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‘Balance’ and ‘Harmony’ and ‘SAF’: Key Words at the 2023 AFCC Global Biobased Economy Conference

by Joanne Ivancic* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  Conferences serve to present the current thoughts, activities and plans for the community involved in the focus of the event.  At the 2023 Alternative Fuels and Chemicals Coalition Global Biobased Economy Conference and Exhibit

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US Court Rejects EPA's Decision to Withhold Small Refinery Biofuel Waivers

by Heather Timmons (Reuters)  A U.S. appeals court on Wednesday said it struck down the Biden administration's decision to deny small refiners "hardship waivers" that exempt them from nation's biofuel mandates, in a win for the refining industry. In July, the Environmental

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ARENA Funding for WA Renewable Hydrogen Study

(Australian Renewable Energy Agency) One of Australia’s largest energy infrastructure businesses and one of Western Australia’s largest chemical manufacturing companies are set to investigate producing and transporting renewable hydrogen through an existing natural gas pipeline south of Perth, in a new

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Oil Majors’ Carbon Capture Plans Dubbed a ‘Dangerous Delusion’

by Alastair Marsh (Bloomberg)  Oil executives betting they’ll be able to meet net zero emissions goals by relying on carbon-capture technology are deluding themselves, according to an influential group of corporate bosses, bankers and academics. The Energy Transitions Commission, whose members include

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Tidewater Renewables Launches Commercial Operations

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) Tidewater Renewables on Nov. 9 confirmed that its 3,000-barrel-per-day (45.99 MMgy) renewable diesel complex located at its refinery in Prince George, British Columbia, produced its first renewable diesel on Oct. 22 and as of Nov.

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Petrobras Technology Enables Riograndense Refinery to Process 100% Renewable Feedstocks

(Petrobras) Test Unveils Pioneering Advancements in Biorefining on a Global Scale -- The Riograndense Petroleum Refinery (RPR) has accomplished a historic achievement by successfully processing 100% soybean oil in a Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit at the Refinery. This milestone was made

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Imperial Announces Progress with RD Project, Coprocessing Trials Public Comment DEADLINE December 8, 2023

by Erin Voegele (Biodiesel Magazine)  Phillips 66 on Oct. 27 confirmed the renewables conversion of its refinery in Rodeo, California, is progressing on schedule with startup expected during the first quarter of 2024. Once fully operational, the facility will have the

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CVR Ramps Up Production at Wynnewood, Considers Shift to SAF

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) CVR Energy Inc. processed a record volume of renewable feedstock at its Wynnewood refinery in Oklahoma during the fourth quarter. The facility’s feedstock pretreatment unit is nearing mechanical completion and CVR is continuing to evaluate the

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Chevron Lummus Global Commissions ISOTERRA Unit at Chevron's El Segundo Refinery

(Chevron Lummus Global/PR Newswire) Unique retrofit design delivers exceptional diesel fuel yields -- Chevron Lummus Global LLC (CLG) today announced the completion and successful startup of an ISOTERRA unit as part of Chevron's renewable fuel conversion project at their El Segundo Refinery

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Neste Partners with PTL Marine to Supply Renewable Diesel to Marine Customers across California

(Neste)  Neste is partnering with PTL Marine to provide Neste MY Renewable Diesel™ to the marine sector across the State of California. PTL Marine, a division of Pilot Thomas Logistics, is a leading provider of maritime fuel and lubricants, supplies and last-mile logistics. Through this

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Eni and Saipem: Agreement to Develop New Biorefineries

(Eni) Eni and Saipem have signed an agreement for the development of biorefining. It was signed today by Giuseppe Ricci, Chief Operating Officer for Energy Evolution at Eni, and Alessandro Puliti, Chief Executive Officer at Saipem, to support the transformation path

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Low Carbon Fuels 2040: The Emerging Markets

(Biofuels Digest/Nuu Media) Low Carbon Fuels 2040: The Emerging Markets provides detailed case studies, updates and analysis of the key producers and developers participating in Renewable Diesel projects and Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) projects in the USA, Canada, Europe, Asia, and in South

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The Missing Equations at ExxonMobil’s Advanced Recycling Operation

by James Bruggers (Inside Climate News)  The petrochemical giant promotes its new Baytown facility near Houston as a model for solving the world’s glut of used plastic. But ExxonMobil won’t say how much goes into making new plastic—or ends up burned

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Advanced Biofuels Canada Announces Release of Navius Research’s ‘Biofuels in Canada 2023’ Report

(Advanced Biofuels Canada/EIN Presswire/CBS42)  New report assesses Clean Fuel Regulations impact, shows significant ramp up in adoption of low carbon fuels -- Advanced Biofuels Canada (ABFC) announced the release of the eighth annual Navius Research Biofuels in Canada (BIC) report, accompanied by detailed

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Sustainable Aviation Fuel Post-2030: A Similar Trend as Ethanol in U.S. Road Transport?

by Phillipe Marchand (Transport Energy Strategies) ... The EU ReFuel EU Aviation regulation to mandate SAF incorporation looks solid, promoting a fast-escalating mandate between 2025 and 2050, in line with the urgency to reach net zero emissions in 2050. The HEFA pathway, transforming

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SATORP Completes MENA Region’s First Conversion of UCO into SAF

