those denials should be adjudicated solely in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, not in regional circuits like the Fifth, which only covers Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. In contrast to all other U.S. Courts of Appeals that evaluated this venue issue, the Fifth Circuit concluded that it was the proper venue to hear and rule on these challenges, despite the fact that EPA’s SRE policy is “nationally applicable” and “based on a determination of nationwide scope or effect.” 

The Supreme Court on Oct. 21 announced it will take up the case. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from The Hill: The cases stem from two seemingly separate issues: whether Oklahoma and Utah need to come up with better plans to fight smog, and whether some oil refineries can be exempt from requirements that their gasoline contain a percentage of ethanol.

However, they share an underlying question: which courts can hear objections to a rejection from the EPA.

The states, whose plans were rejected, want their case to be heard in the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals, while the refineries, whose exemption petitions were rejected, want their case to be heard in the 5th Circuit. 

By taking up the cases, the Supreme Court could be barreling toward a judgment about where challenges to a wide array of EPA actions can be heard.

And some circuits have reputations for different ideologies: The 5th Circuit in particular is regarded as the nation’s most conservative.

The ruling will only pertain to cases heard under the Clean Air Act, which has a provision that says challenges to “nationally applicable” clean air actions need to be heard in the District of Columbia Circuit.

The states and refineries argue that the questions at issue are “locally” rather than “nationally” applicable and should therefore be heard in regional courts. 

In the oil refineries case, the EPA argued that the action is actually nationally applicable because it applies “a uniform methodology to 105 petitions for exemptions” for ethanol-blending requirements. 

Justice Samuel Alito sat out of consideration of whether to take the smog cases. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Reuters:  The cases before the U.S. Supreme Court are Oklahoma v. EPA, No. 23-1067, and EPA v. Calumet Shreveport Refining, No. 23-1229.

For Oklahoma and Utah: Mithun Mansinghani of Lehotsky Keller Cohn

For the refineries: Shelby Dyl of Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman

For the EPA: Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from E&E News:  In the last few years, the Supreme Court has struck down significant EPA air and water protections and eliminated one of the agency’s most powerful tools of legal defense.

On Monday, the justices took up another set of cases that could undercut the nation’s top environmental regulator by opening the door to industry groups and Republican-led states seeking to challenge certain EPA rules in more favorable courts.

“I suspect so many cases are granted involving the EPA because that agency in particular likes to push the boundaries,” said Trent McCotter, a partner at the law firm Boyden Gray representing GOP lawmakers who urged the high court to move some EPA lawsuits out of Washington and into the nation’s regional federal appeals courts.

EPA has also called on the justices to provide clarity on the matter.

At issue in the cases the Supreme Court granted Monday is the nationwide applicability of certain EPA rules. Under the Clean Air Act, lawsuits over agency rules that are national in scope must be filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

EPA challengers have argued that some matters — namely, state implementation plans for the federal “good neighbor” smog pollution rule and small refinery exemptions under the renewable fuel standard — are best handled by federal appellate judges who are closer to the geographic areas where those issues are playing out.

Those regional courts may also be more sympathetic to challengers’ claims.

...

EPA did not respond to a request for comment on this story, but in briefs to the Supreme Court, the agency has said that handing litigation to the D.C. Circuit is valid and has been backed by some of the nation’s federal appeals courts — including the 10th Circuit in the good neighbor cases, Oklahoma v. EPA and PacifiCorp v. EPA.

The agency pointed the justices to the biofuels case — EPA v. Calumet Shreveport — as a more appropriate vehicle than the good neighbor litigation for the high court to settle the venue dispute. In the 5th Circuit, EPA lost its bid to transfer the biofuels litigation to the D.C. Circuit.

That decision, EPA wrote in its Supreme Court petition in the case, runs afoul of the Clean Air Act’s goal of creating national uniformity.

“That outcome creates precisely the risk of duplicative litigation and inconsistent rulings that Congress sought to avoid,” wrote Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar, “and it interposes substantial obstacles to the orderly operation of EPA programs.”

In the biofuels case, the court was asked to decide whether a dispute about biofuel-blending exemptions was national in scope and not confined to the 5th Circuit, which had sided with petroleum refiners whose exemptions were turned away by EPA.

Cases with a handful of other small refinery exemptions had been heard in other circuits, which ruled differently from the 5th Circuit, setting up a conflict that biofuel groups and EPA asked the Supreme Court to settle.

The biofuel industry groups Growth Energy and the Renewable Fuels Association welcomed news that the high court would hear their argument for moving the case to the D.C. Circuit.

“Because the 5th Circuit opinion set up a clear split with several other circuit courts on the question of venue, this is precisely the sort of issue that the Supreme Court is meant to resolve,” the groups said in a statement. “The court has agreed, and we look forward to participating in the case and having this issue settled once and for all.”

The biofuel groups said that exemptions for refineries, wherever they are, affect the renewable fuels program nationally, since EPA sets national blending-volume requirements.

Refineries say that without the opportunity for exemptions, the biofuel mandates pose a serious economic harm to them and could put the refineries out of business.

