Promises in Bloom: The RVO Reset and Springtime for the Bioeconomy

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March 30, 2026
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by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ...(T)he final “Set 2” Renewable Fuel Standard volume requirements for 2026 and 2027. Not a tweak. A reset.  After seasons of regulatory uncertainty and economic headwinds, President Donald Trump and EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin delivered what many across the heartland are calling a historic realignment—one that returns the program to its original intent: putting American farmers first, prioritizing homegrown fuels, and restoring forward motion to a system that had, at times, stalled.

In the twentieth year of the Renewable Fuel Standard, the new rule sets volumes at the highest levels in the program’s history. The EPA estimates more than $10 billion in economic impact for rural America and over 100,000 jobs created across agriculture and manufacturing. But numbers alone don’t tell the story. They move.

The Numbers That Move

The volumes arrive in full stride.

26.81 billion RINs in 2026. 27.02 billion in 2027. Not incremental growth—acceleration. Biomass-based diesel climbs to 9.07 billion RINs, then 9.20. Advanced biofuels stretch higher, to 11.10 and 11.32. Cellulosic, still the smallest stream, continues its steady advance—1.36 to 1.43. And anchoring it all: 15 billion gallons of conventional biofuel, held firm, a signal of continuity in a system that has not always offered it.

To meet these levels, biodiesel and renewable diesel production must rise more than 60 percent from 2025. The payoff: a projected reduction of roughly 300,000 barrels per day in foreign oil dependence.

This is not inventory. This is motion returning to the system.

From Moment to Memory

Policy moments come and go. Systems remember.

What matters now is whether this day becomes structure—plants restarted, capital returning, feedstocks flowing—or whether it remains what Washington sometimes produces best: a beautiful morning in a garden, remembered mostly for the speech.

Voices in the Garden

...

Across the industry, the response was immediate. Geoff Cooper of the Renewable Fuels Association pointed to long-sought clarity for producers and markets alike. Emily Skor emphasized the signal of durable commitment. Jed Bower called it certainty at a moment when certainty has been scarce. And for Chuck Grassley, who has carried this issue for decades, the moment carried the weight of memory—policy catching up, at last, with intent.

Three Structural Turns

But the real story isn’t just in the gallons.It’s in three structural turns—quiet revolutions embedded in the rule.

Act I: The SRE Reckoning
A 70 percent reallocation of small refinery exemptions restores nearly a billion RINs annually to the system—ensuring that obligations translate into actual blending, not accounting artifacts.

Act II: The Half-RIN Border
Beginning in 2028, foreign fuels and feedstocks receive half credit. A clear signal: domestic production takes priority, and the runway to scale it begins now.

Act III: Electricity Exits the Stage
Renewable electricity is formally removed from the RFS framework, returning the program to its statutory foundation—liquid and gaseous fuels, as originally intended.

Three moves. Each long debated. Each now decided.

A System Reawakens

Few sectors feel this shift more than biomass-based diesel. After a punishing 2025—plants idled, production down sharply—the new volumes offer something the industry has lacked: a pathway back. Producers are already signaling readiness to bring existing capacity—some 7 billion gallons—back into full use, potentially supplying more than 10 percent of U.S. diesel demand.

Looking to the Horizon

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There are still issues to resolve—regulatory refinements, market expansions, the continued push toward higher blends like E15—but the direction is unmistakable. The system is moving again.

The Garden, in Bloom

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And today, something long sought has come back into view. So let us enjoy it—fully, gratefully, without hesitation. Not as skeptics peering too closely at the gift, but as participants in it, stewards of what comes next.  READ MORE

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Excerpt from Office of Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA): “Four biodiesel plants in Iowa closed or idled after the Biden administration set RVOs too low. With today’s announcement, President Trump and Administrator Zeldin are bringing relief for Iowa farmers and biofuel producers and for every consumer who wants lower prices at the pump. Biofuels drive economic growth in rural communities and strengthen U.S. energy independence. That’s why I’m working so hard to get year-round, nationwide E15 enacted into permanent law,” Grassley said.

As part of the announcement, foreign fuels and feedstocks will receive half the RFS compliance value compared to American-made products starting in 2028. This gives domestic biofuel producers the ability to prepare for the change and benefit over foreign competition. Last year, Grassley led over 45 Senate and House colleagues in a letter urging EPA to finalize this policy.

EPA also announced it is finalizing a 70% partial reallocation of the 2023–2025 exempted RVOs for the 2026 and 2027 compliance years. This follows a push led by Grassley and U.S. Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-Minn.) urging EPA to reallocate any gallons lost through the granting of small refinery exemptions (SREs). Strong reallocation ensures more RVOs are accounted for.

