Diesel Prices Up? Time to Leverage Malaysia’s Palm Oil as Biodiesel Savings Could Hit 20 Sen per Litre, Says Former Minister

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March 31, 2026
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(Malay Mail) B20 biodiesel is now cheaper than pure diesel, and the government must fast-track critical depot upgrades to accelerate its rollout and ease surging fuel costs, says Seputeh MP Teresa Kok.

In a press statement, the former primary industries minister said palm-based biodiesel has become a more cost-effective alternative to fossil diesel and urged Putrajaya to urgently help the petroleum industry scale up B10 and B20 blending. 

“We must treat palm oil as a strategic national asset,” she said.

“By failing to upgrade our depots, the government is forcing the rakyat to pay more at the pump while leaving our ‘golden crop’ underutilised,” she added

Citing market data as at March 27, 2026, Kok said palm methyl ester (PME) biodiesel is currently trading below international Euro 5 diesel prices.

Based on crude palm oil at RM4,500 per tonne and Euro 5 diesel at US$220 per barrel, she said a comparison of pure diesel and biodiesel blends shows the following indicative pump prices:

  • B0 (pure diesel): RM5.53 per litre
  • B7 (7 per cent biodiesel): RM5.46 per litre — saving 7 sen per litre
  • B10 (10 per cent biodiesel): RM5.43 per litre — saving 10 sen per litre
  • B20 (20 per cent biodiesel): RM5.33 per litre — saving 20 sen per litre

She said that crude palm oil at RM4,500 per tonne works out to about RM4.51 per litre of biodiesel, reinforcing the cost advantage of higher blends.

“It is deeply regrettable that the government has allowed the B20 programme to stall,” Kok said.

“Since its official launch in February 2020 by myself and then deputy prime minister Datuk Seri Dr Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, infrastructure development has been severely neglected.”

She said that while B20 has been rolled out in parts of Sarawak, Bintulu still lacks sufficient blending capacity, and several depots in Sandakan, Tawau and Kota Kinabalu in Sabah are awaiting upgrades.

In Peninsular Malaysia, she added, the situation is even more limited, with Langkawi among the earliest and few locations to offer B20 to consumers.

With conflict in the Middle East keeping global oil markets volatile, Kok said Malaysia can no longer afford to “brush aside” domestic energy solutions like palm-based biodiesel.  READ MORE

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Excerpt from South China Morning Post: Infrastructure costs, supply chains and industry readiness could pose problems for wider adoption of biodiesel blends, analysts say -- ... Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim has noted that nearly half of Malaysia’s oil supply passes through the Strait of Hormuz, which is mostly closed off to maritime traffic due to the Iran war, and that the country imports more oil than it exports.

Diesel in Peninsular Malaysia rose to 6.02 ringgit a litre for the week of April 2 to 8, while the monthly subsidised RON95 quota under the BUDI95 scheme was cut from 300 litres to 200 litres.

The fuel shock has reopened a long-running debate over whether Malaysia should accelerate its stalled B20 biodiesel programme, a fuel blend consisting of 20 per cent biodiesel and 80 per cent petroleum diesel.

...

In a column published by English daily The Star last week, plantation industry expert Joseph Tek Choon Yee said the latest price surge had pushed Malaysia’s biodiesel debate “back into the daylight”, turning it into a more urgent economic question as imported diesel became costlier.

The issue is being watched beyond Malaysia because palm oil is key to both regional trade and global food supply chains.

...

Malaysia, by contrast, has kept its nationwide biodiesel mandate at B10. A higher B20 blend is already used in Labuan, Langkawi and most of Sarawak, excluding Bintulu, while pilot projects have expanded B20 use to ground transport vehicles at Kuala Lumpur International Airport and to trials at ports including Northport, Johor Port, Port of Tanjung Pelepas and Kuching Port.

Last year former plantation and commodities minister Johari Abdul Ghani said there were no plans to raise the national blend to B20 because the required infrastructure would cost about 643 million ringgit and neither the government nor the industry was prepared to pay for it.

Ahmad Parveez Ghulam Kadir, director general of the Malaysian Palm Oil Board, said Malaysia had “the fundamental policy framework and partial supply capability” to position palm biodiesel as “a supplementary energy buffer”, particularly during periods of elevated crude oil prices.

But he warned wider acceleration would be complex and hinge on infrastructure, supply chains and industry readiness.

Storage tanks, blending facilities and distribution systems would need upgrades, he said, while larger volumes of biodiesel would also require feedstock planning and reliable methanol supply at a time when methanol prices were under pressure.

...

Helena Varkkey, an associate professor of political ecology at the University of Malaya, said Malaysia was approaching the issue from a different position than Indonesia.

“Indonesia’s strategy for going with a bigger mix is in large part to secure the local market for their palm oil in the face of market restrictions abroad,” she told This Week in Asia.