In the biofuel industry groups’ view, allowing refineries to sidestep the requirements in large numbers is an abuse of the system.

...

The court is expected to decide the cases by next summer. If Donald Trump wins a second term as president this fall, it is possible that his administration could reverse some of the EPA decisions that are in dispute in the cases.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Inside EPAEPA is asking a federal appeals court for a voluntary remand of its decision denying multiple requests from small refiners for waivers from renewable fuel standard (RFS) biofuel blending mandates in 2023, in order to reconsider the denials in the light of a landmark ruling overturning its similar denial of waiver requests for 2022. In an Oct. 21 motion filed with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Calumet Montana v. EPA , the agency...  READ MORE

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The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Next-Generation Feedstocks for the Emerging Bioeconomy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) A team of researchers have designed a project to develop productive, cost-effective, and sustainable warm-season perennial bioenergy feedstock production systems on marginal croplands across geographic locations in the Midwest. They have found  that there is limited data

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A New, 3B Gallon Ethanol Market: Me Energy Takes Top Prize at Radicle Corn Value Chain Challenge

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  California, Germany’s Me Energy took the million dollar first prize in the year-long Radicle Corn Value Chain Challenge. The finals were held in San Francisco as a part of ABLC Next. ME energy’s technology Me energy has developed unique technology enabling Rapid Chargers

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Estonia and Latvia Collaborate on Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production

(CE Energy News)  Estonia and Latvia have launched a joint project aimed at exploring the potential for producing sustainable, environmentally friendly aviation fuels in their countries. The European Commission has allocated 200,000 euros to each country to support the initiative. According to Taivo Linnamägi,

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The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Cover Crop Valorization for Biofuels and Products

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Agriculture contributes >9% of US total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Nitrous oxide, CO2, and methane from soil management is the biggest GHG contributor. There is a need to reduce the carbon intensity of biomass feedstocks. A

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Southwest Airlines Brings Sustainable Aviation Fuel to Chicago Midway International Airport in the State's Largest SAF Supply Agreement

(Southwest Airlines) Supply from Valero is expected to deliver the highest volume of SAF announced to date in Illinois -- Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV) today announced a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) supply agreement with Valero Marketing and Supply Company (Valero), a subsidiary of

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Vietjet Operates the First Flights Using Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(Viet Nam News)  Vietjet's first two flights using sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) have been refueled in Việt Nam and departed from Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport in HCM City. --  Vietjet's first two flights using sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) have been refueled in

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Hill Aircraft Becomes First FBO in Georgia to Offer SAF

by Fayaz Hussai (Corporate Jet Investor)  Hill Aircraft (KFTY) announced partnership with World Fuel Services to offer dedicated sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to business aviation customers. Through this expanded agreement, Hill Aircraft will receive a consistent supply of SAF from World Fuel,

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Green Aviation Fuel Project Kicks off in Heilongjiang

by Zheng Xin (China Daily)  The world's first 100,000 metric ton integrated wind, solar, hydrogen and biomass green aviation fuel project began construction on Monday, in Heilongjiang province, the operator China Energy Engineering Group Co Ltd (Energy China) said. As the world's first 100,000

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What You Should Know about ISO’s Forthcoming First Net-Zero Standard

by Heather Clancy (Trellis) The international standard, coming in late 2025, will require ongoing verification.  --  The International Organization for Standardization, the global authority for organizational management, manufacturing and technology standards, is preparing to publish its first standard for “net zero” in

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California Expects EPA to Approve 2035 Zero Emission Vehicle Plan

by David Shephardson (Reuters)  A senior California official said on Tuesday he expects the Environmental Protection Agency will approve the state's landmark plan to end the sale of gasoline-only vehicles by 2035. The California Air Resources Board has sought a waiver from

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Proposed California LCFS Updates and Ethanol's Supply/Demand Situation

(Energy.AgWired.com/Renewable Fuels Association) Despite California’s best efforts to work against low carbon ethanol by not allowing sales of E15 and proposing unworkable new sustainability requirements for the future, supply and demand for U.S. ethanol continues strong. In this edition of The Ethanol

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Schneider Introduces the Expanding Clean Fuel Production Act

(Office of Congressman Brad Schneider (D-IL 10th)) Congressman Brad Schneider (IL-10), with Reps. Dan Kildee (MI-08) and Julia Brownley (CA-26), introduced today (October 22, 2024) the Expanding Clean Fuel Production Act which would extend for ten years the Section 45Z clean fuel production

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Republican Senator Says Trump Could Back this Climate Bill

by Kelsey Brugger (Politico Pro Greenwire) Bill Cassidy of Louisiana discussed his legislation during an energy summit back home. -- Louisiana Republican Sen. Bill Cassidy convened energy industry executives this month to promote an idea that historically has been derided in conservative

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Sustainability Is a Team Effort, Leaders Emphasize to Media Breakfast Attendees

(National Business Aviation Association)  Held immediately prior to the opening of the 2024 NBAA Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition (NBAA-BACE), the NBAA-GAMA CLIMBING. FAST. Media Breakfast highlighted collaborative efforts between business aircraft manufacturers, industry leaders and government officials toward the goal of net-zero