Background:

Since he helped establish the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, Grassley has worked to ensure the executive branch implements the law as intended. Grassley also supported the Energy Independence Security Act of 2007, which included requirements for cellulosic ethanol and set a mandatory RFS requiring fuel producers to use at least 36 billion gallons of biofuel by 2022. Grassley pushed ensuing administrations to keep to this number.

In 2023, Grassley joined the No Fuel Credits for Batteries Act to nullify a proposed Biden-era E-RINS rule that props up the electric vehicle industry while devaluing incentives for ethanol and biodiesel expansion.

Grassley has consistently led bicameral efforts to raise RVOs, including for the 2024-2025 RVOs as well as for 2026 and beyond.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Sustainable Advanced Biofuels Refiners Coalition/EIN Presswire:  SABR pushed EPA for years to correct renewable diesel’s EV, which unfairly disadvantaged biodiesel. With the new rule, the biodiesel market is set to stabilize.

SABR applauds EPA for this final rule, including its decision to correct inflated equivalence values. We also applaud EPA for increasing the RVOs and partially reallocating SREs.”  — Joe Jobe, CEO, Sustainable Advanced Biofuel Refiners (SABR) Coalition

The Sustainable Advanced Biofuel Refiners (SABR) Coalition, a national biodiesel trade association made up of over 70 organizational members throughout the biodiesel value chain, welcomed U.S. EPA’s final rule March 27 on renewable volume obligations (RVOs) for 2026 and 2027 under the federal Renewable Fuel Standard program.

“SABR applauds EPA for this final rule, including its decision to correct inflated equivalence values (EVs),” said SABR CEO Joe Jobe. “We also applaud EPA for increasing the RVOs and partially reallocating small refinery exemptions (SREs).”

SABR has been urging EPA to correct inflated EVs assigned to renewable diesel, sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and their byproducts for several years (see this 2023 SABR article). In the agency’s 2023 proposed “Set” rule, EPA acknowledged that renewable diesel EVs were inflated, and that this is unfair to biodiesel. As a result, EPA proposed correcting them, but renewable diesel advocates argued against this, and the agency did not include a correction in the 2023 final rule.

At recent average D4 renewable identification number (RIN) credit prices of $1.60, the inflated EV for renewable diesel results in an improper advantage of 32 cents per gallon over biodiesel. It is one of the primary reasons that renewable diesel has been cannibalizing biodiesel over the past few years.

“We are very glad that EPA chose to correct the inflated values in this rulemaking,” Jobe said. “We are also glad to see that EPA addressed the inflated values for SAF and naphtha as well.”

The RFS was instrumental in the development of the U.S. biodiesel industry—America’s first advanced biofuel. In recent years, arbitrarily low RVOs and flawed policy signals have improperly disadvantaged biodiesel, the lowest-cost, lowest-carbon, and highest-performing fuel in its heavy-duty category. Today’s announcement takes some critically important steps toward addressing those flaws and getting the RFS back on track.

Several soybean organizations joined SABR in their comments to correct the inflated equivalence values. “SABR has been the leading voice to fix the inflated equivalence values,” said Ron Kindred, a soybean farmer from Atlanta, Illinois, who represents the Illinois Soybean Association on the SABR board. “This correction will help reduce some of the flawed policy disadvantages placed on biodiesel, and it will help soybean farmers by effectively adding more gallons to the program. We appreciate the positive changes EPA implemented with this rule. The increases in the biomass-based diesel category indicate that EPA is listening to stakeholders and working to provide clarity to markets.”

About the SABR Coalition
Sustainable Advanced Biofuel Refiners (SABR) is a coalition of stakeholders that have invested in building out America’s first advanced biofuel—biodiesel. Biodiesel is the most cost-effective means to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, providing numerous performance, economic, environmental and energy security benefits. It is produced from renewable resources such as soybean oil, used cooking oil and animal fats. SABR includes stakeholders from every link in the value chain from feedstock growers to biodiesel producers, distributors, retailers and consumers, as well as infrastructure, product and service providers. For more information, please visit sabrcoalition.org.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News: A petroleum group says the EPA’s new biofuel blending requirements will cost consumers and taxpayers more. 

Geoff Cooper with the Renewable Fuels Association tells Brownfield that it isn’t the case. “There’s really no logical argument, no reasonable argument that the RFS is somehow raising fuel costs for consumers, and I think, you know, I think the administration understands that. Certainly, Congress understands that.”

In a recent statement, American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers CEO Chet Thompson said the RFS already costs nearly 25-cents per gallon, and the EPA’s rule will add tens of billions more. 

Cooper says refiners falsely believe they have to buy Renewable Identification Numbers, or RIN credits, to comply with the RFS. 

But he says, “That isn’t true. You don’t have to buy a RIN credit from another refiner. You can buy biofuel. You can buy ethanol, you can buy renewable diesel, you can buy biodiesel, you can blend it with the refined product you’re making at your refinery. You can get that RIN credit for free by doing that.”