(Biofuels International)  SATORP completes MENA region’s first conversion of UCO into SAF  --  SATORP, a platform jointly owned by Aramco (62.5 %) and TotalEnergies (37.5 %), has for the first time in the region successfully converted used cooking oil through coprocessing into

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Honeywell Offers Renewable Fuels Technologies to Refiners in Asia Pacific

(Honeywell) Honeywell today announced the availability of technologies and digital solutions to enable customers in Asia Pacific to produce renewable fuels from multiple sources of renewable feedstocks. Refiners are facing market changes as the drive toward sustainability accelerates to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

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Bangchak Readies Jet Biofuel

(Bangkok Post) Biofuel for aircraft, known as sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), is expected to become popular in the industry once the product debuts next year, says SET-listed energy conglomerate Bangchak Corporation, which has diversified into the SAF business. The firm is building

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When It All Matters

by Katie Schroeder (Ethanol Producer Magazine) In August, the American Coalition for Ethanol held its 36th Annual Conference, themed “Everything Counts,” featuring speakers covering topics ranging from selling higher blends of ethanol to export markets and decarbonization.  Members of ACE leadership, Dave

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Biofuel Production Gaining Traction for Energy Transition, Says GlobalData

(GlobalData) Renewable fuels are biofuels that are produced using advanced biomass such as wastes from agriculture, forestry, food processing, and non-edible crops. These are rapidly gaining popularity among refiners globally due to their potential role in the global energy transition, when

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Judge Halts Major Bay Area Refinery Project for State Environmental Review

by Natalie Hanson (Courthouse News Service) Phillips 66 cannot begin operations at a new California biofuel refinery until Contra Costa County fixes flaws in an environmental analysis of the project. -- Phillips 66 must halt a plan to start operating a new

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Repsol Begins Producing Renewable Hydrogen at Petronor

(Repsol) • Repsol has started up its first electrolyzer at the Petronor industrial center (Biscay, Spain). With an investment of 11 million euros, this renewable hydrogen has an industrial use in the refinery itself, reducing the carbon footprint of the products. The

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ADNOC First Company in the Middle East to Receive ISCC Certification to Produce Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(ADNOC) Milestone underscores ADNOC’s commitment to collaborating with its customers to accelerate their decarbonization journeys; Certification will enable ADNOC to supply SAF to the aviation industry, reinforcing its commitment to sustainability  --  ADNOC announced, today, its Ruwais Refinery has received International Sustainability Carbon

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Indian Refiner Seeks First Ethanol From Bamboo as Demand Swells

by Rakesh Sharma (Bloomberg/Yahoo! Finance)  India’s state-owned Numaligarh Refinery Ltd. says it’s set to pioneer the production of ethanol from bamboo in the country, with a refinery slated to open in December. The plant, located in the North Eastern states of Assam, is

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Govt Conducts First Biofuel-Powered Flight Test on Commercial Plane

by Yohana Belinda (The Jakarta Post)  The government conducted its first flight test for bio-aviation fuel (BAF) on Wednesday (October 5, 2023) using a commercial Boeing 737-800 aircraft operated by flag carrier Garuda Indonesia. The BAF used in the test was

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Products for SAF

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) A recent DOE project aims to Develop a technology pathway to convert woody biomass into sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and other biogenic products via catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) and hydrotreating. This research opens pathways for SAF production from forest resources

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How United and Other US Airlines Lost Momentum on Sustainable Jet Fuel

by Ben Elgin (Bloomberg) Despite soaring rhetoric, American carriers are far behind their European counterparts in implementing this climate fix. -- ... Only a half-dozen companies make commercial quantities of SAF, which accounts for about 0.1% of the world’s jet-fuel supply and costs at least

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Eni’s Africa Biofuel Feedstock Plan to Cost €700 Million

(BNN Bloomberg)  Eni SpA’s plan to set up plants to source approximately 700,000 tons of biofuel feedstock from Africa by 2026 will cost as much as €700 million ($735 million), according to a senior company official.  The plan has already received its

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Vale and Petrobras Sign Protocol of Intent to Accelerate the Development of Low-Carbon Solutions

(Vale)  Vale today signed a protocol of intent with Petrobras to develop low carbon solutions, taking advantage of the technical expertise of both companies and their synergies. The partnership is for a two-year period and will assess joint decarbonization opportunities,

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Carbon Recycling International (CRI) and Jiangsu Sailboat Start up World’s Most Efficient CO2-to-Methanol Plant

(Carbon Recycling International) • Carbon Recycling International (CRI) and Jiangsu Sailboat have successfully started up one of the world's most efficient CO2-to-methanol plants. The plant will recycle carbon dioxide and hydrogen waste streams from the wider petrochemical complex. These are emissions that would

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The UAE Holds a Major Oil and Gas Conference Just ahead of Hosting UN Climate Talks in Dubai

by Jon Gambrell (Associated Press) The Emirati president-designate of the upcoming United Nations COP28 climate talks urged oil and gas companies Monday to be “central to the solution” to fighting climate change, a message delivered even as the industry boosts its

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25 Bold Actions to Accelerate Global Bioeconomy Deployment: Results from the 9/22/23 Meet-up of the Bold Goals Action Group in Sydney