Malaysia, she said, still had relatively secure export demand from markets such as China, India and Pakistan, while its overall production was much smaller than Indonesia’s.

...

Varkkey said Malaysia was unlikely to get quick relief from a sharper biodiesel push because the fuel shock was moving faster than the country’s infrastructure could respond.

“Since the Iran war requires a quick response, I do not think that the shift to higher biodiesel can happen in a timely manner which can help with the immediate situation,” she said. “Therefore, in my opinion, palm oil would still be more valuable as a food and export commodity for Malaysia.”   READ MORE; includes VIDEO

 

Excerpt from The Star: The Malaysian Biodiesel Association (MBA) has urged the government to follow proactive measures taken by other Asean counterparts and expedite the nationwide implementation of higher biodiesel blends under the national biodiesel programme for both the transport and industrial sectors.

The association said the move was critical amid ongoing geopolitical tensions in the Middle East that have disrupted key shipping routes and oil production, placing global fuel supply chains under severe strain.

“The current global situation underscores that this is no longer a matter of policy preference, but one of national strategic importance,” it said in a statement on Tuesday (April 7).

MBA said, noting that higher global fuel prices were already having direct implications on Malaysia’s domestic fuel costs, inflation and overall economic stability.

The association pointed out that neighbouring countries have taken swift action to strengthen energy security.

"Indonesia has raised its biodiesel blend from B40 to B50, while Thailand has increased its blend from B5 to B7 and expanded the availability of B20 as an alternative option.

“These actions are aimed at lowering consumer fuel costs, supporting farmers and strengthening national energy security during periods of global supply disruptions,” it said.

...

The association called for immediate implementation of higher biodiesel blends, particularly in locations where blending infrastructure is already technically capable.

...

At the same time, MBA acknowledged that progress has been constrained by infrastructure readiness, but stressed the need for accelerated upgrades to enable blending levels of up to B30 nationwide.

The association also proposed fiscal measures to encourage wider adoption of biodiesel, including exempting the 10% sales tax on biodiesel used outside the national blending programme.

“Leveraging Malaysia’s strength as a leading palm oil producer, the combined impact of the national biodiesel programme and voluntary biodiesel use would enhance energy security, lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce exposure to global oil price shocks,” it said.

MBA added that such measures would also contribute to foreign exchange savings, improve fiscal resilience and continue supporting the domestic palm oil sector and rural livelihoods.

Looking ahead, the association urged that its position be reflected in the upcoming review of the National Biofuel Policy, supported by a clear and well-articulated long-term biodiesel strategy.

...

MBA also noted that the impending implementation of a carbon tax mechanism in Malaysia should further justify the adoption of higher biodiesel blends across both sectors.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Bernama/Malay Mail: The association said that Indonesia and Thailand have announced measures to further advance their national biodiesel programmes by increasing biodiesel blending levels.

“Indonesia has moved from B40 to B50, while Thailand from B5 to B7 and expanded the availability of B20 as an alternative option,” it said

In a statement today, MBA opined that where blending infrastructure is already technically capable, higher biodiesel blending levels between B10 and B20 should be implemented immediately.

“While the MBA acknowledges that progress towards higher blends has been constrained by the readiness of blending infrastructure, the government should accelerate its upgrading to enable blending levels of up to B30 nationwide.

“The current global situation underscores that this is no longer a matter of policy preference, but one of national strategic importance,” it said.

MBA believed that, by leveraging Malaysia’s status as a leading palm oil producer, the government should further encourage the use of biodiesel outside the national biodiesel blending programme by exempting the 10 per cent sales tax on biodiesel.

“The combined impact of the national biodiesel programme and voluntary biodiesel use would enhance energy security, lower greenhouse gas emissions, savings in foreign exchange, reduce exposure to global oil price shocks and improve fiscal resilience, while continuing to support the domestic palm oil sector and rural livelihoods,” it said.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Free Malaysia Today:  B100, a 100% palm oil-based biodiesel, has the potential to emerge as a more competitive and sustainable alternative energy source amid uncertainties arising from the Middle East crisis, says Felda chairman Ahmad Shabery Cheek.

He said B100 is still at the policy stage and will first be implemented within the Felda ecosystem.

Shabery added that he had raised the matter with Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim and deputy prime minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi.

...

“At this stage, a government policy needs to be in place, as we may not have sufficient crude palm oil supply to roll out B100 immediately,” he told a press conference here today.

B100’s factory price is estimated at about RM4.50 per litre, depending on crude palm oil (CPO) prices.

At an estimated price below RM5 per litre, B100 could reduce reliance on diesel, support domestic fuel price stabilisation and strengthen national energy security, Shabery said.

...

A B100 biodiesel pilot project has been conducted since 2025, using passenger vehicles older than 15 months, covering a distance of more than 50,000km.