He says ethanol can be purchased for about $2.00 a gallon, which comes with the RIN credit, compared to about $3.15 a gallon for wholesale gasoline.

The EPA’s 2026 rule requires 26.81 billion gallons of total renewable fuel, and 27.02 billion gallons for 2027.

The American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers say the new RVO requirements would cost Americans and refiners about $37 billion, or $770 per extra ethanol gallon.  The organization has not responded to Brownfield’s request for comment.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from S&P Global:  Platts, part of S&P Global Energy, has updated its 2026 Renewable Volume Obligation weightings (RVOY026 and RVOR002) and the 2025 cellulosic weight (RVCY025) using the Environmental Protection Agency's finalized Renewable Fuel Standards for 2026, effective March 30, 2026.

The EPA released its finalized rule on March 27, 2026, and as per Platts methodology, RVO formulas may be updated when the EPA makes such changes.

As per Platts methodology, the renewable fuels are mandated by the EPA; they are subject to change without prior notice. When the EPA sets forth such changes, Platts will inform the market of any resulting changes to the assessment formulas through subscriber notes.

Prior to the final rule, Platts calculated the 2026 RVO using the 2025 Annual Energy Outlook and the proposed standards for 2026, assuming a 50% reallocation for small refinery exceptions, November Small Refinery Exemption and the updated adjustment factors. Platts launch note can be found here.

The EPA's latest RFS 2026 weightings are as follows:

Category Previous New
D6 8.98% 9.08%
D5 0.36% 0.39%
D4 4.21% 5.24%
D3 0.77% 0.79%

Therefore, Platts calculates the 2026 RVO in cents/gal using the following formula, considering new percentages:

RVO = 9.08 % (D6) + 0.39 % (D5) + 5.24% (D4) + 0.79 % (D3)

Platts has also updated the cellulosic biofuel percentage (D3) mandate for its calculated values of the US RVO for compliance year 2025 (RVOY025).

The update follows the EPA's partial waiver of the 2025 cellulosic biofuel volume requirement, published March 27, 2026.

The updated 2025 D3 percentage is 0.71%, down from the EPA's initially stated 0.81%.

Platts publishes current-year RVO (RVOR002) and 2025 RVO ( RVOY025 ) in the Platts Biofuelscan, LatinWire, USMarketWire, Fuel Ethanol Report and Biomass-Based Diesel Report.

Symbols also appear on Platts Alert pages PBF10, 201, 210, 301, and 310, and PGA, PFR 28, 164,165, 310, 330, 331, 350, 351, 410, 411, 430, 431, 450, 451, 481.

Please send all feedback, comments, or questions to platts_biofuels@spglobal.com and pricegroup@spglobal.com.

For written comments, please provide a clear indication if comments are not intended for publication by Platts for public viewing.

Platts will consider all comments received and will make comments not marked as confidential available upon request.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News:  A professor of agricultural economics with the University of Illinois says recently announced Renewable Volume Obligations (RVOs) from the U.S. EPA stand to dramatically impact domestic soybean demand.

Scott Irwin tells Brownfield, “We’re going to have another boom that is going to be driven by renewable diesel and biodiesel.”

Irwin says the EPA’s announced intentions to award only half credit for imported fuels and feedstocks beginning in 2028 is key.

“We’re going to get more domestic feedstock use than we would have because of the incentives and the 45-Z tax credit.”  He says, “You can only get the 45-Z tax credit if you use feedstock from North America.”

He expects full implementation could drive soybean prices 50 to 75 cents per bushel higher.

“That’s a big move, and I think it’s going to be responsible for us likely turning the corner and starting to crawl out of the cyclical lows for corn and soybean prices,” he says.

Irwin says the mix of domestic and foreign feedstocks used in 2026 and 2027 will determine the extent of price impact the RVOs will have on soybeans in the near term. READ MORE; includes AUDIO

 

Excerpt from AgWeb: Matt Upmeyer with Montana Renewables explains why it could spark major gains for U.S. agriculture.

...

“It sure feels like it,” says Matt Upmeyer, director of feedstock sourcing and strategy at Montana Renewables, when asked whether the policy signals the next biofuel boom. “We received a strong RVO, adding about 2 billion gallons of biomass-based diesel demand, and that’s a huge increase. And certainly feedstock demand is growing as well. That 2 billion of biomass-based diesel represents about 15 billion lb. of feedstock for the biodiesel and renewable diesel producers. And that really translates directly back to farm and agriculture growth as well.”

From Underperformance to Full Throttle

For an industry coming off a sharp downturn, where biodiesel production fell significantly in 2025 and facilities idled or slowed, the scale of the mandate is not just notable — it is corrective.