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Australia, at the initial meet-up of the global Bold Goals Action Group, leaders of the global bioeconomy, a “coalition of the willing”, established a draft of 25 Bold Actions that, if achieved by the various stakeholders in

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Mitsui to Invest in Renewable Diesel and SAF Production Business in Portugal

(Mitsui & Co.) Mitsui & Co., Ltd. ("Mitsui", Head Office: Tokyo, President and CEO: Kenichi Hori) has agreed to invest in a renewable diesel (hydrotreated vegetable oil/HVO) and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production business operated by Galp SGPS, S.A. ("Galp"), Portugal's

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OMV to Supply Air France-KLM with 2,000t Sustainable Aviation Fuel This Year

(OMV AG)  OMV and Air France-KLM committed to playing active role in reducing the aviation industry's carbon footprint; Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) enables Air France-KLM to purchase more than 300,000 metric tons of SAF from OMV by 2030; OMV the integrated energy, fuels

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Trafigura Selects IsoTherming® Technology for Grassroots Diesel Hydrotreater in Argentina

(Elessent Clean Technologies/Biobased Diesel Daily)  Elessent Clean Technologies announced in early September the signing of license and engineering contracts with Trafigura for the construction of a state-of-the-art IsoTherming® diesel hydrotreater at the Bahía Blanca Refinery in Argentina. The diesel hydrotreater is scaled

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Decarbonizing Refining: TotalEnergies Launches a Call for Tenders for the Supply of 500,000 Tons per Year of Green Hydrogen

(TotalEnergies/Business Wire)  As part of the drive to decarbonize its European refineries, TotalEnergies (Paris:TTE) (LSE:TTE) (NYSE:TTE) is launching a call for tenders for the supply of 500,000 tons per year of green hydrogen. The use of green hydrogen should avoid the

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Eni, LG Chem Explore Renewable Diesel, SAF Project Development in South Korea

(Eni/Biobased Diesel Daily)  South Korea’s leading chemicals producer LG Chem and Italian energy group Eni Sustainable Mobility jointly announced Sept. 14 that they are exploring the possibility to develop and operate a new biorefinery at LG Chem’s Daesan chemical complex, 80

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Lawsuits Initiated Against EPA on the Renewable Fuels Standard, Despite Rising Energy Prices

by Michelle Rook (AgWeb) Environmental and fossil fuel organizations have launched a series of lawsuits against the RFS which establish annual volume targets for various renewable fuels for 2023 through 2025.  Nine cases have been consolidated in the D.C. Circuit

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Brazil's Lula Launches 'Fuel of the Future' Program to Reduce Emissions

by Jeff Fick (S&P Global) Seeks to boost ethanol-gasoline blend; Implements national program for SAF; Will require airlines to cut emissions -- The administration of President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva launched its "Fuel of the Future" program in the government's latest effort to

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BP Commits to Germany with $11 Billion Low-Carbon Investment Push

by Christoph Steitz and Ron Bousso (Reuters)  Aims to decarbonize refineries, build hydrogen hub; 10 billion euro investment challenges rival utilities --  BP (BP.L) plans to invest up to 10 billion euros ($10.7 billion) in low-carbon fuels, renewables and EV charging in Germany by the

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Technip Energies to Supply Hydrogen Unit to bp SAF Project

by Erin Voegele (SAF Magazine) Technip Energies on Aug. 29 announced it has been awarded a contract to supply a hydrogen production unit to bp’s proposed sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and renewable diesel conversion project at its Kwinana refinery in Western

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Braya Partner Awarded Exclusive Rights to Develop Toqlukuti’k Wind-Hydrogen Project for Biorefinery

by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily)  Braya Renewable Fuels announced Sept. 6 that its partner, ABO Wind, was awarded exclusive rights under a Crown-land award by the provincial government of Newfoundland and Labrador to pursue development of the Toqlukuti’k Wind and

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Brazil Eyes Tax Perks for Energy Sector, Sparking 'Green' vs Oil Debate

by Marcela Ayres (Reuters) Brazil's government aims to make more energy projects eligible for key tax benefits, however the main ministries involved disagree about whether to favor a "green" agenda or include oil projects and refineries, according to a senior official

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On Top of SAF: ... Topsoe Believes All Possible Pathways Are Needed—but for Most, Investment Costs Remain High.

by  Susanne Retka Schill (SAF Magazine) U.S. SAF goals are lofty. New tax credits provide real incentives. Multiple technologies are ready to roll. Opportunities lie ahead.  But the challenges are complex, Henrik Rasmussen, Topsoe’s managing director for the Americas, tells SAF Magazine.

