INSIGHT: 16 US States May Restrict Sale of Combustion-Based Autos

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October 27, 2023
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by Al Greenwood (Independent Commodity Interlligence Services) Several US states could adopt restrictions on the sale of light vehicles that rely primarily on internal combustion engines (ICE), which would lower demand for liquid fuels while increasing demand for plastics and chemicals used to make electric vehicles (EVs).

  • California is waiting on the federal government to grant it a waiver so it can adopt its Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) regulations. These would require auto companies to sell increasing shares of plug-in hybrids, electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel-cell based vehicles.
  • Non-plug-in hybrids and light vehicles powered by internal combustion engines would make up a shrinking share of the state’s auto sales, until they are prohibited in 2035.
  • If California gets the waiver, seven other states could adopt the same restrictions on sales of hybrids and light vehicles powered by internal combustion engines (ICE). Another eight are in the process of adopting similar regulations.
  • California has a separate programme for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles known as the Advanced Clean Fleets (ACF) regulations.

HOW THE CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS WORK
California’s ACC II regulations work by requiring EVs, fuel cells and plug-in hybrids to make up an ever-increasing share of the state’s auto sales.

Plug-in hybrids are also known as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) because they rely primarily on electric power. Like an EV, the battery is so large in a PHEV, it needs to be plugged in a charging station for recharging, according to the US Department of Energy. The combustion engines of a plug-in hybrid kicks in only after the battery runs out of power.

The following chart shows the share of electric-based vehicles that would need to be sold in California by model year under the state’s ACC II regulations.

ZEV stands for zero-emission vehicle and includes EVs and vehicles with fuel cells
Source: California Air Resources Board

The regulations only restrict the sale of hybrids and light vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. They would not prevent people in California from owning such vehicles, and they can continue driving them and filling them up with gasoline or diesel, according to the California Air Resources Board.

NEXT STEPS FOR CALIFORNIA REGULATIONS
Before California can impose the sales restrictions, it needs a waiver from the federal government, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Clean Air Act requires California to receive authorisation from the federal government before it can adopt its own emission standards.

Already, the waiver is being opposed by some members in Congress.

A bill to prevent the EPA from granting the waiver was proposed by US Senators Markwayne Mullin (Republican-Oklahoma), Roger Marshall (Republican-Kansas) and Pete Ricketts (Republican-Nebraska). It is called the Preserving Choice in Vehicle Purchases Act.

A companion bill was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representative John Joyce (Republican-Pennsylvania).

The bill will unlikely become law because the Republican party lacks a majority in the Senate, and US President Joe Biden is a Democrat.

OTHER STATES FOLLOW CALIFORNIA
Other states can adopt auto emission regulations that are identical to those in California. These states do not need waivers from the federal government, so their regulations would take effect after California receives authorisation from the federal government.

The following seven states are set to adopt the Advanced Clean Cars II regulations, if they have not done so already, according to the California Air Resources Board.

The percentage in parentheses represents the state’s share of new light-vehicle registrations in the US.

These seven states and California (11.8%) make up 26.8% of the new light-vehicle registrations in the US.

STATUS OF OTHER STATES
An additional seven states have adopted various zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) regulations based on those in California. These states are in various stages of approving ACC II regulations.

The following list shows the status of these states in regards to the ACC II regulations. The percentage in parentheses represents the state’s share of new light-vehicle registrations in the US.

Although Delaware (0.3%), has not adopted California’s zero-emission-vehicle regulations, it is in the process of amending its low-emission vehicle programme on the model of California’s ACC II regulations, according to the state’s Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC).

Altogether, these 16 states make up more than 36% of new light-vehicle registrations in the US, according to the California Air Resources Board.

REACTION TO ACC II REGULATIONS
In January, the National Resource Defense Council (NRDC) said the ACC II standards can help states mitigate climate change, improve air quality and lower the cost of owning an automobile. It said the ACC II is a commonsense standard that is feasible, and zero-emission vehicles are becoming increasingly affordable.