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Petrobras Sells Diesel with Renewable Content to Vale

(Petrobras)  Fuel that reduces greenhouse gas emissions is being used by mining company in off-road truck and locomotive  --  Petrobras and Vale announced an agreement to supply products focused on competitiveness and advancing the decarbonization agenda. The agreement includes the use of

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Georgia Tech Researchers Develop More Efficient Approach for Turning Plant Biomass into Useful Chemicals

by Brad Dixon (Georgia Institute of Technology)  Lignin is one of the most plentiful organic polymers on Earth, making up about 20 to 30 percent of the dry mass of wood and other plants. Despite this abundance, lignin’s complex structure has challenged

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Bangchak Group Reinforces its Readiness as SAF Production Leader Partnering with BAFS and BPT to Pioneer SAF Delivery via Pipeline to Suvarnabhumi and Don Mueang International Airports

(Bangchak Group) Mr. Chaiwat Kovavisarach, Group CEO and President, Bangchak Corporation Public Company Limited, joined by Mr. Chakrasnit Kritsa-ardjai, Senior Executive Vice President of Accounting and Finance at Bangkok Aviation Fuel Services Public Company Limited (BAFS), and Mr. Jesda Thupiya, Managing

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DOE Invests $58 Million to Tackle Climate Change by Removing Carbon From the Atmosphere

(US Department of Energy) Projects Will Support Pilot-Scale Testing of Advanced Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies  --  The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM), with DOE’s Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies Office (HFTO), today announced more than

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IFF Unveils OPTIMASH® Enzyme Solutions to Boost Corn Oil Recovery by 15 Percent

(IFF) New data on OPTIMASH® F200 and OPTIMASH® AX highlights significant oil yield increase and low-carbon market potential -- IFF (NYSE:IFF), an industry leader in food, beverage, health, biosciences, and scent, today announced the launch of its OPTIMASH® F200 and OPTIMASH® AX enzyme solutions

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Biofuel Groups Welcome Supreme Court Decision on SRE Litigation

(Renewable Fuels Association and Growth Energy)  Two prominent biofuel groups—the Renewable Fuels Association and Growth Energy—commented on the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to grant certiorari on petitions pertaining to the administration of small refinery exemptions under the Renewable Fuel Standard, issuing

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Wizz Air and Airbus to Launch Sustainable Aviation Fuel Fuel Trial ahead of EU Mandates

(Wizz Air)  Wizz Air, awarded as global environmentally sustainable airline group of the year by the CAPA Centre for Aviation*, today announces it will trial operations using Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) in collaboration with Airbus. This positions Wizz Air at the forefront

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The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Sustainability Indicators for Waste-to-Energy Supply Chains

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) A team of researchers have designed a project to develop a triple-bottom line sustainability (social, environment, economic) assessment tool for local government to evaluate trade-offs of different organic waste streams and energy conversion strategies that help achieve

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Ecostrat and New Energy Risk Announce Partnership to Develop Feedstock Supply Insurance©

(Ecostrat)  Feedstock Supply Insurance will catalyze, de-risk and accelerate the financing of bio-based projects   -- – New Energy Risk (NER), a wholly owned division of Paragon Insurance Group, and Ecostrat, a leader in assessing, developing, optimizing, and managing biomass supply chains, today

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Dispelling Myths around Hydrogen

(OPIS)  Hydrogen today is currently almost entirely used in either refining or industry. It is mostly produced from natural gas or methanol, with less than 1% of hydrogen production coming from low emissions technologies. However, in the last decade, numerous additional

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Honda CB300F Flex Fuel Launched at Rs 1.70 Lakh in India; Runs on 85% Ethanol

by Reetika Bhatt (AutoX)  Aside from the Flex Fuel update, the 2024 Honda CB300F keeps all its original features, including the design, hardware, engine, and overall configuration. -- Honda has launched the CB300F Flex Fuel motorcycle in India at Rs 1.70 lakh (ex-showroom). The

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Honeywell Dabbling In Hemp

by Terry Lassitenaz (Hemp Gazette) Honeywell last week announced a partnership with a US bioenergy company seeking to utilise industrial hemp and other non-food crops for the production of biochemicals. Honeywell is a huge multi-national corporation with its fingers in a number

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CALL FOR SPEAKERS Sustainable Aviation Fuels Summit --- June 24-25, 2025 --- Brussels, Belgium DEADLINE unclear

Brought to you by Biofuels International, the leading international biofuels magazine, next year’s 3rd SAF summit will be at the fabulous Le Plaza Hotel in Brussels. In 2024 over 300 attendees from across the bio spectrum participated in the co-joined international

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USDA Highlights Success of Historic Partnerships for Climate-Smart Commodities Initiative

(US Department of Agriculture) The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) today celebrated the ongoing success of the Partnerships for Climate-Smart Commodities, a historic and innovative funding opportunity that expands markets for commodities produced using climate-smart production methods. This effort is helping farmers,

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Uniper Halts Development of SkyFuelH2 in Sollefteå