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Refiners Drop Suit over RFS Compliance Schedule

(Inside EPA) Small refiners have abandoned their lawsuit against EPA’s revised timeline for compliance with renewable fuel standard (RFS) biofuel blending volumes, following their loss in a closely related case that addressed many of the same arguments over the allegedly compressed

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Verde Clean Fuels Announces Carbon Capture Agreement for Renewable Gasoline Plant in California

(Verde Clean Fuels/Business Wire) Project aims to produce approximately 7MM gallons of renewable gasoline and sequester over 100,000 metric tons of CO2 per annum by 2027 -- Verde Clean Fuels (“Verde”) (Nasdaq: VGAS), a company focused on becoming the leading supplier of

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UKPIA Changes Name to Reflect Move towards More Sustainable Fuels

(Fuels Industry UK)  The downstream oil sector’s leading trade body today begins its new phase as Fuels Industry UK to demonstrate its evolving remit to champion low carbon fuels as well as traditional petroleum products. Previously known as the United Kingdom Petroleum

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ScanOcean and Neste Launch New Co-processed DMA MGO Bunker Fuel

by Meghan Sapp (Biofuels Digest) In Sweden, Ship & Bunker report ScanOcean and Neste have expanded their collaboration to include a new co-processed DMA MGO bunker fuel that reduces GHG emissions by 80% compared to purely fossil fuel DMA MGO. The fossil

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Exclusive: Phillips 66, ADM in Talks on Biofuels Joint Venture - Sources

by Stephanie Kelly, Karl Plume and Jarrett Renshaw (Reuters)  U.S. oil refiner Phillips 66 (PSX.N) and grain trader Archer-Daniels-Midland (ADM.N) are discussing a biofuels joint venture with an aim toward producing lower-carbon jet fuel, three people familiar with the matter said. The oil and corn-based ethanol

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CCS Brings Health Savings by Cutting Pollution — Report

by Carlos Anchondo (Politico Pro Energywire) A study analyzed the benefits of capturing pollutants from 54 facilities across seven industries. -- Carbon capture at industrial and power generation facilities across the United States could deliver billions of dollars in health savings by

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Two-Day Webinar Series: Biocarbon Incorporation into Transportation Fuels via Co-processing in Refineries --- September 20 and 27, 2023 --- ONLINE Presentations Available to Download and Listen

Co-processing of biogenic feedstocks within the existing petroleum infrastructure represents an opportunity to incorporate large volumes of bio-carbon into transportation fuels. However, upgrading intermediate liquids from biomass and waste to final products efficiently and economically, while minimizing impacts to existing

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Passing Static Test, Pertamina Continues Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Development

(Pertamina)  Pertamina, as the national energy company, continues to develop environmentally friendly fuel innovations, one of which is the Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) development for commercial aircraft. Pertamina has successfully conducted static tests of SAF on CFM56-7B jet engines commonly used

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Construction Underway on Imperial’s Renewable Diesel Facility near Edmonton, Alberta

by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily)  In its second-quarter financials released July 28, Imperial, Canada’s largest petroleum refiner, said the renewable diesel project at its Strathcona refinery near Edmonton, Alberta, passed a significant milestone during the quarter. In May, key contractors were

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Garuda Indonesia Set to Conduct First Biofuel-Powered Flight Test

by Vincent Fabian Thomas (The Jakarta Post)  Garuda Indonesia plans to conduct a flight test using bio-aviation fuel (BAF) produced by state-owned oil and gas giant Pertamina, the flag carrier has announced in a statement on Tuesday. The BAF, developed in

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Hawaii’s Clean Energy Transition Faces Steep Hurdles, Study Finds

by Paula Dobbyn (Honolulu Civil Beat) Some industries, especially transportation, face unique challenges in weaning off fossil fuels. -- Aggressive action must be taken by all sectors of the state’s economy if Hawaii wants to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045

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Repsol Will Invest 120 Million to Transform a Plant in Puertollano to Produce Biodiesel

(La Vanguardia/Servimedia (Google Translation)) Repsol is going to invest 120 million euros to transform a unit of its plant in Puertollano (Ciudad Real) with the aim of producing biodiesel from 2025. ... Repsol's plans are to reach a production of 200,000 tons

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IndianOil and Praj Seal Deal for Building Biofuel Production Capacities in India

(Biofuels International) Indian Oil Corporation (IndianOil) and Praj Industries have signed a term sheet to advance plans to strengthen biofuels production capacities in India. Various biofuels covered under this MoU include sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), ethanol, compressed biogas (CBG), biodiesel and bio-bitumen

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Mitsui and Taiyo Oil to Commence Joint Study on the Production of SAF in Japan

(Mitsui) Mitsui & Co., Ltd. ("Mitsui", Head Office: Tokyo, President and CEO: Kenichi Hori) and Taiyo Oil Co., Ltd. ("Taiyo Oil", Head Office: Tokyo, Representative Member of the Board, President and CEO: Yutaka Oka) have agreed to conduct a joint study

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Growth Energy Sides with EPA, Calls Out Oil Industry in RFS Case Brief

(Growth Energy) Growth Energy, the nation’s largest biofuels trade association, filed an amicus brief this week in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in The San Antonio Refinery, LLC, et al. v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The case pertains

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Groups Win Legal Challenges to Massive Bay Area Biofuel Refinery Projects

(Center for Biological Diversity)  Flawed Reviews Downplayed Harms to Communities, Environment -- Communities for a Better Environment and the Center for Biological Diversity won legal victories today over Contra Costa County’s approval of two proposed biofuel refinery conversions in the Bay Area.