The AFPM represents refiners and petrochemical producers. It said bans are expensive and inefficient. It said that markets – not government dictate – should determine whether a technology succeeds or fails.

“Restricting consumer choice by eliminating competition and banning entire vehicle power trains is the wrong path to a cleaner future,” the AFPM said.

The AFPM warned that the ACC II would increase costs for vehicles and electricity. The US is a minor player in the supply chains for the minerals, refining and batteries needed for EVs. A rapid switch to these vehicles could threaten energy security, the group said.

The Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) represents ethanol producers. It said that it shares California’s goal of reducing emissions. However, it does not support prescriptive approaches that mandate specific technologies and that ignores other ways to reduce emissions, such as low-carbon fuels.

“We believe the best way to rapidly decarbonise the transportation sector is to set clear emissions reductions targets and then let the marketplace and consumers determine the most efficient and affordable ways of achieving those goals,” the group said. “RFA continues to encourage states that typically adopt California’s vehicle standards to think more broadly and carefully consider the dangers of putting all of their eggs into the electrification basket.”

EFFECTS ON US REFINERIES
The ACC II regulations could put financial pressure on US refiners if they reduce demand for fuels.

Refineries also produce feedstock uses to make base oils as well as petrochemicals such as propylene, benzene, toluene and mixed xylenes (MX). Policies that put stress on refiners could threaten the supplies of these products.

If oil demand declines because of the rising electrification of the nation’s auto fleet, then domestic oil production could slow down. Oil production is a significant source of ethane, the main feedstock used by crackers in the US.

RISING DEMAND FOR EV MATERIALS
Petrochemical producers can benefit from increasing demand for materials used in electric vehicles.

Orbia’s fluoromaterial subsidiary, Koura, is considering a project to produce lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), an electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries. It would be the first plant of its kind in the US.

Another Orbia project would expand production of a feedstock used to make polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). PVDF is used as a binder in lithium-ion batteries.

Celanese completed a large buildout of its capacity to produce  ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), which is used in battery separators.

Polypropylene (PP) is the primary resin in battery packs, so increasing EV production could increase consumption of the resin in the world’s automobile industry.

Heat management and protection will require plastics such as nylon 6,6 that contain flame retardants.

Paints and coatings companies are developing EV products, such as dielectric powders and battery fire protection.

Automakers are eager to reduce the weight of EVs so they can go farther on a battery charge. That will increase demand for plastics and composites. READ MORE

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Excerpt from Return on Information -- New Jersey:  New Jersey officials are expected to file a new set of regulations Tuesday that will mandate that all new car sales be electric vehicles by 2035, according to a report by NJ Advance Media on Monday.

More than that, the rule is expected to say that 51% of all model year 2028 cars sold (they go on sale in 2027) must be EVs.

The push toward enforcing all-EV sales was expected — state officials have been offering the goal for months. A court appeal also is likely.

In addition, because the regulation is expected to be part of “Advanced Clean Cars II” filing, it could be adjusted — or overturned — by future administrations.

The regulation is expected to give annual increases in percentage of EV sales — jumping to 59% of 2029 year cars, then to 82% of 2032 year cars before hitting 100% in 2035.

There is plenty that still needs to be determined, including that:

  • The state can’t force people to buy certain cars, so how they will enforce the percentage is unclear;
  • The regulation, as of now, does not apply to the sale of used cars;
  • The regulation cannot prevent someone from purchasing a car out of the state.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from WTNH:  Gov. Ned Lamont is withdrawing his proposal to ban the sale of gas-powered cars in Connecticut by 2035, a move that opponents of the plan celebrated on Monday, according to legislative sources.

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...

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Republican leaders had been vocally opposed to the plan, which Lamont argued in August would lead to less pollution in the state and was “the right thing to do.”

Senate Republican Leader Kevin Kelly (R-Stratford) released the following statement in part below.

“The Governor’s decision to withdraw the regulations is a reasoned approach to address the growing concerns raised by working and middle class families. Adopting California emission standards which ban the sale of gas-powered cars is a substantial policy shift which must be decided by the General Assembly. There are too many questions regarding the capacity of our electric grid, the cost and location of grid improvements, and the negative impact on urban, rural and working poor families.”  

