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Scion Welcomes Climate Policy Report

(Scion Research)  Crown research institute Scion congratulates the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment on his report Farms, forests and fossil fuels: The next great landscape transformation released today.  Scion CEO Dr

April 2, 2019 Read Full Article

Innovative Waste to Biofutures Project Funding DEADLINE: April 8, 2019

by Elisa Iannunzio (Energy Magazine)  The Queensland Government has opened up expressions of interest for its new $5 million Queensland Waste to Biofutures Fund (W2B Fund). The fund will help Queensland companies

March 19, 2019 Read Full Article

Slovenian BioApp Helps Reduce Pollution from Single-Use Plastics

by Lidija Petković (European Commission)  The ERDF-funded BioApp platform has become the focal point for research ideas on developing smart biomass materials in the cross-border region of Slovenia and Italy. The EU

March 19, 2019 Read Full Article

Stora Enso Invests in Next-generation Renewable, Recyclable and Biodegradable Formed Fiber Solutions

(Stora Enso/PR Newswire/FinanzNachrichten)  Stora Enso is investing EUR 5 million to build a new production line and related infrastructure to manufacture formed fiber products at Hylte Mill in Sweden. The formed fiber technology enables

March 19, 2019 Read Full Article

Sugar Set for ‘Energycane’ Reinvention

(University of Queensland/Phys.Org)  Gene-editing sugarcane for use in renewable energy and bio-plastics could help secure the industry’s future. The University of Queensland’s Professor Robert Henry said sugarcane’s reinvention as an

March 13, 2019 Read Full Article

Engineered Microbe May Be Key to Producing Plastic from Plants

by Chris Barncard (University of Wisconsin-Madison)  With a few genetic tweaks, a type of soil bacteria with an appetite for hydrocarbons shows promise as a biological factory for converting a renewable

March 11, 2019 Read Full Article

World’s 1st for Product Carbon Footprints, Polyhydroxyalkanoates Bioplastic, BASF Shoe Shanks, Bacteria-Infused Knits, Eastman’s Cellulosic Yarn and More: The Digest’s Top 10 Innovations for the Week of February 28th

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The pace of bioeconomy invention and change continues at a frenetic pace. Here are the top innovations for the week of February 28th. In today’s Digest, world’s

March 1, 2019 Read Full Article

So Happy Together: The Digest’s 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to Biomass and Plastic Wastes Co-Processing

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Lorenz Bauer, from LJBILL Chemical Consulting and a member of Lee Enterprises Consulting offers this illuminating overview of biomass and non-recyclable plastic to liquid fuel, landfill

February 22, 2019 Read Full Article

Grow Your Own Bioplastic Home, Avocado-Pit Bioplastic, Arla and UPM’s Wood-Based Dairy Packaging, PHA Bioplastic Water Bottle and More: The Digest’s Top 10 Innovations for the Week of February 20th

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The pace of bioeconomy invention and change continues at a frenetic pace. Here are the top innovations for the week of February 20th. In today’s Digest,

February 22, 2019 Read Full Article

The Wonder from Down Under Finds an Aussie Funder

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  From Australia we have just heard that Licella has given the exclusive Australian license for the Cat-HTR and End-of-Life Plastic to its subsidiary iQ Renew, which has

February 18, 2019 Read Full Article

EXECUTIVE INTERVIEW: Neste Brings Biofuels to the Aviation Industry

(ACT News)  An ACT News Executive Interview with Lana Van Marter, Commercial Development Manager, Neste, a front-runner in the production of advanced biofuels and renewable fuels. Lana Van Marter has a

February 18, 2019 Read Full Article

Pilot Plant to Turn Sugarcane Waste into Biofuel and Beer Bottles

(Queensland University of Technology)  QUT researchers and Mercurius Australia have commenced work on a pilot plant to prove the economic viability of turning sugarcane waste into either jet and diesel fuel

February 18, 2019 Read Full Article

SABIC and Customers Launch Certified Circular Polymers from Mixed Plastic Waste

(SABIC)  o  SABIC and customers Unilever, Vinventions and Walki Group will introduce ISCC certified circular polymers in 2019 during a market foundation stage. SABIC’s certified circular polymers will be produced

February 3, 2019 Read Full Article

The Stora Enso Story – A Magical Tale of Trees and Forests

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest)  … In today’s Digest, we talk about Stora Enso’s story – the renewable materials company that develops and produces wood and biomass based solutions for

January 28, 2019 Read Full Article

Sustainable Plastics – If We Want a Sustainable Future, It Will Be Driven by Companies

by Tomi Nyman (Pöyry/Biofuels Digest)  It seems like there is a never-ending deluge of negativity about plastics in the media. Yet for all the valid and important points being made about the