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The Race to Invent a Greener Jet Fuel

by  Ted Anton (Wall Street Journal) With airlines striving to reduce emissions, companies are working to turn beef fat, vegetable oil and carbon waste into sustainable fuels -- Sustainable aviation fuels are approaching a breakthrough moment. Made mostly from agricultural, food and industrial

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Why Islanders Are Paying More for Gas under New Regulations

by Laura Chapin and Carolyn Ryan (CBC News)  New regulations end up rewarding drivers who use ethanol blends not available here -- Prince Edward Islanders are paying more under the new federal clean fuel regulations in part because ethanol isn't mixed into

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Lukoil Testing Algae-Based Biodiesel at Bulgarian Refinery, Selling Fuel from Waste in Finland

(Interfax)  Lukoil is studying possibilities for developing and producing new energy products, the Russian oil company said in a sustainability report for 2022. A project for experimental production of third-generation biofuel (biodiesel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)) based on AlgenCrude, which is

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Lummis Releases Bill to Ease Refineries' Biofuel Costs

by Marc Heller (Politico Pro) The Wyoming Republican proposes a mathematical tweak to the renewable fuel standard, giving small refineries a break on credits they buy to show compliance. -- A Wyoming senator dissatisfied with the renewable fuel standard's treatment

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Portugal's Environment Agency Greenlights Galp Biodiesel, Biojet Plant

by Sergio Goncalves (Reuters)  Portugal’s environment regulator on Monday said it had approved a project by Portuguese oil company Galp to launch an industrial-scale plant to produce biodiesel and biojet fuel using cooking oils at its Sines refinery. Galp aims to launch

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EPA Denies Small Refinery Petitions

by Cindy Zimmerman (Energy.AgWired.com)  On Friday, EPA announced its decision denying 26 petitions seeking small refinery exemptions (SREs) from the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program for one or more of the compliance years between 2016 and 2023. Consistent with the April and July 2022

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E.U.’s ‘Green’ Hydrogen Rules May Shape American Industry

by David Iaconangelo (E&E News Energywire) The European Union’s definition of “green” hydrogen is emerging as a potential model for the U.S., with global repercussions for emissions, trade and production of the fuel. Europe’s plan also is shaking up a debate over

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Renewable Diesel’s Uncertain Future

by Jacqueline Holland (Farm Progress) Farmers and the rest of the world want green energy. Is the U.S. government standing in the way? -- Greg Anderson was disheartened when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced 2023-25 biofuel blending volumes in June. The

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Sen. Coons Co-sponsors Bill Aimed at Helping Indie Refineries Deal with Costly RIN Ethanol System

(Delaware Business Now) U.S. Sens. Chris Coons, D-DE, and Bob Casey, D-PA, joined with House members in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in sponsoring legislation aimed at dealing with the system for monitoring the refining of ethanol. A coalition of independent refineries, including

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Biofuel, Farm, Fuel Marketer Groups Urge Fairness in Tailpipe Emissions Standards

(Renewable Fuels Association) America’s farmers, fuel marketers and retailers, and renewable fuel producers today called on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to adopt a market-oriented, technology-neutral approach to transportation decarbonization in its upcoming final tailpipe emissions standards for 2027-2032 light- and

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Renewable Diesel 101

by Jim Mladenik (Stillwater Associates)  Renewable diesel (RD) is the fastest-growing biofuel in America. It is also the fastest-growing way to reduce carbon emissions from transportation vehicles in California. This article is a basic introduction to RD that explains how it

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Germany: TotalEnergies and VNG Join Forces on Green Hydrogen to Decarbonize the Leuna Refinery

(TotalEnergies)  TotalEnergies and VNG, a German natural gas distribution company, have signed an agreement to initiate the future supply of green hydrogen to the Leuna refinery operated by TotalEnergies. Under the agreement, green hydrogen will be produced from renewable electricity

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Malaysia Airlines Secures Large Scale SAF Supply at Kuala Lumpur Airport

(Aviation Week) The Malaysia Airlines Group (MAG) has reached an agreement to purchase sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) for use in its flights from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA). Malaysian oil and gas giant Petronas Dagangan Berhad will supply the airline

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MAIRE's Subsidiaries Awarded New Biofuel Contracts

by Bella Weetch (Hydrocarbon Engineering) ...  The pre-treatment plant, to be installed inside the Plock Refinery in Central Poland, shall process vegetable oils, used cooking oils and animal fats to produce renewable diesel (also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil, or HVO)

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Neste Decides to Invest in Liquefied Waste Plastic Upgrading Unit at Its Porvoo Refinery

(Neste) Neste has made the final investment decision to commence construction of upgrading facilities for liquefied plastic waste at its Porvoo refinery in Finland. With the investment of 111 million euros, Neste will build the capacity to upgrade 150,000 tons of

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Next Step towards Sustainable Air Freight: DHL Global Forwarding Partners with IAG Cargo to Enable Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(DHL)  • DHL Global Forwarding and IAG Cargo sign a contract for the purchase of 11.5 million liters of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) emissions reductions. SAF are a crucial part of DHL’s GoGreen Plus service, allowing DHL and their customers

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Federal Hydrogen Program Is Cutting Out Local Groups, Threatening Climate Goals, Advocates Say

by Nicholas Kusnetz (Inside Climate News) Environmental groups sent a letter to Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm warning that a lack of transparency in an $8 billion clean hydrogen program leaves communities “entirely in the dark.” --As a key piece of

