Is There a Future for Biodiesel in Europe?

February 06, 2024

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by Edgar Ahn (BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH/Biobased Diesel Daily) A comprehensive look at the policy landscape and market opportunities for fatty acid methyl esters in the European Union. -- ... A group of experts from the Dutch Rabobank anticipates a sharp decline in new registrations of vehicles with internal-combustion engines from around the mid-2020s, with a simultaneous increase in electric vehicles (EVs) and a significant rise in plug-in hybrid vehicles. However, such a development would mean that the share of biofuels in road transport would fall drastically starting in the 2030s (see Figure 1).

The currently planned legal framework for biofuels within Fit for 55 also offers little potential, particularly for the expansion of biodiesel in road transport.

The revised version of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED III) contains the following requirements, which will be binding for all member states (see Table 1):

The directive sets a common target for the share of renewable energies in EU energy consumption of 42.5 percent by 2030 and encourages the member states to further increase this share to 45 percent by 2030 on a voluntary basis.

The share of first-generation biofuels based on biomass (e.g., biodiesel from rapeseed oil or ethanol from corn) is limited to a maximum of 7 percent.

Biofuels produced from used cooking oil (UCO) and animal waste fats (Annex IX, Part B), such as biodiesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) are limited to a share of 1.7 percent in 2030. This limit can be increased by individual member states with the approval of the EU. For the biodiesel industry, the currently discussed expansion of the range of raw materials in this annex would include the following five raw-material sources:

Damaged crops that are not fit for use in the food or feed chain.
Municipal wastewater and derivatives other than sewage sludge.
Cyanobacteria.
Nonfood crops grown on severely degraded land.
Intermediate crops, such as catch crops and cover crops that are grown in areas where, due to a short vegetation period, the production of food and feed crops is limited to one harvest; and provided their use does not trigger demand for additional land; and provided the soil organic matter is maintained.

These feedstocks represent an oil potential of several tens of millions of tons per year, but their inclusion in the annex is currently the subject of heated debate within EU legislation.

Strong growth is planned for biofuels based on raw materials from RED Annex IX Part A (currently 16 raw-material categories such as algae, lignocellulosic biomass, tall oil, etc.). Their share in the transport sector is set to increase from just under 1 percent in 2025 to 5.5 percent in 2030. However, the technologies for this category are generally not yet available on an industrial scale, meaning that the planned increase appears extremely ambitious.

A new group of alternative fuels—renewable fuels of nonbiological origin (RFNBO)—includes hydrogen and all eFuels, and their share within this advanced biofuel group should be at least 1 percent by 2030. However, the necessary production infrastructure is currently completely lacking and will require enormous investment in the coming years.

In contrast, the blending quotas for traditional biofuels are—incomprehensibly—not being increased and a B7 protection class will even be established by 2030. The opportunity to defossilize existing fleets in the transport sector more quickly by increasing the blending quotas is therefore unfortunately not being used by EU legislators.

The new ReFuelEU aviation regulation will force the aviation industry to reduce its GHG emissions (see Table 2). As electrification or the switch to hydrogen is still a long way off, sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are currently the only way to defossilize the aviation sector.

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In Europe, only waste fats such as UCO or animal waste fats are to be used as feedstock for HEFA—the same raw materials that are currently used to produce biodiesel for road transport.

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However, the expected quantities of waste oils will only increase slightly, so it is clear that the manufacturers of the various fat-based biofuels will be fighting for the coveted raw material of waste fat. This gap can only be closed if new raw-material sources are found or new production technologies reach industrial maturity.

Additionally, the question emerges regarding the optimal utilization of the limited raw materials. A study by the European Waste-based & Advanced Biofuels Association compared the production routes of HVO, HEFA and FAME based on UCO and found that the production of UCO-based biodiesel causes significantly less CO2 than the production of HVO or HEFA, due to the simpler and less energy-intensive production process. In addition, the production costs of HEFA are about 30 percent more expensive compared to biodiesel production....

A planned 2 percent blending mandate for aviation in 2025 could mean that at least 1.5 million tons of waste grease would be diverted from existing biodiesel production, resulting in 1 million tons of additional GHG emissions. Is it therefore justifiable to politically favor air transport over road transport, as envisaged in the new ReFuelEU aviation? Would it not be better to massively promote new technologies for SAF production (e.g., eFuels)?

Last but not least, the EU Commission is planning to reduce GHG emissions from maritime shipping through its own regulation—FuelEU maritime—in a similar manner to aviation. Here, technology-neutral percentages for the reduction of GHG emissions are set, starting at 2 percent in 2025 and gradually increasing to 80 percent in 2050 .......

Due to the simpler drive technology, biodiesel is also a possible drop-in biofuel that is immediately available in large quantities. When biomethanol is employed as shipping fuel, biodiesel can serve as the necessary pilot fuel.

In addition, biodiesel could also utilize its forgotten advantages as a biodegradable biofuel that will not pollute the water (e.g., in comparison to renewable diesel).

Conclusion

So does biodiesel have a future in the course of defossilization of Europe’s transport sector? In the author’s opinion, this question can be answered as follows:

For the road transport sector:

Increasing electrification and the ban on internal-combustion engines will reduce the demand for biofuels in the passenger-car sector.
Significant additional GHG savings could be achieved in existing fleets if the blending quota for biodiesel, for example, is increased at the same time; however, this is currently not politically supported.
There may be a similar development of electrification for heavy commercial vehicles—but this depends very much on increasing the production of sustainable electricity, its distribution and the expansion of the charging infrastructure—with massive investments. If these investments are not made, or are made only slowly, biodiesel will remain a proven means of defossilizing this transport sector.
In areas of application that are difficult to electrify—for example construction-site vehicles—biofuels could remain the only option for defossilization for a long time to come.
By expanding the permissible range of raw materials to include “nonfood crops” and “intermediate crops,” the amount of oil required to expand biodiesel production in the future could be multiplied without jeopardizing food production or misusing valuable agricultural land.

For the aviation sector:

Fat-based SAF can be a drop-in solution, but at the expense of GHG savings in the road-transport sector.
Alternative biomass-to-liquid technologies are under development or have already reached technology-readiness level (TRL) 9 in some cases, especially ethanol from cellulose. However, large quantities of sustainable biomass are required as fuel yields are low.
Is aviation an opportunity for eFuels? We still need to find answers to open questions such as, “How quickly will these technologies reach industrial scale?” “Where will the sustainable electricity come from?” “Where will the biomass and water come from?” And, “Who will bear the high development costs?”

For the maritime-shipping sector:

Electrification of maritime shipping is possible in niches.
Biodiesel is already available in large quantities as a suitable drop-in fuel.
Biodiesel is also well-suited as a pilot fuel for maritime biomethanol applications.
Biodiesel also offers advantages in the maritime sector in terms of avoiding water pollution. READ MORE

Tags

water pollution wastewater used cooking oil (UCO) Transportation Fuels Policy tall oil Sustainability sludge renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO) Renewable Energy Directive (RED/RED II/RED III) Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/HVO/Paraffinic Diesel regulations Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol markets/sales market forces Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) marginal land Lignocellulosic Biofuel legislation Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Investing internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) history HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) Green Deal EU GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Fleets Feedstocks FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) European Union (EU) environmental policy electrofuels (e-fuels) defossilization cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cover crops Cellulosic ethanol Canola/Rapeseed buses BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel Production biodiesel Aviation Fuel/Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Austria animal fat algae

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