(Bioenergy International) In Sweden, Uniper Sweden, part of Germany-headed international energy major Uniper SE has announced that it has decided to halt the development of the SkyFuelH2 project for the production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in Sollefteå, citing challenging market

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CRI to Supply Methanol Synthesis Tech to Chinese e-Methanol Project

(Bioenergy International) Iceland-headed emissions-to-liquids (ETL) technology developer Carbon Recycling International hf (CRI) has announced the signing of a "landmark agreement" with China-headed Tianying Group to leverage its methanol synthesis technology in its large-scale electro-methanol production project in Liaoyuan, China. Tianying Group’s business

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Punjab Aims to Meet 20 Per Cent Fuel Demand through Biofuels by 2035

(ChiniMandi)  Chandigarh: Punjab is taking steps to become a national frontrunner in biofuel production, as the state government has announced the Punjab State Policy for Biofuels. This policy aims to fulfill 20 percent of the state’s total fuel demand through biofuels by

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Fuel Retailers Applaud Dear Colleague Letter Urging Biodiesel Tax Credit Extension

(NATSO/PR Newswire)  NATSO, representing America's travel centers and truck stops, SIGMA: America's Leading Fuel Marketers, and the National Association of Convenience Stores (NACS), today applauded Representative Mike Carey (R-Ohio) for leading a Dear Colleague letter urging all Members of the House of Representatives

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Treasury, IRS Issue Guidance for the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Credit (40B)

(Internal Revenue Service) The Treasury Department and Internal Revenue Service today issued Notice 2024-74 PDF for the Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) credit created by the Inflation Reduction Act. The SAF credit ranges from $1.25 to $1.75 for each gallon of sustainable aviation fuel in a

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Power2X and Advario to Develop World-Scale e-SAF Hub in the Port of Rotterdam

(Port of Rotterdam)  In partnership, Power2X and Advario are developing a world-scale production and storage hub for sustainable aviation fuel (e-SAF) and synthetic, ultra-low carbon fuels in the port of Rotterdam. -- The Power2X production facility will have the capacity to produce

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The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Single-Pass, Weather Independent Fractionation Technology

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  An estimated 60% of the available corn stover will be collected in excess of 20% moisture resulting in a lack of ability to produce a reliable feedstock with conventional harvest and storage systems. A team of

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Liquid-Liquid Extraction: A Game-Changer in Biomass Processing

... While the production of bio-derived products is on the rise, challenges remain in developing efficient recovery and purification processes. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is an ideal unit operation for recovering valuable chemicals from biomass directly or after pre-treatment to remove less desirable

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Engineered Yellow-Seeded Camelina Packs More Oil

(US Department of Energy)  The Science  --   Oils produced from nonfood crops can be converted into biofuels that can reduce the need for fossil fuels. In oilseed crops like canola, yellow-seeded varieties generally produce more oil than their brown-seeded counterparts. Camelina

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Cepsa Uses Hybrid Barge to Supply NYK Line-Operated Vehicle Carrier with 2G Biofuel Bunkers

by Rhys Berry (Bunkerspot) Spanish energy company Cepsa has announced it has used its hybrid barge, Bahía Levante, to supply 1,030 tonnes of B24 biofuel to the Atlas Leader, a 653-feet-long vehicle carrier ship operated by NYK Line, in the Bay of Algeciras. In

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Aman Arora Unveils Punjab State Policy for Biofuels, Says 50% Agri Waste to Be Used to Enhance Soil Content

(The Indian Express) The Cabinet Minister added that four projects with a total capacity of 85 tonne per day (TPD) of CBG are currently operational. -- Punjab is all set to emerge as a national leader in biofuel production, with the state

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Japan Plans Switchover Policy from Diesel Oil to Biofuels to Cut CO2 from Trains

(NHK World) Japan's transport ministry plans to institute a policy to cut carbon dioxide emissions from trains by switching over from diesel oil to biofuels for their operation, as early as fiscal 2025 which starts next April. At a meeting of railway

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Norwegian Armed Forces Creates Aviation First with Biofuels

(Norwegian Group) The first use of biofuel for the defence sector's business trips with Norwegian was marked at Ålesund Airport Vigra today. Norwegian will blend 15 percent biofuel on over 1 million business trips until 2028. The agreement is the largest

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How Can We Drive More Global Demand for U.S. Soybeans? --- October 24, 2024 --- ONLINE

With USDA projecting an agricultural trade deficit of over $42 billion for fiscal year 2025, more soybean growers are wondering how they can boost exports and regain a competitive edge. That’s why we’ve invited three farmer leaders to share their

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Scaling up Advanced Biofuels Production --- November 12, 2024 --- ONLINE

Scaling up advanced biofuels production is a global challenge in terms of environmental, social, and economic sustainability, which can benefit from international collaboration and knowledge exchange. This webinar gives an overview on the status of demonstration plants and commercialization progress

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BizAv Is Out Front In Transition to SAF

by Bill Carey (Aviation Week) Business aviation is out front as the wider industry transitions to burning sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), but ongoing progress depends on the future regulatory environment, says a leading fuel distributor. Overall, there were 23 billion gal. of