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Podcast Preview with Bruce Fleming, Montana Renewables

by Anna Simet (Biodiesel Magazine) Season 2, Episode 2, of the Biodiesel Magazine podcast caught up with Bruce Fleming, executive vice president of Montana Renewables, a newly online renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel producer. BDM: Tell us about Montana Renewables and what

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The EPA Faces Questions About Its Approval of a Plastic-Based Fuel With an Astronomical Cancer Risk

by Sharon Lerner (ProPublica) The Environmental Protection Agency is facing a lawsuit filed by a community group and questions from a U.S. senator over the agency’s approval of fuels made from discarded plastic under a program it touted as “climate-friendly.” The new

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Government of Canada Announces Support to Grow the Newfoundland and Labrador Clean Fuels Sector and Create Middle-Class Jobs

(Natural Resources Canada) The Government of Canada is helping businesses and workers across the country seize the economic opportunities associated with the global drive for clean growth — delivering good, middle-class jobs, strong local economies and clean air for generations to come. Today, the

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Iberia Airport Services and Repsol Use Renewable Fuel in Handling Activities at Bilbao Airport

(Iberia) • It is the first time that this type of sustainable fuel is used in a Spanish airport for handling activities Over the next month, both companies will use this net zero emissions fuel, produced from Petronor waste, for

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BP to Use Honeywell's Ecofining™ Technology to Increase Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production Worldwide

(Honeywell/PR Newswire) Honeywell technology to be deployed at five new sustainable aviation fuel projects across the U.S., Australia, and Europe; Flexible design enables same solution to be used across various locations, maximizing cost-efficiency, and minimizing time to market Honeywell (NASDAQ: HON) today

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Neste Starts to Use Lower-Emission Marine Fuel in Two Vessels Transporting Renewable Diesel to Sweden

(Neste)  Over 90% of the world’s trade is carried by sea, making maritime transport essential to the global economy. The International Maritime Organization has set ambitious targets for the maritime sector to reduce its emissions to combat climate change. From May

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BPCL Plans Trials to See if Diesel Spiked with Ethanol Can Be a Commercially Viable Proposition

(The Indian Express) The world’s third-largest consumer of crude oil, India depends on imports to meet over 85 per cent of its oil requirement, leading to massive foreign exchange spending -- Government-owned refiner and fuel retailer Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL) plans

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Can We Replace All Crude Oil within 20 Years with Cellulosic Liquid Hydrocarbons?

by Charles Forsberg and Bruce Dale (Biofuels Digest)  In the United States, crude oil products provide 48% of the total energy to the final customer: residential, commercial, industrial and transportation. Replacement of crude oil products (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, chemical feed

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Bangchak and THAI Sign MoU on Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

(Bangchak)  Pativat Tivasasit, Chief Operation Officer, Refinery Business Group, Bangchak Corporation Public Company Limited presided over the signing ceremony of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on the exchange of technical knowledge and expertise on the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) between

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Global Clean Energy’s Richard Palmer on Camelina: Is It the Wonder Crop for Renewable Fuels?

(Propane.com/Path to Zero)  This episode features a deep discussion on the game-changing crop, Camelina, which is quickly becoming a popular feedstock for renewable fuels production. Tucker welcomes the head of the world’s leading developer of camelina. Richard Palmer is CEO

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OMV Petrom Cuts Carbon Intensity of Operations in 2022 by 11%

(OMV/Biobased Diesel Daily)  OMV Petrom, the largest integrated energy company in southeastern Europe, has published its sustainability report for 2022. It provides an overview of the economic, environmental and social impact of OMV Petrom’s operations, as well as the commitments and progress

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California Gov. Newsom Visits World Energy’s Renewable Diesel, SAF Plant near Los Angeles

by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily) California Gov. Gavin Newsom visited World Energy’s Paramount, California, renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) facility May 1 to spotlight California’s transition to clean fuels and broader commitment to green jobs. The World Energy site

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PBF Begins Commissioning Renewable Diesel Unit at Chalmette Refinery in Louisiana

by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily)  Construction on PBF Energy’s 306-million-gallon-per-year renewable diesel production unit co-located with the company’s Chalmette refinery in Louisiana has reached mechanical completion, the company announced in its first-quarter financials. The project, which includes a repurposed hydrocracker and

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Greasezilla Ramps Up Production of Low Carbon Intensity Waste Feedstock for Biofuels Industry

(Greasezilla/Downey Ridge Environmental Company/PR Zen)  As a proven leader in FOG separation and waste reduction, Greasezilla is making its mark on the renewable fuels industry. -- Downey Ridge Environmental Company's rapid expansion of GreasezillaTM fats, oils and grease (FOG) separation and

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Industry Fundamentals Training --- Various Dates through December 2023 --- Singapore, Dubai, other locations

(S&P Global Commodity Insights) As markets evolve and industries change, it is more important than ever to have a good understanding of the complex interaction of technology, economics, and markets that drives profitability within the global energy and chemical industry. Our

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Hawaii Oil Refinery Investing $90 Million to Produce Renewable Diesel, SAF by 2025

(Par Pacific Holdings/Biobased Diesel Daily)  Par Pacific Holdings Inc. announced plans April 27 to invest approximately $90 million to develop the state’s largest liquid renewable fuels manufacturing facility at its Kapolei refinery. The project relies on the Kapolei refinery’s highly experienced