January 17, 2019 Read Full Article

DOE Announces SBIR/STTR FY 2019 Phase I Release 2 Topics

(U.S. Department of Energy)  As part of last week’s posting of topic areas for Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) research and development proposals, the Office

November 14, 2018 Read Full Article

Landfill-to-Anything-Soon, Puleeze: In Search of New Energy, Materials from Waste

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The names seem less settled than the markets or science: is it biogas, biomethane, renewable natural gas, or RNG? Whatever your preferred name, you don’t have

October 18, 2018 Read Full Article

President Trump’s Ethanol Expansion Has Immediate Positive Impact on Attis Industries

(Attis Industries/NewMediaWire/FuturesTradingCharts.com) …  Jeff Cosman, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, explains, “The increased inclusion allowance plays a vital role in the expansion of renewable fuel production. The timing couldn’t be better

October 10, 2018 Read Full Article

Scaling up Biobased BTX: The Digest’s 2018 Multi-Slide Guide to Anellotech

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Founded in 2008, Anellotech has developed a clean technology platform for inexpensively producing bio-based chemicals from renewable non-food biomass. These drop-in, green versions of widely used

October 10, 2018 Read Full Article

Can the Bioeconomy Help Combat Plastic Waste?

by Jessie Stolark (Environmental and Energy Study Institute)  Recent reports have underscored the enormity of the global plastic waste issue.  There are 9.2 billion tons of plastic waste in the environment

September 28, 2018 Read Full Article

Industrially Important Molecules: The Digest’s 2018 Multi-Slide Guide to Constructive Biology

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Berkeley legend Jay Keasling gave this illuminating overview of the promise and progress of a new company in the Keasling universe, Constructive Biology. READ MORE

September 24, 2018 Read Full Article

Mushrooms Could Solve the War on Plastic, Says Kew Gardens

by  Jamie Johnson (Telegraph)  Fungi could be the key to winning the war on plastic, leading scientists at Kew Gardens has said. The first ever report on the state of the world’s fungi has

September 21, 2018 Read Full Article

Oil’s Relentless Price Climb Brings Advanced Biofuels Back in Vogue

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  For several years now we have seen a significant number of players pivoting from biofuels towards smaller but higher-value markets in chemicals, nutrition,  nutraceuticals, pharma, materials, flavorings,

August 9, 2018 Read Full Article

High-Performance: The Digest’s 2018 Multi-Slide Guide to Avantium

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The company is now safely emerged from its celebrated IPO, and is embarked on the development of the first commercial plant project with its JV partner

June 22, 2018 0 comment Read Full Article

A World First in the Port of Amsterdam

(Port of Amsterdam)   In the port of Amsterdam the construction has started of a new facility that will convert non-recyclable plastic into fuel for the transport sector, which will cut down

May 11, 2018 Read Full Article

Braskem Begins Operation in Boston to Strengthen Its Renewable Chemicals Strategy

(Braskem/WebWire)  Braskem expands strategy for the future of renewable chemicals  —  Braskem (B3: BRKM3, BRKM5 and BRKM6; NYSE: BAK; LATIBEX: XBRK), the largest thermoplastics resins producer in the Americas and the worldwide leader

April 24, 2018 Read Full Article

CO2 Use Is Slowly Picking up Speed

(Bio-based News/nova-Institut) First semi-commercial facilities, technical advances, but political support still unclear  —  6th Conference on Carbon Dioxides as Feedstock for Fuels, Chemistry and Polymers in Cologne, 15-16 March, showed state of

April 2, 2018 Read Full Article

Leaps and Bounds in Sustainable Plastics and Nylons: U Wisconsin, Genomatica, Aquafil, Anellotech, Suntory, ADM, DuPont in the Mix

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  It’s been a big week in plastics and nylons, all right — not only for those who value sustainability attributes, but for fans of lower costs

January 24, 2018 Read Full Article

How Boisean Will Escape the Cuts in Plastics Recycling — and Recycle Even More of Them

(Diesel Technology Forum)  Boise has found a way for city residents not only to keep recycling the same plastics they have recycled for years, but also to expand plastic recycling to

January 9, 2018 0 comment Read Full Article

Make Haste Slowly: The Story of Anellotech’s Journey towards a Bio-BTX Breakthrough

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  … In it, we are reminded that innovation is a never-ending war between two brothers named Urgency and Diligence — and the conflict comes roaring back to life when we