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Baylor Engineers Reveal Ultra-Clean Biofuel Breakthrough

(Baylor University/Mirage News)  In new research published in the journal Fuel , Baylor University researchers with the Cornerstone Atomization and Combustion Lab (CAC) have unveiled a pioneering method for the efficient combustion of biofuels, using a revolutionary Swirl Burst (SB) injector to burn

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TUI and Repsol Team Up to Launch First Biofuel Coach Trial

(TUI Group)  For 55 guests, it was the end of a great holiday when the coach picked them up from their hotel to go to Alicante Airport. For TUI, it marked the beginning of a new chapter in its bid to

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ICM and Elite Octane Successfully Commission FOT Oil Recovery™ System

(ICM/Elite Octane/Business Wire)   ICM, Inc. is pleased to announce the successful startup and commissioning of its FOT Oil Recovery™ system at Elite Octane, LLC’s ethanol facility in Atlantic, Iowa. The plant became operational in 2018 and produces over 150 million

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The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Optimal Preprocessing and Deconstruction of Corn Stover

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Physical fractionation and characterization of corn stover.  US Department of Energy Peer Review presentation.  READ MORE Related articles Enhancing efficiency in ethanol production from high solid corn stover: Insights into enzymatic hydrolysis parameters and cellulase recovery  (Journal of

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U.S. Capacity to Produce Biofuels Increased 7% in 2023

by Chris Buckner (U.S. Department of Energy Energy Information Administration) Capacity to produce biofuels increased 7% in the United States during 2023, reaching 24 billion gallons per year (gal/y) at the start of 2024, led by a 44% increase in a category

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EPA: 129 SRE Petitions Currently Pending

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The U.S. EPA on Oct. 17 released updated small refinery exemption (SRE) data, reporting that 129 SRE petitions are now pending under the Renewable Fuel Standard, up from 50 as of mid-September. According to EPA

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Wheat on Repeat

by Emma Bryce (Anthropocene) ... A growing movement of researchers, farmers, and producers believe that perennial crops have unmatched potential to reform agriculture’s warped system, and are pinning their hopes—and research dollars—on the likes of Kernza to deliver that. The

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UN Enacts Carbon Removal Standard Under Article 6.4

by Vasil Velev  (Carbon Herald)  The Article 6.4 Supervisory Board, the body working on creating the UN carbon market under the Paris Agreement, has finalized two key standards related to carbon removal and developing and assessing projects for a UN-supervised carbon market. The board – also

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DOE Releases Carbon Management Strategy, Outlining Steps to Enable These Technologies to Support a Net-Zero Emissions Future Public Comment DEADLINE December 10, 2024

(U.S. Department of Energy)  The Department Seeks Input to Ensure Planned Activities to Scale-Up Carbon Management Infrastructure are Enacted Responsibly and with Stakeholder Support  -- The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced the release of a Carbon Management Strategy for public comment. The Strategy provides

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Recommendation Report 2 -- White House Environmental Justice Advisory Council Recommendations: Carbon Management

( White House Environmental Justice Advisory Council)  The WHEJAC is set forth in Executive Order 14008 to be "a Federal advisory committee that is charged with providing independent advice and recommendations on how to address current and historic environmental injustice to the

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Unable to Get Its Cosmetics Plant Project Financed, Global Bioenergies Is Now Focusing All Its Efforts on SAF oOpportunities

(Global Bioenergies/Globe Newswire) After several months of efforts, the Company has been unable to find investors for its 2,500-ton plant dedicated to the cosmetics market, in a highly unfavorable context for the financing of first-of-a-kind projects. The Company is now devoting

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Asda Invests in Two New Bio-LNG Refueling Stations

by  Valerie Swiantek (NGT News)  British supermarket chain Asda is investing in two new bio-LNG (liquefied natural gas) refueling facilities, as the retailer continues to make progress toward reducing overall carbon emissions. Working closely with Gasrec — a major fuel provider for commercial vehicles in the United

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Biden-Harris Administration Announces $125M to Upgrade Older Diesel Engines to Cleaner and Zero-Emission Solutions that are Better for Our Communities

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Biden-Harris Administration Announces $125M to Upgrade Older Diesel Engines to Cleaner and Zero-Emission Solutions that are Better for Our Communities -- Today, Oct. 17, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced selections totaling nearly $125 million under the Diesel Emissions

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How to Earn Passive Income with Sustainability Programs

by Darryl Matthews (AgWeb)  There are a number of practices that can create passive income on your operation, but the level of effort and investment to implement them varies. --  ... Creating these payments requires effort and sometimes capital investments (no different

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Construction Begins on Technology Platform for Power-to-Liquid Fuels (TPP)

(German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR))  - In Leuna, Germany, DLR is building the largest ever research facility for the production of e-fuels.  - The Technology Platform for Power-to-Liquid Fuels (TPP) will be used to optimise e-fuels

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Neste MY Renewable Diesel to Power Verne Data Centers’ Back-up Generators in Finland