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The Battle of the Ethanol Bulge

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... The Iowa Renewable Fuels Association summed it up thus: “The EPA’s action means that E10 and E15 will have the same volatility limit for the summer driving season that runs from June 1 to

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Tesoro to Pay $27.5 Million for Violating Previous Court Order Requiring It to Reduce Air Pollution at Its Martinez, Calif. Refinery

(U.S. Department of Justice) Settlement Will Result in Cleaner Air Due to Tesoro’s Forfeiture of Air Emission Credits -- The Department of Justice and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) today announced that Tesoro Refining and Marketing Company will pay a $27.5

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Taking to the Skies

(Biofuels International) ... bp believes that producing SAF through co-processing at existing refineries will help the aviation sector as it transitions to a low-carbon industry and builds dedicated and more efficient standalone units for SAF production. Today, existing refineries can be

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Braya Lands $300 Million Investment for Refinery-Conversion Project in Atlantic Canada

(Braya Renewable Fuels) Braya Renewable Fuels announced April 20 a USD$300 million preferred-equity investment from Energy Capital Partners, a leading energy transition-focused investor in the electricity, clean-energy, renewable and sustainable-infrastructure sectors. The investment from ECP completes the financing for the conversion of

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Renewable Diesel Production 'Booming' as National Availability Remains in Question

by Tom Quimby (Commercial Carrier Journal) Market forecast reports are indicating a large uptick in renewable diesel production in the U.S. as most of low-carbon fuel continues to be confined to California. The Department of Energy reported that renewable diesel production could

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Petrobras to Conduct New Studies to Expand Production of Biodiesel

by Bella Weetch (Hydrocarbon Engineering)Petrobras has clarified that as part of its BioRefining programme it is conducting new project studies to expand the production of Diesel R, Petrobras' fuel produced by co-processing mineral diesel with vegetable oil, which contains a

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Aemetis Awarded $34 Million of Biodiesel Contracts by India Oil Refiners for Delivery in Q2 2023

(Aemetis/Globe Newswire) Plant near the Port of Kakinada, India in production and delivering product to OMC’s -- Aemetis, Inc.(NASDAQ: AMTX) announced today that its Universal Biofuels subsidiary in India, owner and operator of a biodiesel plant located near the Port of Kakinada

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Sixteen Going on Seventeen: It’s Springtime in the Bioeconomy, Where’s Summer?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ...  We are trying so hard to do so much so fast, the tuneful “better beware, be canny and careful” is good advice for an industry where many feel that too little is happening, too slow. It’s not

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The ‘E’ Is Silent

by Ron Lamberty (American Coalition for Ethanol)  When EPA examined concerns about removing the 1-pound RVP waiver during the high-ozone season to facilitate year-round blending of E15, it gave zero consideration to the negative economic impact a "gap year" would

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State Aid: Commission Approves €158 Million Polish Measure to Support LOTOS Green H2 in the Production of Renewable Hydrogen

(European Commission) The European Commission has approved, under EU State aid rules, a €158 million Polish measure to support LOTOS Green H2 sp. z o.o, a special purpose vehicle ultimately owned by PKN Orlen SA, in the production of renewable

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SAF in the Big Sky State

by Susanne Retka Schill (SAF Magazine)  Calumet’s Montana Renewables has set sights on optimizing renewable jet output to be North America’s largest producer. -- As of late February, Montana Renewables LLC claims the distinction of being the largest sustainable aviation

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Growth Energy Aims to Ensure RFS Compliance in Latest Case against EPA

(Growth Energy)  Growth Energy, the nation’s largest biofuels trade association, filed its opening brief today in its challenge to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) failure to enforce compliance under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). In Growth Energy v. U.S. Environmental Protection

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Countdown: Lower-Cost E15 Fuel Under Threat -- Washington Must Act Now to Save Summertime E15

(Renewable Fuels Association) Gas prices remain elevated and hard-working families are feeling pain at the pump. Fortunately, American-made ethanol provides some relief. Today, gas with 15 percent ethanol is the lowest-priced fuel available. But this blend, E15, will disappear on Thursday,

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Progress with Scaling up Liquefied Waste Plastic Processing – Neste Completed Second Series of Runs at Its Porvoo Refinery

(Neste)  - Neste has concluded its second series of industrial-scale liquefied waste plastic processing runs at the Porvoo refinery.  - In total, Neste has processed close to 3,000 tons of liquefied waste plastic to date. Neste has successfully concluded its second

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Why U.S. Refiners Are Ramping Up Biofuel Production

by Haley Zaremba (OilPrice.com) - Refiners are investing in high-value distillates such as diesel and renewable fuels, which are becoming more profitable as gasoline demand declines. -As the shale revolution has slowed down in Texas, the country is left with

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Shell Puts a Stop to Singapore Biofuels, Base Oil Projects

by Trixie Sher Li Yap and Florence Tan (Reuters) Shell has decided not to go ahead with two projects it was studying to produce biofuels and base oils in Singapore, a company spokesperson said on Thursday. "We can confirm that we are

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Taking to the Skies

(Biofuels International)  ... bp believes that producing SAF through co-processing at existing refineries will help the aviation sector as it transitions to a low-carbon industry and builds dedicated and more efficient standalone units for SAF production. Today, existing refineries can be