“I mean, I think it is realistic,” Upmeyer says of the aggressive growth targets. “The industry is poised to meet that demand. We’ve got capacity. The renewable industry, which is both biodiesel and renewable diesel, has a combined capacity of probably around 7 billion gallons. So meeting that mandate, I don’t think is a problem.”

But meeting it will require a fundamental reshuffling of how feedstocks move through the system.

“We will definitely see some changes and shifts in the feedstock flows,” he says. “We talked a little bit about the soybean oil increase and the production of soybean oil through crush. I think also you’re going to see the tallow industry and choice white grease, the hog industry, as well as poultry fat — all of those are going to find their way into the renewable diesel and biodiesel in a greater way. I think we’ll maximize all of the available low-CI feedstocks, including distillers corn oil. And then from there, obviously, the demand will be filled with soy.”

...

“I think that as we expand the amount of biomass-based diesel we produce, we’re going to start looking to other feedstocks as well. So canola, there’s a fair amount of canola grown in the United States, and certainly our neighbors to the north are large canola producers,” Upmeyer says. “I think that will become an integral part of what we do. And then there’s other low-CI feedstocks that are sort of on the cusp, things like camelina and different things like that will get attracted new attention right now to see how they may fit into the future mandates and production.”

...

“Biodiesel producers have a slightly different process than renewable diesel,” he says. “They take fats, oils and greases, combine them with methanol and catalysts to make biodiesel. And methanol costs have shot up, right? So I think the marginal producers on biodiesel are still probably not super inclined to start up, but certainly the integrated biodiesel plants will be running hard. And I do believe that even the marginal biodiesel players will get a chance to restart those assets in the near term.”

...

“We just couldn’t get our heads around the administrative burden that might be associated with a half-RIN,” Upmeyer says. “How do you account for feedstocks coming in from some Canadian origin, some domestic, some from foreign sources? So I think there was an administrative burden that was certainly problematic.”

“This is certainly in line with the administration’s desire to maintain energy independence in the U.S. and to have a U.S.-based and U.S.-centric market for our crop inputs and fuels,” he says. “So I think there were a lot of things that went into this. But at the end of the day, it’s still on the table for 2028. I don’t think there’s clear guidance yet, but it certainly left that door open to address this issue in the Set 3 rule.”

A Win for Agriculture

When asked if he would classify this is a “win for U.S. agriculture,” Upmeyer said the immediate impact of the record-high blending mandates for 2026 and 2027 is already clear to those closest to the supply chain.

“I think it’s a great win,” Upmeyer says. “Again, we’re really underpinning the demand for soybeans and crush. We’ve got a strong demand for the rendered products that come from the beef industry and hog industry. So, I think this is a win for agriculture and for the renewable fuels industry. We certainly applaud the administration’s commitment to energy independence, to the renewable space and ultimately to agriculture.” READ MORE; includes VIDEO

 

Excerpt from Chemical & Engineering News:  The Clean Air Act restricts the amount of ethanol that can be blended into gasoline during the summer to 10% in most cases, a provision in the 1970 law intended to cut smog by reducing the vapor pressure of gasoline. The EPA is empowered to issue emergency waivers, however, and has done so every summer since 2022. EPA administrator Lee Zeldin says in a press release that the E15 waiver will reduce the cost of gasoline and increase supply.

Even if the EPA’s rationale is economic, the move is sound from an air quality standpoint, says Joanne Ivancic, executive director of the nonprofit advocacy group Advanced Biofuels USA.

A 10% blend has a higher vapor pressure, meaning it evaporates more easily than pure gasoline does, and the law assumes that trend continues as more ethanol is added, Ivancic says. “However, the opposite is true. The potential smog problem actually decreases with higher ethanol blends.” Data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory PDF, recently renamed the National Lab of the Rockies, show that the vapor pressure peaks at about 10% ethanol and curves steadily downward at higher concentrations.

The EPA also finalized the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) rules for 2026 and 2027, setting the renewable fuel blending requirements such that roughly 300,000 barrels of oil per day will be replaced by biofuels—an amount the agency says is the highest in program history. In a press release, Zeldin says the mandate “creates a larger, more stable, and more reliable domestic market for U.S. crops, strengthening farm income and rural economies.”

...

The American Coalition for Ethanol, an industry group, praises both actions but urges the federal government to go further. The organization says that Congress should act to make E15 permanently legal year-round and that the EPA should “seriously consider higher volumes next year” to make up for instability in the RFS in recent years. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Blending of ethanol into gasoline at 10 volume percent causes the RVP to increase by about 1 psi despite the fact that fuel grade ethanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline (see Figure 1). The low vapor pressure of fuel grade ethanol is caused by attractive forces between the ethanol molecules.

...