(Neste)  Neste’s renewable diesel helps Verne, a provider of sustainable data center solutions for high intensity computing, to transition its operations from fossil to renewable fuels. Verne's data centers in Helsinki, Pori and Tampere in Finland will use Neste MY Renewable Diesel™ to

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DN AGRAR and BSOG Energy Sign a Cooperation Agreement for the Largest Biomethane Production Project in Romania

(Bucharest Stock Exchange) DN AGRAR Group (BVB: DN), the largest integrated farm in Romania, leader in the production of cow's milk, and BSOG Energy, an energy company specialized in the development of biomethane production projects in Romania, owned by Black Sea

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Phillips 66 Hit with $604.9 Million US Verdict in Fuel Trade-Secrets Case

by Blake Brittain (Reuters)  Phillips denied Propel's trade secrets claims; Jury decided the case in Oakland, California  --  Energy company Phillips 66 (PSX.N) owes biofuel maker Propel Fuels $604.9 million in damages for stealing Propel's trade secrets to build up its renewable-fuel capabilities, a jury

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The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Fractionation of Forest Biomass Wastes

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  A team of researchers have designed a project to support development of woody feedstocks forUniversity of Maine’s Thermal Deoxygenation pathway to produce renewable aviation fuel and chemicals. The goal of the project is to prepare woody

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NYK Leads Consortium in Charge of Redesigning a Large “Green” Tanker

(PortalPortuario)  Idemitsu Tanker, Iino Kaiun, Nippon Yusen Kaisha and Nippon Shipyard announced the development of an environmentally friendly VLCC (Very Large Crude Oil Carrier).  This consortium, which conducts joint research and development on large crude oil tankers, created a design concept for

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HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Develops Ammonia Dual-Fuel Engine and Receives Approval from 7 Major Classification Societies

(HD Hyundai Heavy Industries)  ▶ The world’s first high-pressure direct injection ammonia dual-fuel engine (model name: H22CDF-LA)  ▶ Certification obtained from seven major classification societies including KR, ABS, BV, DNV, NK, LR, and RINA  ▶ “We will continue to lead the ammonia-fueled shipbuilding market and drive

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Fertiglobe Becomes ADNOC’s Platform for Low-Carbon Ammonia Growth Globally

(ADNOC)  ADNOC completes acquisition of majority stake in Fertiglobe, increasing its shareholding to 86.2%; Completion marks another milestone in ADNOC’s chemicals growth strategy, the expansion of its low-carbon fuels business, and its plans to become a top five global chemicals player;

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PIL Opts for 'More Viable' LNG Dual-Fuel to Power Its New Box Ships

by Martina Li (The Loadstar)  Singapore’s Pacific International Lines (PIL) is opting for LNG dual-fuelling in its newbuildings, as it believes bio-methane will emerge as a viable green fuel. Chia Yujin, PIL’s head of sustainability, decarbonisation and marine fuels, said at the

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Glander: LNG and Bio-LNG Bunker Fuel Infrastructure, Demand and Price Drivers

(Manifold Times) Big test for LNG as a marine fuel will be how quickly production of its alternatives can be scaled up, and how quickly shipowners are willing to pay extra cost for these lower-carbon fuels, says Mustafa El Zein. -- Global

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RFA: Latest Proposal for California LCFS Updates Fundamentally Flawed

(Renewable Fuels Association) Proposed regulations updating California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard are fundamentally flawed and could significantly restrict the future use of low-carbon ethanol in the state, the Renewable Fuels Association noted in comments submitted late Wednesday to the state’s Air Resources Board

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Biofuel Boom Still Leaves US Soybean Glut

by Michael Hirtzer (Bloomberg) ...  Just to the south, an enormous processing plant, with the capacity to crush 35 million bushels a year, is under development. The investment is a bid to cash in on soaring demand for renewable diesel, a fuel chemically similar

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Gevo Secures Conditional Commitment from U.S. Department of Energy Loan Programs Office for its Net-Zero 1 Sustainable Aviation Fuel Plant in South Dakota

(Gevo)  This conditional commitment signals the strength of the project to finance the world’s first large-scale net-zero-emissions alcohol-to-jet production facility  --  Gevo, Inc. (NASDAQ: GEVO), a leading developer of net-zero hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals, is pleased to announce it received a

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KPI OceanConnect Targets More Ports for Marine Biofuel Sales

by Jeslyn Lerh (Reuters)  Marine fuel trading house KPI OceanConnect is looking to offer biofuel for bunkering at more ports, in view of higher demand as FuelEU regulations kick in next year, a senior executive said on the sidelines of SIBCON 2024 this

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Ontario Conference Examines Indigenous-Led Forestry, Biomass

by Mike Stimpson (Canadian Biomass Magazine) Jason Rasevych, president of the Anishnawbe Business Professional Association and director of Waawoono Consultancy, says many communities in Northern Ontario “have been able to increase their participation in the forest sector through a process of

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New Survey Finds Canadians Would Pay for Low-Carbon Shipping

(Canadian Biomass) A new poll by Angus Reid Institute suggests Canadians are willing to pay extra to support sustainable shipping. More than 60% of Canadians indicated they were willing to pay a premium on shipping for imported goods to offset carbon emissions in a