State Sen. Stephen Harding (R-District 30), who is on the Connecticut General Assembly Environment Committee was planning to attend the vote. Harding said he supports moving toward electric-vehicle incentivization but believes banning gas-powered vehicle sales is taking it a step too far.

“If you think your electric rates are high now, wait till UI and Eversource start implementing the infrastructure to take this on,” Harding said.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from CT Mirror:  A majority of the legislature’s Regulation Review Committee was poised to vote Tuesday to kill regulations prohibiting new gasoline-powered vehicle sales by 2035, forcing advocates and the administration of Gov. Ned Lamont to open talks on a new plan for passage by the full General Assembly in 2024.

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“This is a massive step towards providing clean options and clean air to Delawareans across the state,” said Dustyn Thompson, Chapter Director for the Sierra Club Delaware Chapter. “But this is just a part of a much-needed movement towards a healthier Delaware. The state and advocates across movements have to work together now to make sure this new rule is a success. We need to ensure equity in access to both the cars and the infrastructure needed to power them. But we also need to make sure that as we continue the transition to a clean transportation future that we don’t stop at 2032, but use that goalpost as an opportunity to review and go even further to help protect public health and do our part to combat climate change. We are eager to work with the administration and legislature to do what is necessary to make those goals a reality." 

"With so many of Delaware's communities suffering from poor air quality due to transportation pollution, we need policies in place to address the issue. That’s where Delaware’s adoption of the Advanced Clean Cars II standard comes in. Today’s announcement is a crucial step in the right direction for public health and for the climate," said Kathy Harris, Senior Clean Vehicles and Fuels Advocate, NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council). "These standards will provide many benefits to the state, including less air pollution, improved public health, and vehicle owner savings.”

"The science is clear: without sound policies to reduce pollution, the impacts of climate change will pose ever greater risk to Delaware -- now and for generations to come,” said Paulina Muratore, Transportation Campaign Manager at the Union of Concerned Scientists.“Switching from gasoline and diesel engines to electric motors is one of the most effective ways to reduce this deeply damaging pollution. We applaud the state on formally adopting ACC II, which provides a clear and achievable roadmap to a cleaner future and provide consumers with more electric vehicle choices." 

“DEEVA, the Delaware Electric Vehicle Association, welcomes the good news that DE has joined our neighboring states in adopting measures to promote zero emission vehicles," said Charlie Garlow, president of DEEVA. "This will not only reduce conventional pollution like smog and particulate matter, including cancer-causing toxic emissions, but it will also curb climate change problems. Then too, as our state and country consume less gasoline and diesel fuel, we will be cutting our use of imports that provide funds to oil driven and often oppressive governments abroad.”
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“Once again, Virginia is declaring independence — this time from a misguided electric vehicle mandate imposed by unelected leaders nearly 3,000 miles away from the Commonwealth,” said Youngkin, a Republican, in a statement.

The move comes just months after a regulatory board formally approved regulations to comply with California’s Advanced Clean Cars II rule.

Background: Virginia's General Assembly in 2021 passed a law requiring the state to comply with California's Advanced Clean Cars I rule, which took effect on Jan. 1 of this year and requires increasing percentages of new vehicle sales be zero-emission, up to 22 percent for model year 2025. A number of other states have adopted California's rules.

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“Once again, Virginia is declaring independence – this time from a misguided electric vehicle mandate imposed by unelected leaders nearly 3,000 miles away from the Commonwealth,” Youngkin said in a statement. “The idea that government should tell people what kind of car they can or can’t purchase is fundamentally wrong. Virginians deserve the freedom to choose which vehicles best fit the needs of their families and businesses. The law is clear, and I am proud to announce Virginians will no longer be forced to live under this out-of-touch policy.”

In a statement, Virginia Senate Majority Leader Scott Surovell (D) called the decision “reckless, illegal and unconstitutional.” READ MORE

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Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona 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microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts 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Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis 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RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae 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