When ethanol was first permitted as an additive in gasoline at concentrations of up to 10% in 1979, its effect on vapor pressure was not regulated.3 In 1992, new EPA regulations (40 CFR 80.27) provided a 1-psi waiver for ethanol blends that contained between 9 and 10 percent ethanol. Most, but not all, of the state-set RVP standards also allow a 1-psi waiver for blends of 9 to 10 percent ethanol.4,5 READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Engine Technology Forum: “Advanced engines and renewable fuels together provide a sustainable solution for power and mobility. Internal combustion engines are key to both producing our renewable and traditional fuels and to realizing their benefits in powering critical sectors of our economy. Biodiesel, renewable diesel, renewable natural gas, renewable propane, and ethanol already play a vital role in our nation’s transportation system and key industries. Thanks to this final action, that role will be expanded further in the future.

“This welcome action by EPA Administrator Zeldin replaces an era of stagnation and uncertainty with a new approach focused on growth and optimism for renewable fuels producers and users alike. Renewable biofuels are essential for powering our agriculture and transportation sectors today and in the future. These new volume requirements reinforce that renewable biofuels are a valuable part of America’s energy portfolio, contributing to our energy security and sustainability.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Inside Climate News: The U.S. doesn’t have enough bio-based diesel to meet the administration’s new mandate, so blenders will have to import yet more foreign crop-based oils.

...

“This particular rule, by EPA’s own analysis, will cost about $20 billion over the two years that it’s in effect,” said Dan Lashof, a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute. “And rather than having any environmental benefits, it will actually drive deforestation and increased emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide.”

The world’s vegetable oil markets are highly interlinked. If vegetable oil is diverted from food to fuel uses, oil for food will have to come from somewhere else, potentially regions where carbon-rich tropical forests are cleared to produce soybeans and palm oil. 

Jeremy Martin, a senior scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists, says that bio-based diesel consumption in the U.S. has shot up in recent years. Imported vegetable oils and animal fats met about 70 percent of that demand.

...

“Increasing the use of vegetable oil for fuel has dramatic consequences for deforestation,” Martin said. “There’s not 60 percent more vegetable oil available in the United States for fuel, so if it’s going to increase that much, it’s going to have a dramatic impact on the balance of trade and that will lead the U.S. to import more vegetable oil.”

Paul Winters, a spokesman for Clean Fuels Alliance America, the country’s biggest biodiesel trade group, said the EPA examined Martin’s claim and “concluded that North American feedstock supplies are not a limiting factor in meeting the final RFS volumes.” 

“The strong U.S. market for biodiesel and renewable diesel is needed to ensure that farming – production of food, animal feed, and other agricultural goods – remains economically viable,” Winters added.

...

U.S. producers are currently sitting on a glut of unsold soybeans—largely because China, the largest buyer, has turned to Latin America in response to Trump’s trade tariffs last year. But it will take years to ramp up production capacity for turning those soybeans into oil. 

Palm oil, which is produced largely in Malaysia and Indonesia and used mostly for food and cosmetics, is not eligible under the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard or in the European Union because its cultivation has led to so much deforestation.

“But because the rule would drive increased demand for soybean oil, it will drive up prices for all vegetable oils, which are highly correlated,” Lashof said. “The problem is that, in the meantime, other vegetable oils are being used to make biofuel, and then palm oil is used to backfill that oil in the food markets. … They’re very tightly linked as substitutes in the international market.”

The EU recently said that, as with palm oil, it would no longer allow soy-based biofuels to count toward its renewable fuel mandates because of the high risks they pose to deforestation and land-use conversion. In its evaluation of the new rule, EU regulators said “the expansion of the palm oil and soybeans production area into high-carbon stock land is so significant that the greenhouse gas emissions that result from land use change offset all greenhouse gas emission savings of fuels originating from this feedstock, when compared to the use of fossil fuels.”

The U.S. is going in the exact opposite direction.

Tim Searchinger, a researcher at Princeton University who has long questioned the emissions benefits of biofuels, called the new EPA mandates “very bad for the climate and nature.”

...

Winters, of Clean Fuels Alliance America, dismissed data behind indirect land use change. 