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Biofuel Groups Urge Flexibility in 45Z CSA Requirements

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) The USDA on Oct. 15 held a third virtual listening session as part of its public consultation on climate-smart agriculture for biofuel feedstocks. During the event, representatives of the U.S. biofuel sector advocated for flexibility in

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Greenlane Announces Biogas Desulfurization Orders as Part of International Expansion

(Greenlane) Greenlane Renewables Inc. (“Greenlane” or the “Company”) (TSX: GRN / FSE: 52G) today (October 7, 2024) announced that its wholly-owned subsidiary Airdep S.r.l. (“Airdep”) has expanded its sales into the South American market, specifically in Brazil, with a first customer

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ExxonMobil Secures Largest CO2 Offshore Storage Site in the U.S.

(ExxonMobil) ExxonMobil has secured access to over 271,000-acres in Texas state waters; ideal for CO2 storage; Agreement will directly benefit the Texas Permanent School Fund; Latest example of ExxonMobil’s leadership in building a carbon capture industry in the U.S. Spring, Texas – Exxon Mobil

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DOE Invests $29 Million to Reduce Carbon Emissions

(U.S. Department of Energy)  Projects Will Help Advance Carbon Dioxide Capture and Conversion Technologies -- The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) today announced $29 million for 12 research and development projects to fund two carbon management

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Biofuels and Batteries Gain From the System Dynamics Behind the Research

by Tim Meehan (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)  How Modeling Feedback Loops Informs Analysis and Decisions Across Decarbonization Technologies  -- "When you look at renewable energy, not everything is linear," said Swaroop Atnoorkar, an analyst at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) National

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GrowTEC Awarded $2M from Government of Canada for Phase 2 of Anaerobic Digester Expansion Project

(GrowTEC/Business Wire) EverGen Infrastructure Corp. (“EverGen” or the “Company”) (TSXV: EVGN) (OTCQX: EVGIF), is pleased to announce that Grow the Energy Circle Ltd. (GrowTEC), an operating farm scale biogas facility, has received up to $2-million from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) to

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Eco-Energy Commences Operations at its Newton, Iowa Renewable Feedstock Distribution Terminal

(Eco-Energy/Business Wire) Eco-Energy, a leading renewable energy supply chain company, has commenced operations at its newly built renewable feedstock distribution facility located in Newton, Iowa. The facility will provide Marathon Petroleum Company the ability to aggregate renewable feedstocks (e.g., distillers corn

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Petrobras to Build Its First Plant to Produce Renewable Hydrogen

(Petrobras)  Unit, with an investment of R$90 million, is expected to start operating in 2026 -- Petrobras will build its first pilot plant for generating renewable hydrogen at the Vale do Açu Thermoelectric Plant, in Alto do Rodrigues, Rio Grande do Norte.

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Terviva Receives Investment from Chevron Renewable Energy Group to Scale Renewable Pongamia for Biofuel Production

(Terviva/Business Wire) Strategic relationship combines Chevron Renewable Energy Group’s industry knowledge and global reach with Terviva’s innovative, lower carbon agriculture practices to drive feedstock growth -- Terviva, Inc., an agricultural innovation company working with farmers to grow and harvest pongamia for food,

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US$200 Million Investment: Bahía Blanca Will Have the First Sustainable Fuel Plant for Airplanes

by Gabriela Origlia (La Nacion (Google Translation))  The disbursement will be made by Grupo Bahía Energía; the complex, which will also produce ethanol and derivatives, will employ around 180 people.  --   The Bahía Energía Group will invest approximately US$200 million in the first

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The Digest’s 2024 Multi-Slide Guide to Biomass Size Reduction, Drying and Densification

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Low-cost carbon resources (agricultural residues, forest residue, and non recyclable municipal and industrial wastes) exhibit consistent challenges. Inherent physical and chemical variability in feedstocks result in excessive process downtime, and uncontrolled costs with documented failures in the industry

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Hong Kong’s Aviation Future Hinges on Sustainable Fuel Policies, Experts Say

by Eric Ng (South China Morning Post)  Hong Kong must set forth policies mandating the use of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and incentivise supply to maintain its competitiveness as an aviation hub, according to sustainability executives. Solving the “chicken-and-egg” problem of low

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Air NZ Says by 2030 'Nearly Every Overseas Port' It Flies to Will Require It to Carry Sustainable Fuel - but Not NZ

by Eloise Gibson (RNZ)  Aotearoa is one of the highest aviation emitters per capita in the world, with competition for cleaner fuels and delays on new planes among the reasons. Air New Zealand says its failure to persuade government to require airlines

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CAA Developing Sustainable Aviation Fuel Policies for Oman

by Hibba al Kindi (Oman Daily Observer/Zawya) The CAA’s plan for adopting sustainable aviation fuel is in line with the country’s vision to achieve Net Zero by 2050 -- The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) of the Sultanate of Oman is currently developing

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ICAO and IRENA Join Forces to Accelerate Access to Financing and Implementation of Aviation Decarbonization Projects