January 5, 2018 Read Full Article

Turning Prawns into Plastic: Schoolgirl Angelina Arora Fights Science Stereotypes

by Liam Mannix (Sydney Morning Herald)  Angelina Arora was sitting in her local fish and chip shop looking at all the discarded fish waste. Piles of crab shells, prawn tails and fish heads. Kilos

December 12, 2017 Read Full Article

Bioproducts, USDA and You: The Digest 2017 Multi-Slide Guide to USDA Agricutural Research Service Partnership

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s chief scientific in-house research agency. ARS conducts research to develop and transfer solutions to agricultural problems

December 11, 2017 Read Full Article

2nd Generation Biorefinery Solutions. YXY Marks the Spot: The Digest’s 2017 Multi-Slide Guide to Avantium

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The company is now safely emerged from its celebrated IPO, and is embarked on the construction of the first commercial plant with its JV partner BASF

October 4, 2017 Read Full Article

This New Teesside Company Needs 50 Tonnes of Birch – EVERY DAY!

by Mike Hughes (Gazette Live)  Nova Pangaea Technologies at Wilton will convert trees into sugars to make household items  —  … One of the region’s newest tech companies needs 50 tonnes

August 3, 2017 Read Full Article

Northern Oil Advanced Biofuels Pilot Plant Opening

by Francesca Brindle (Hydrocarbon Engineering)  Southern Oil has announced that Queensland Premier, the Hon. Annastacia Palaszczuk MP, will officially open the Northern Oil advanced biofuels pilot plant in Gladstone on

May 25, 2017 Read Full Article

The Digest’s 2017 Multi-Slide Guide to Biobased Plastics

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The Digest had a well-received webinar on biobased plastics, featuring Drop-in Fuels 2020 author and in-demand industry consultant Will Thurmond and NEXANT principal Ron Cascone,

May 4, 2017 Read Full Article

Innovative Refinery to Turn Municipal Waste into High-Grade Fuel

by Paul Krajewski  (High River Times)  A waste diversion company is working toward constructing a one-of-a-kind clean refinery near High River to produce renewable diesel from landfill debris. After years

January 6, 2017 Read Full Article

Strategic Intent: The Digest’s 2016 Multi-Slide Guide to Mars, Mitsui

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  This season, The Digest is hosting the Strategic Intent webinar series, looking at the plans, progress and future milestones of strategic stakeholders in the Advanced Bioeconomy.  In

October 7, 2016 Read Full Article

Anellotech Has Another Mystery Date

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Just when Toyota Tsusho and Suntory were outed as Anellotech investors, along comes another stealthy investor, who has put $1.5M into the company, according to

October 7, 2016 Read Full Article

Strategic Intent: The Digest’s 2016 Multi-Slide Guide to Neste, Nissan

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  This season, The Digest is hosting the Strategic Intent webinar series, looking at the plans, progress and future milestones of strategic stakeholders in the Advanced

October 5, 2016 Read Full Article

Strategic Intent: The Digest’s 2016 Multi-Slide Guide to Solvay, Stora Enso

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) This season, The Digest is hosting the Strategic Intent webinar series, looking at the plans, progress and future milestones of strategic stakeholders in the Advanced Bioeconomy.  In this

October 3, 2016 Read Full Article

New Bio Plastics and Resins

by Lorenz Bauer (Lee Consulting Enterprises/Biofuels Digest) …  Some of the more significant develops in the biopolymer and plastics development in the past year are included the table below. The latest

September 26, 2016 Read Full Article

Tick-tick-tick…This Plastic Will Self-Destruct

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  They called it Mission Impossible. Create a means to biodegrade any plastic out there that needs to decompose in the environment after use. Find little

September 26, 2016 Read Full Article

Intratec Reveals Production Costs of Green Chemicals and Biofuels

(Intratec Solutions)  New reports evaluate the economic feasibility of chemicals manufacturing through alternative, bio-based routes  —  Intratec Solutions LLC, the leading source for chemical markets data and production cost reports,

August 17, 2016 Read Full Article

Engineered High Energy Fuel from Waste: The Digest’s 2016 Multi-Slide Guide to Cornerstone Resources

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Cornerstone Resources develops and deploys waste management processing technologies that re-purpose a broad spectrum of organic wastes. Cornerstone adds that it’s BurCell system is a disruptive vacuum

August 5, 2016 Read Full Article

New Research Launched to See if Fuel Made from Recycled Plastic Could Power Ship Engines

(Biofuels International)  The University of West England is working with waste-to-energy specialist Recycling Technologies to test if a fuel, called Plaxx,  made from mixed plastic waste can be used to