“Environmentalists who promote the theory of indirect land use change [ILUC] have been thoroughly unsuccessful in preventing deforestation over the past several decades,” Winters wrote in an email. “National and state-level policies to preserve existing forests are the only mechanism that will work. The level of uncertainty and unreliability in ILUC models is astounding and outcomes are entirely dependent on assumptions.”   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from National Law Review:  Key Takeaways

  • EPA’s final 2026–2027 RFS rule establishes the highest renewable volume obligations ever and raises volumes above the 2025 proposal, underscoring strong administration support for domestic biofuels, agricultural feedstocks, and renewable fuel production.
  • By reallocating 70% of Small Refinery Exemption (SRE) volumes from 2023–2025 into 2026–2027 obligations, EPA boosts future volumes and reduces the risk that previously exempt gallons undermine RIN demand.
  • EPA preserved its “America First” posture by deferring the 50% import-related renewable identification number (RIN) reduction until 2028, thereby maintaining a long-term policy signal that disfavors foreign fuels and feedstocks.
  • While EPA raised cellulosic volumes above proposed levels, RNG and biogas groups argue the final D3 targets still undershoot feasible production and could constrain sector growth.
  • Elimination of eRINs is likely to impact electricity-sector stakeholders that had anticipated benefits from an electricity pathway, particularly landfill gas producers, wastewater operators, and electric vehicles (EV) Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), who have pushed for eRIN implementation rules for over a decade.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Inside EPA: EPA’s recent rule setting renewable fuel standard (RFS) blending volumes for 2026 and 2027 adopts a new rationale to maximize volumes and to justify a 70 percent “reallocation” of waived targets for small refiners to larger refiners, while also delaying controversial limits on imported biofuels and feedstocks until 2028 due to fuel price concerns. The “Set 2” rule, released March 27 , created historically high renewable volume obligations (RVOs), providing a boost for biofuels producers and the farm sector. While...  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Inside EPA: EPA’s rule setting biofuel blending mandates for refiners under the renewable fuel standard (RFS) is seeking to shift emphasis away from the program’s statutorily mandated climate benefits. The agency also is finding the targets will result in substantial societal costs -- counter to typical Trump EPA policy. The “Set 2” rule , published in the Federal Register April 1, increased blending volumes for 2026 and 2027 for several classes of biofuels over 2025 levels, and it maintained the largest...  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from farmdoc daily:   In recent months, we analyzed proposed and anticipated RVO levels in a series of farmdoc daily articles (October 29, 2025; November 5, 2025; November 12, 2025; November 24, 2025; February 25, 2026).  The final rule delivers biomass-based diesel volume requirements close to but somewhat above our most recent projections, confirms the delay—rather than elimination—of the half-RIN import penalty until 2028 or later, and adopts 70 percent reallocation of 2023–2025 small refinery exemptions (SREs).  The purpose of this article is to review the final RVOs and compare them to our most recent projections.

...

Implications

The EPA’s final Set 2 rule delivers total applicable biomass-based diesel volumes of 9.07 billion RIN gallons in 2026 and 9.20 billion in 2027—the largest in the history of the RFS and nearly 70 percent above the 2025 applicable volume of 5.42 billion RIN gallons.  To put those numbers in historical perspective, the biomass-based diesel category has never been asked to grow by more than a few hundred million gallons in a single year.  Now the industry faces a ramp-up of over three billion RIN gallons in each of the next two years.  The sheer magnitude of this obligation makes the implementation of the final rule unlike anything the biomass-based diesel sector has previously confronted.  Taken together, the final Set 2 rule has set in motion forces that will reshape biomass-based diesel markets, feedstock supply chains, and biofuel trade patterns for at least the next several years.  These production, trade, and feedstock dynamics are the subjects we will turn to in our next several farmdoc daily articles in this series.

References

Gerveni, M., T. Hubbs and S. Irwin. "Overview of the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard." farmdoc daily (13):90, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, May 17, 2023.

Hubbs, T. and S. Irwin. “Rewriting the RFS Playbook: Final RVOs for 2026–2027.” farmdoc daily (16):30, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, February 25, 2026.

Hubbs, T. and S. Irwin. “Rewriting the RFS Playbook: Revised RVOs Backload Projected Biomass-Based Diesel Production and Feedstock Use into 2027.” farmdoc daily (15):217, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, November 24, 2025.

Hubbs, T. and S. Irwin. “Rewriting the RFS Playbook: The Impact of Revised RVOs on Projected Biomass-Based Diesel Production and Feedstock Use for 2026–2027.” farmdoc daily (15):209, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, November 12, 2025.

Hubbs, T. and S. Irwin. “Rewriting the RFS Playbook: The Impact of Revised RVOs on Projected D4 Biomass-Based Diesel RIN Generation for 2026–2027.” farmdoc daily (15):204, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, November 5, 2025.

Hubbs, T. and S. Irwin. “Rewriting the RFS Playbook: The Impact of Recent EPA Decisions on 2023–2027 RVOs for Biomass-Based Diesel.” farmdoc daily (15):199, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, October 29, 2025.