Shabery said a four-month trial involving tanker trucks was also carried out earlier in 2024.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from The Rakyat Post: Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) chairman Datuk Seri Ahmad Shabery Cheek recently said that B100, a pure palm oil-based biodiesel fuel can potentially be a more competitive and sustainable energy source as uncertainties rise from the crisis in the Middle East.

He said B100 is still at the policy stage and will be first implemented within the FELDA ecosystem, according to a Bernama report.

“At this stage, a government policy needs to be in place, as we may not have sufficient crude palm oil (CPO) supply to roll out B100 immediately,” Ahmad Shabery said at a press conference yesterday.

He mentioned B100’s factory price is estimated at about RM4.50 per litre, depending on CPO prices.

From 2 to 8 April, the diesel price in West Malaysia increased to RM6.02 per litre (up from RM5.52), while prices in Sabah, Sarawak, and Labuan remain at RM2.15 per litre.

At an estimated price of below RM5 per litre, Ahmad Shabery said B100 could reduce reliance on diesel as well as support domestic fuel price stabilisation and strengthen national energy security.

Meanwhile, he also said FELDA and FGV Holdings Berhad would need to expand the B100 biodiesel processing plant development in order to increase production capacity.

“We are having discussions to determine the form of partnership, whether to involve full private sector participation, government support or other parties, to meet the requirement of raising B100 capacity,” said Ahmad Shabery.

What kind of vehicle uses B100 biodiesel?

B100 biodiesel works by powering conventional diesel engines through compression ignition, utilizing renewable sources like vegetable oils or animal fats.

Produced via transesterification, it is chemically similar to fossil diesel but requires specialized handling due to its cold-temperature sensitivity and higher solvent properties (it turns to gel at low temperatures and absorbs water more).

If you’re wondering if B100 can be used in your privately-owned vehicle, it’s possible, but your car would require a modern diesel engine and specific vehicle preparations. Simply said, it won’t be suitable for all diesel cars without modifications.

As mentioned earlier, B100 biodiesel will only be used in the FELDA ecosystem and is not available commercially.

A pilot test using B100 was done with road tankers in 2025

Shell Malaysia launched a pilot test of two B100 biodiesel-fuelled Scania road tankers operated by Konsortium Port Dickson (KPD) back in 2025.

According to automotive portal paultan.org, the test was supported by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) as well as the ministry of plantation industries and commodities (MPIC).

Back then, however, the test was part of efforts to lower carbon emissions instead of a solution to a global oil shortage.

FGV Holdings also tested out B100 biodiesel on passenger vehicles (specifically a Mazda CX-8 SUV) that same year, to evaluate performance over a 15-month and 15,000 kilometer period.

The diesel fuel commonly found at gas stations around Malaysia are usually B10 or B20 biodiesel, which is the standard fuel for diesel engines today.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from World Energy News: The Plantation and Commodities Minister announced on Tuesday that Malaysia will expand its palm-based B20 Biodiesel Programme?nationwide, in phases. This is to take into consideration the price sensitivity of palm oil compared to petroleum prices.

Malaysia, the world's 2nd largest palm oil producer, currently mandates 10% biodiesel for the transportation industry. However, a 20% mandate was implemented in the federal territories of Labuan and Langkawi Island, as well as the state of Sarawak, except the town of Bintulu.

The government is under pressure to speed up the biodiesel program due to the soaring crude oil price caused by the Iran War and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz.

Noraini Ahmad responded to Noraini's questions by saying that the government was committed to implementing measures to gradually increase the use of biodiesel over time.

She said that most areas in Malaysia still use a B10 mix for transportation. "Therefore there is still significant room to increase the national biodiesel mix from B10 up to B20 or B30."  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Reuters/Business Times: Finance ministry will spend RM7 billion on subsidies in April, including for petrol and diesel

Malaysia pledged on Tuesday (Apr 14) to boost the use of biodiesel to help cope with fuel supply constraints as its economy comes under increasing strain from the Middle East crisis.

The government has agreed to increase its 10 per cent biodiesel mandate – known as B10 – to a 15 per cent biodiesel blend, Economy Minister Akmal Nasir said in a televised announcement.

It will start with a 12 per cent blend without incurring any additional production costs and using only existing biodiesel blending plants, he said. He did not identify the sectors in which the biodiesel mandate would be applied.

Malaysia, the world’s second-largest palm oil producer, currently imposes a B10 mandate for the transportation sector, though a 20 per cent mandate has been implemented in the federal territory of Labuan, Langkawi island and the state of Sarawak, excluding the town of Bintulu.

“The government believes that the use of biodiesel will further extend the availability of the country’s diesel supply,” Akmal said.

Akmal flagged significant risks to Malaysia’s labour market in the second quarter, saying that pressure is expected to mount on employment and income.

...