(International Civil Aviation Organization)  In a crucial step towards achieving the aviation sector's goal of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) have signed a landmark agreement to boost financing

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Sasol Bids to Fill Growing Demand for ‘Sustainable’ Jet Fuel

by Tony Carnie (Daily Maverick)  Faced with stiff monetary penalties at European airports, the aviation industry is pushing for a major ramp-up in the production of climate-friendly jet fuel. The South African synthetic fuels giant, Sasol, hopes to benefit from this

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Higher Ethanol Blends: A Win for Corn Farmers, Consumers & the Environment

by Krista Swanson (National Corn Growers Association)  Ethanol is a renewable transportation fuel that can be made from domestically grown corn. Over 98% of the gasoline currently sold in the United States contains ethanol, typically a blend that is 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline. Autos that

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QUOTE OF THE WEEK -- Oliver Zipse

A correction of the 100% BEV target for 2035 as part of a comprehensive CO2-reduction package would also afford European OEMs less reliance on China for batteries. ... To maintain the successful course, a strictly technology-agnostic path within the policy

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BMW CEO: Europe Must Cancel Petrol Engine Ban to Reduce Reliance on China

by by Victoria Waldersee and Gilles Gillaume (Reuters)   Europe must cancel its plan to ban new fossil fuel-emitting cars from 2035 to reduce reliance on China's battery supply chain and play to its technological strengths, BMW's (BMWG.DE), chief executive said on Tuesday. Oliver

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CapCO2 Solutions Signs MOU with Methylennium Energy for Green Methanol Production

(CapCO2 Solutions/Ethanol Producer Magazine) CapCO2 Solutions is excited to announced that we have signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Methylennium Energy. Our CO2 capture and upgrade focus addresses the urgent need of ethanol plants to decarbonize – cutting their carbon intensity (CI)

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EPA Releases 2023 Carbon Sequestration Data

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The U.S. EPA on Oct. 15 released 2023 data collected under its Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, including data on CO2 sequestration volumes at operational carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) projects at three U.S. ethanol plants.  According

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Voters See Ethanol Value, Across Party Lines

by Geoff Cooper (Renewable Fuels Association/Ethanol Producer Magazine) Each quarter, the Renewable Fuels Association works with a national polling firm to survey registered voters about their attitudes toward ethanol, policies like the Renewable Fuel Standard, and even proposed legislation like the

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National Ethanol Conference --- February 17-19, 2024 --- Nashville, TN

 The landmark 2025 event is themed “Back to Our Roots” to reflect the ethanol industry’s humble beginnings, its incredible growth, and its enduring ties to American agriculture, said RFA Board Chairman Jeff Oestmann, CEO of Aztalan Bio in Wisconsin. “Celebrating the

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Navigating Carbon Markets in Asia Pacific: Trends, Article 6, and Emerging Opportunities --- October 17, 2024 --- ONLINE

Join our in-depth webinar to explore key carbon pricing trends and policy developments across Asia Pacific markets. Learn how Article 6 is transforming carbon trading in the region and discover emerging opportunities within its evolving framework. This session offers valuable insights into

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Fortum and Norsk e-Fuel to Collab­orate in Rauma, Finland

(Fortum) Norwegian e-fuel company Norsk e-Fuel and Fortum have agreed to reserve a 14-hectare area for a sustainable synthetic aviation fuel (eSAF) plant at the Port of Rauma in Finland. This is Norsk e-Fuel's first project outside Norway and is part

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Trade Group Welcomes Norway’s Proposal to Reduce Biodiesel Tax

(Drivkraft Norge/Biobased Diesel Daily)  The Norwegian trade association Drivkraft Norge, which represents energy and fuel companies, announced Oct. 7 that it is satisfied the government of Norway is now proposing to reduce the road-use fee on biodiesel for 2025. Changes in the

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Clariant Signs MOU with DS Dansuk on Tonsil™ RNF Production for HVO/SAF

(Clariant) •  MOU signing ceremony held with customer DS Dansuk to mark the commissioning of production of the adsorbents at Clariant’s Pohang site in Korea New dedicated production line for Tonsil RNF series, a high-performing adsorbent crucial for HVO/SAF production from used

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TNO Begins Yearlong Test of Biodiesel Blends in Dutch Inland-Shipping Sector

(TNO/Biobased Diesel Daily) Dutch inland shipping can achieve a significant CO2 reduction in the short term by blending fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), also known as biodiesel, but there are some skeptics. In order to objectively map out any risks associated with

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The Renaissance of Anaerobic Digestion

by Alexandra Arndt (Digester Doc/Biomass Magazine) Scientific advances of the past decade are ushering anaerobic digestion (AD) into a new era in which the technology can deliver more than just biogas, unlocking unprecedented efficiencies in clean energy production, revolutionizing environmental impact

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RIN Generation Under the Alternative Measurement Protocol

by James Jones (QED/Biomass Magazine)  ... Understandably, the entire system hinges on RINs not being logged or counted incorrectly, which many industry stakeholders have highlighted as a potential issue. A Double-Edged Sword  It is for this very reason that an adjacent piece of

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