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Advanced Clean Fleets Rule 100 octane 100% SAF (Sustainable Aviation Fuel) 103 octane 105 octane 108 octane 109 octane 110 octane 113 octane 119 octane 2016 US House and Senate Campaigns 2016 US Presidential Campaign 2018 US Senate and House Campaigns Other Election Activities 2020 Election 2022 Election 2022 US Senate and House Campaign 2024 Election 2025 Elections 2026 Elections 2nd generation biofuels 3-D 30C alternative fuel vehicle refueling property credit 3D printing 3rd generation biofuels 4-H 40A Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Tax Incentive 40B Sustainable Aviation Fuel Tax Credit 45Q Carbon Oxide Sequestration Tax Credit 45V Hydrogen Production Tax Credit 45X Advanced Manufacturing Production Tax Credit 45Z Clean Fuel Production Tax Credit 48C Advanced Energy Project Tax Credit 48E Clean Electricity Investment Tax Credit 4th generation fuels 7% solution 81 Octane 84 octane 85 octane 87 octane 88 octane 89 octane 90 octane 91 octane 92 octane 93 octane 94 octane 95 octane 96 octane 98 octane A20 (20% methanol/bioethanol) abatement abu Abu Dhabi acacia acai seeds acetate acetic acid acetone acid acid hydrolysis adaptive evolution additional carbon additionality adequate/inadequate domestic supply Administrative Procedure Act adsorption Advanced Biofuel Payment Program advanced biofuel prices Advanced biofuels advanced biofuels production Advanced Clean Cars II Rule (ACC and ACCII) Advanced Clean Trucks Rule advanced ethanol advanced ethanol tax credit advertising campaign aerobic digestion aerosols Affordable Clean Energy Program (ACE) afforestation Afghanistan Africa AGARDA (Agriculture Advanced Research and Development Authority) agave aggregation Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP) agricultural economics Agricultural Policy Agricultural waste/residue Agriculture agrivoltaic/agrovoltaic agroforestry agrofuels agronomy Air Force air pollution control Air Pollution Policy air quality Aircraft engine emissions airports Alabama Alaska Albania albedo Alberta albizia alcohol fuel cells alcohol fuels alcohol-to-diesel alcohol-to-gasoline alcohol-to-jet (ATJ)/ethanol-to-jet (ETJ) alfalfa algae algae contamination algae cultivation algae extraction algae harvesting algae parity algae separation algal biofuels Algeria Algiers alkaline exchange membrane (AEM) alkanes alkenes alkylate alligator fat almond almond hulls shells alternative energy vehicles alternative fuels Alternative Fuels Credit alternative fuels excise tax credit Alternative Fuels Tax Credit (AFTC) aluminum Amazon American Le Mans Series (ALMS) ammonia ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) ammonia fuel cell ammonia price ammonia terminal ammonia-fueled aircraft amylose anaerobic digestate anaerobic digester/digestion and Energy Use in Transportation Model Angola anhydrous ethanol animal bedding animal fat animal feed animal waste Antactica Antarctica antibiotics antitrust apple Appropriations APR (Aqueous Phase Reforming) aquaculture aquatic organisms Arabidopsis arabinose ARCA Archaea Architecture Arctic Argentian Argentiina Argentina Arizona Arkansas Armenia Army Corps of Engineers aromatics aromatics price ARPA-C ARPA-E ARPA-Terra arrandi artificial intelligence Aruba Asia Asia Pacific asphalt/bitumen ASTM ASTM 6866 ASTM D1655 ASTM D2880 ASTM D396 ASTM D4054 ASTM D4806 Denatured fuel ethanol ASTM D4814 ASTM D5798 ASTM D6751 ASTM D7467 (B6-B20) ASTM D7544 ASTM D7566 (Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons) ASTM D7862 ASTM D7875 ASTM D7901 (DME-Dimethyl Ether for Fuel Purposes) ASTM D8076 ASTM D8181 ASTM D975 ASTM E3050 Denatured Ethanol for Cooking ASTM E3146 ASTM standards ASTM WK55232 (D02) ASTM WK63392 ATJ-SPK (Alcohol to Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene) Atlantic Canada atmosphere Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Australia Australian pine Austria Auto manufacturer automotive aviation aviation fuel (SAF) benefits aviation fuel (SAF) mandates aviation fuel (SAF) price aviation fuel (SAF) production aviation fuel (SAF) pumps/delivery aviation fuel (SAF) tax credit aviation fuel (SAF) terminal Aviation Fuel/Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Aviation Gasoline/AvGas avocado award awards/recognition Azerbaijan. b B0 B10 B100 B100 pumps B11 B12 B12.5 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B2 B20 B24 B25 B3 B30 B30 pumps B30RD10 B33 B35 B4 B40 B45 B49 B5 B50 B50RD50 B6 B60 B7 B70 B75 B8 B80 B98 B99 Babados nut tree babassu bacteria bagasse Bahamas Bahrain bamboo banana banana stems Bangladesh bankruptcy Barbados barge barley barley fiber barley protein barley straw Basque batteries Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) bauxite beauty leaf tree beaver beer bees Belarus Belgium Belize Benin benzene Bermuda Bhutan big bluestem big data Big Food Big Oil/Oil Majors BIGoil billion ton study bio Bio LPG (Bio Liquid Petroleum Gas) bio-based diesel benefits bio-based economy Bio-CNG price Bio-CNG pumps Bio-CNG/RNG terminal bio-LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) Bio-LNG Pumps (Liquified Natural Gas) Bio-LNG terminal bio-natural gas bio-NGV (natural gas for vehicles) bio-oil/pyrolysis oil bio-SPK (bio derived synthetic paraffinic kerosene) biobased Biobased Market Access and Development Grants Biobased Markets Program biobased materials Biobased Product Manufacturing Assistance Program biochar biochemical conversion BioChemicals/Renewable Chemicals