August 4, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

Verdezyne, CB&I, Albemarle, Dow AgroSciences, Newlight Technologies Land 2016 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Washington, the EPA announced that Verdezyne, CB&I, Albemarle, Dow AgroSciences, Newlight Technologies and Princeton Professor Paul Chirik are winners of the 2016 Presidential Green

June 24, 2016 Read Full Article

One Way to Tackle Our Huge Plastic Pollution Problem: Turn It into Fuel

by Chelsea Harvey (The Washington Post)  …  But both strategies tend to produce a mixture of products at the end with different chemical formulas, and it’s hard to control for

June 23, 2016 Read Full Article

Clean Energy: Steam Reformation Technology

by Zoltan Kish (Lee Enterprises/Biofuels Digest)  … The primary challenge of clean energy production is the heterogeneous nature of waste and biomass, which creates a widely varying chemical constituency of the energy

June 23, 2016 Read Full Article

Re-Think, Re-Use, Retro-Fit: 15 4G Techs Transforming Gen-1 Biobased Plants

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … Here, we profile 15 techs that offer incremental to profound shifts in the economics of the Gen-1 ethanol fleet, and have implications for everything from passenger cars

June 17, 2016 Read Full Article

New SPI Bioplastics Division Report Defines Bioplastics, Explores the Growing Field of Bioplastics and Demonstrates How Material Innovation Can Offer Environmental aAdvantages.

(SPI)  As bioplastics become more popular and an emerging material of choice, SPI: The Plastics Industry Trade Association’s SPI Bioplastics Division released a new report today (April 1, 2016), Bioplastics Simplified:

April 14, 2016 Read Full Article

OBIC Bioplastics and Biobased Composites Technology Forum — May 18, 2016 — Columbus, OH

  OBIC Bioplastics and Biobased Composites Technology Forum — May 18, 2016 — Columbus, OH

Bioplastics are in your future.  Discover what you need to know to grow your bio-business. If you’re in the plastics industry, you’re aware of bioplastics. But do you know what

March 29, 2016 Read Full Article

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fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon Gambia gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline-range hydrocarbons gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gas prices gas tax/highway user fee General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal Germany Gerogia Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government subsidies grains grain sorghum/milo grain speculators GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green/black economy green chemistry green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing GREET model Grenada gribble ground nut groundnut growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guinea Gulf states Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP Haiti Halophytes harvesting harvest site processing Hawaii hazardous waste HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat-tolerance heating oil/fuel heat of combustion heat of vaporization hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb HFS-SIP hibiscus High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Honge tree nuts Hong Kong hops horse bedding Horse manure horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrids hydrocarbon fuels hydrofaction hydrogen hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen fuel cells hydrogenolysis hydrogen pumps hydropower hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal liquefaction hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois illuppai ILUC (Indirect Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indiana Indian beech tree Indian grass indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial ethanol industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insurance integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map internal combustion engine International international balance of payments International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isooctane isooctene Israel Italy Ivory Coast JA1 JAA jackfruit Jamaica Japan Jatropha Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 Jetfuel (Sustainable Alternative Jetfuel (SAJF)/Renewable Jetfuel (RJF) Jimmy Carter Jobs jojoba Jordan JP-4 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loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg Luxemburg lysis M15 M50 macadamia macauba Macedonia Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine maize Malawi Malaysia Mali mallees Malta mamona management changes mandates manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Biofuel marine algae Marine Corps Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane/biomethane methane leaks methanol/biomethanol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbe microbiology microorganizms microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molybdenum Monaco mongongo Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) muck multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol nahar Namibia nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Lab National Oceanic and Atmospheric 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credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition nut shells oak oat hulls oats oat straw Obama Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol off-take agreements Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement Oils oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes Oklahoma olive cake olive pits olives olive water Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview 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revisions/repeal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable hydrogen renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard renewable propane Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) renewable volume renewable volume obligation (RVO) replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion retail return on investment R Factor RFI RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island Ricardo rice rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rotation crops royalties RSF2 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda rye Rye grass s saccharification Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago sago pond weed SAIC SAK sales Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Policy Scotland scum sea level rise seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securiti Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale gas shale oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smokestack 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cane sugar cane prices sugar cane straw Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugars sugars-to-fats sugar standards sulfur Sumatra sunflower supercritical fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Suriname Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweetgum sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland sycamore syngas syngas fermentation synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic methane Syria Tailoring Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall fescue tall oil tallow tallow tree Tamarix tank cars tankers tanker trucks Tanzania tariffs taro tar sands Tasmania tax benefit tax credit taxes tax incentives tax parity tax policy tea teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training technical course technology transfer tech transfer telephone utility poles Tennesee Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic 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