The government’s spending has ballooned as it maintains subsidies to keep retail pump prices low, among other measures, despite the surge in global energy costs. The finance ministry said on Tuesday it will spend RM7 billion (S$2.3 billion) on subsidies in April.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from The Star: Malaysia's palm oil-based biodiesel consumption is set to rise by more than 300,000 metric tons annually, the Malaysian Palm Oil Board said, as the country joins top producer Indonesia in raising blending mandates to reduce reliance on energy imports.

On Tuesday (April 14, 2026), the Malaysian government said it would increase its 10% biodiesel mandate, known as B10, to a 15% biodiesel blend without giving a timeline. It will start with a 12% blend without incurring any additional production costs and using only existing biodiesel blending plants.

Malaysia, the world's second-largest palm oil producer, currently imposes the B10 mandate for the transportation sector, though a 20% mandate has been implemented in the federal territory of Labuan, Langkawi island and the state of Sarawak, excluding the town of Bintulu.

...

The biodiesel mandate will cover the diesel fuel sold at retail stations and other subsidised sectors, Ahmad Parveez said, adding that the government may consider future expansion to the industrial sector, subject to policy decisions aligned with national interest.

The incremental increase in domestic biodiesel consumption is projected to have only a marginal impact on palm oil exports, Ahmad Parveez said, as Malaysia's CPO production capacity remains robust. "Overall export volumes are expected to remain largely stable," he said. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Straits Times: A potential shift towards higher biodiesel blends of B15-B30 could significantly reshape Malaysia's palm oil demand dynamics, with consumption projected to rise between 380,000 tonnes and 1.5 million tonnes.

This will be equivalent to 1.8-7.4 per cent of national crude palm oil supply, according to CIMB Securities Sdn Bhd analyst Ivy Ng Lee Fang.

The step-up in blending mandates would mark a material inflection point for the industry, far exceeding the incremental gains seen under current policies, Ng said.

...

Economy Minister Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir said the transition will not incur additional costs, as it will leverage existing blending infrastructure under the current B10 programme.

The move follows discussions at the National Economic Action Council and forms part of a broader strategy to strengthen domestic diesel supply.

The government also outlined a biofuel roadmap that includes phased depot upgrades to support higher blend rates of up to B20 and B30, alongside plans to introduce a B30 mandate for the commercial and public transport sectors.

The policy shift comes amid a sharp rise in diesel prices, driven by ongoing tensions in the Middle East.

Diesel prices in Peninsular Malaysia have surged from RM2.99 per litre in February 2026 to RM6.72 per litre as at April 9, reinforcing the urgency of accelerating biodiesel adoption.

Ng said the near-term impact from the B12 implemnetation is unlikely to be significant, as the initial rollout would only lead to a gradual increase in palm oil demand.

She noted that the existing B10 programme consumes about 750,000 tonnes of palm oil annually at full implementation.

The planned rollout of B12 is expected to lift usage by a further 150,000 tonnes to 900,000 tonnes, or roughly 0.7 per cent of Malaysia's projected 2025 output.

However, the impact becomes substantially more pronounced at higher blend levels, with B15-B30 likely to drive a step-change in demand, tightening supply balances and potentially influencing price dynamics across the sector.

...

Despite this, installed biodiesel capacity stands at 2.36 million tonnes per annum - more than double current production - suggesting ample headroom for expansion should higher mandates be implemented.  READ MORE

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Transportation Fuels Policy tax policy palm oil national security Middle East Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol market forces Malaysia import/export fuel prices distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) diesel prices carbon tax BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel Production biodiesel prices biodiesel B7 B30 B20 B15 B12 B100 B10
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to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E10M90 ethanol/methanol E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E32 E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental attributes environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia Eswatini/Swaziland ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOAK (First of a Kind) FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenhouse Gas Protocol Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h hairy vetch Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (HEFA-SKA) Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISB10 isobutanol ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State legumes lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime linseed Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel LSMGO (Low Sulfur Marine Gas Oil) lubricants lumber mill lupin Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Gasoline Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol-to-Jet Cyclo Paraffins with Aromatics (MtJ-CKA) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold Moldova molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration 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Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast Northern Australia northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oilcane Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate oyster shell ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photocatalysis/photocatalysts photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical 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project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD15 RD20 RD26 RD3 RD30 RD40 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands Recycled Carbon Fuel (RCF) recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) refineries 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RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil Shea sheep shellfish shipping shipping containers shipworm siam weed Sierra Leone silage silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore Singpore sisal SK slash Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration Small Business Innovatin Research (SBIR) Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap soapstock Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solar fuel solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solaris Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum price sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Southeast Asia Southern Africa Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soy meal soybean hulls soybean prices soybeans Spain spartina specifications Spekboom Spent Bleaching Earth Oil (SBEO) sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam methane reformation steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar Sugar Beets/Energy Beets Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugar standards sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel sugarcane 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