biociiesel bioconversion Biocrude/Green Crude/SynCrude biodegradable biodiesel biodiesel blend wall biodiesel EN 14214 Biodiesel Fuel Education Program biodiesel pipeline biodiesel prices biodiesel production biodiesel pumps biodiesel quality biodiesel standards biodiesel tax credit biodiesel technologies biodiesel terminal biodiversity bioeconomy bioelectricity bioelectrochemical conversion bioenergy Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) biofoundry biofuel cells biofuel consumption Biofuel Crops biofuel distribution Biofuel Infrastructure Partnership (BIP) biofuel producer tax credit biofuel production biofuel tax credit biofuel terminal Biofuels Biofuels Directive biofuels education Biogas Biogas pipeline Biogasoline/Renewable Gasoline Biogasoline/Renewable Gasoline pumps biogenic carbon biogenic emissions Bioheat biohydrocarbons biohydrogen BioIsoprene BioMADE biomanufacturing biomass Biomass Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS) Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) biomass hydrolysis biomass oil biomass recalcitrance Biomass Research and Development initiative (BRDI) biomass sorghum Biomass to Liquid (BTL) biomass transportation biomaterials bioplastics biopower BioPreferred bioproducts biopropene bioprospecting BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel Production Biorefinery Assistance Program (BAP) old 9003 Biorefinery Renewable Chemical Biobased Product Mfgr Assistance 9003 Program BioRenewable-1 (BR-1) BioSNG Biotechnology birch bitter orange black carbon black grease black liquor black locust black soldier fly Blend wall blender blender pumps Blenders Credit blending blendstock blockchain blue carbon boat fuel boiler/furnace fuel Bolivia bolt-on Bonaire bonds book-and-claim border tax Borneo Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana BQ-9000 Brachiaria bracken brackish water brash Brassica Brazil breadfruit/ulu breweries brine British Columbia broker brown grease brownfields Brunei Btu's BTX (Benzene Toluene Xylene) Bu12.5 Bu16 Budget building block chemicals Bulgaria bunker bunker oil Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Burkina Faso Burma Burundi buses Business and Industry Program (B&I) business law business resources Business/General Aviation butadiene butandeiol (bio-BDO) Butane butanediol butanol emissions butanol/biobutanol butyl acetate butylene butyric acid by c C1 C2 C21 C3 sugar C4 grasses C5 sugar C6 sugar Cabo Verde cactus cactus pear cagaita calibration California California Air Resources Board (CARB) Calophyllum hawthorn Cambodia Camelina camels Cameroon Canad Canada Canary Islands canary reed grass canarygrass candle nut cannabis canola straw Canola/Rapeseed cap-and-invest cap-and-trade capybara capybras carbohydrates carbon carbon capture and storage (CCS) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) carbon capture/Class VI wells carbon cost carbon credit carbon credit markets carbon cycle carbon debt Carbon Dioxide (CO2) carbon efficiency carbon emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Heat Standards Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/modern/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2 terminal CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa cocoa husks Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Congressional Review Act Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice copra CORCs (CO2 Removal Certificates) cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude lignin oil (CLO) crude oil Cruise Ships Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi Customs and Border Protection cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E10M90 ethanol/methanol E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E32 E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental attributes environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia Eswatini/Swaziland ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOAK (First of a Kind) FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenhouse Gas Protocol Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h hairy vetch Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (HEFA-SKA) Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISB10 isobutanol ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State legumes lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime linseed Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel LSMGO (Low Sulfur Marine Gas Oil) lubricants lumber mill lupin Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Gasoline Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol-to-Jet Cyclo Paraffins with Aromatics (MtJ-CKA) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold Moldova molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Energy Council National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Native American/American Indian/First Nation Tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gas pipelines natural gas prices natural gas vehicles natural gasoline Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions NEN 7427-1 neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast Northern Australia northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oilcane Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate oyster shell ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photocatalysis/photocatalysts photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical 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