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EPA Fights Push to Revive RFS Waivers, Raising Chance of Circuit Split

(Inside EPA) EPA is fighting a legal push by Wyoming oil refiners for a stay of the agency’s denial of Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) compliance waivers, a move the refiners say would require issuance of the waivers but which EPA

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Chevron

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) With the acquisition of REG and investments in companies such as Raven SR, Chevron has signaled that, as CEO Mike Wirth put it, “we believe the future of energy to be lower carbon. We intend

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Indian Oil to Consolidate Green Assets under 1 Umbrella for Powering India’s Energy Transition

(Indian Oil/Biobased Diesel Daily) During the first Indian Oil Green Energy Summit held March 15, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., the country’s top refiner and fuel retailer, shared a wide array of sustainability endeavors poised to catalyze India’s green-energy transition. The company

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Huge Phillips 66 Biofuels Project Will Test the Industry’s Green Promises

by Laila Kearney (Reuters) In the oldest refining town in the American West, Phillips 66 (PSX.N) is promising a greener future as it moves to halt crude-oil processing and build a massive renewable diesel plant, leading a global trend. That plan, announced in 2020,

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Bernstein Liebhard LLP Announces that a Securities Class Action Lawsuit Has Been Filed against Vertex Energy, Inc. (NASDAQ: VTNR)

(Bernstein Liebhard/PR Newswire) Bernstein Liebhard LLP announces that a securities class action lawsuit has been filed on behalf of investors who purchased or acquired the securities of Vertex Energy, Inc. ("Vertex" or the "Company") (NASDAQ: VTNR) between April 1, 2022 and August 8, 2022, inclusive

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US Senators Seek to Expand Sales of Ethanol-Gas Blend with Support from Big Oil

by Stephanie Kelly (Reuters)  U.S. senators reintroduced a bipartisan bill on Tuesday that would allow nationwide sales of gasoline with a higher blend of ethanol year-round, as a second heavy-weight oil trade group appeared ready to back the idea. Republican Senator Deb

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This “Climate-Friendly” Fuel Comes with an Astronomical Cancer Risk

by Sharon Lerner (Pro Publica)  The Environmental Protection Agency recently gave a Chevron refinery the green light to create fuel from discarded plastics as part of a “climate-friendly” initiative to boost alternatives to petroleum. But, according to agency records obtained

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Enviva Announces Feedstock Agreement with SAF Producer

by Erin Voegele (SAF Magazine) U.S.-based wood pellet producer Enviva Inc. announced on March 1 it has signed a new take-or-pay off-take contract with an unnamed U.S.-based bioenergy facility to provide feedstock for the production of biofuels, including sustainable aviation fuel

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Wyoming Senators Ask Department of Energy to Clarify Small Refinery Exemptions

by Mary Stroka (County 17) Wyoming's U.S. Senators, Cynthia Lummis and John Barrasso, joined eight Senate Republican colleagues in asking Department of Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm to explain the department's process for vetting and approving Wyoming’s small refinery exemptions to

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Nigeria Fuel Ethanol Cost Benefit Analysis Study

(Turner Mason and Company/U.S. Grains Council) There is only one grade of gasoline in Nigeria, a 91 RON regular. The gasoline is generally supplied from refineries in Western Europe and tankered to Nigeria. Nigeria has eight domestic refineries, four larger

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Oil Investors Get $128 Billion Handout as Doubts Grow about Fossil Fuels

by Kevin Crowley, David Wethe and Mitchell Ferman (Bloomberg/Yahoo)  ... Oil executives who in years past were rewarded for investing in gigantic, long-term energy projects are now under the gun to funnel cash to investors who are increasingly convinced that the

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Air bp Makes First Sale of SAF from Its Spanish Refinery

(Biofuels International) Air bp has announced the first sale of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) from its Castellon refinery in Spain. The flight was carried out by LATAM Cargo Chile from Zaragoza, Spain to North America. “This latest announcement marks another important

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Transition Champ: How Biofuels Are Helping Set the Transport Sector on the Path to Net Zero

(bp) bp is deepening its investment in bioenergy, including biofuels. Our SVP of biofuels growth, Nigel Dunn, explains their importance in the transition to net zero, the progress we’re making in this space, and why bp is perfectly positioned to

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bp Launches Plans for Low-Carbon Green Hydrogen Cluster in Spain’s Valencia Region

(bp) - Aims to make Valencia region a leader in green hydrogen production.;- Cluster to include world-scale green hydrogen production at bp’s Castellón refinery of up to 2GW of electrolysis capacity by 2030; - Supports transformation and decarbonisation of the

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The Old One-Two

by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily) ... The biobased diesel industry took that punch Dec. 1 when U.S. EPA finally released its “set” proposal for the Renewable Fuel Standard.  ... Heading into the RFS set process, hopes were high. Many U.S. renewable

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HVOlution, the New Biofuel Arrives in the First 50 Eni Service Stations

(HDMotor.it (Google Translation)) Eni focuses on " technological neutrality " to decarbonise the transport sector . Therefore, the company intends to invest in various technologies to achieve this important goal. Technologies such as, for example, biofuels . Last November, Eni reported on its work on HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil), a biofuel which it

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RFA: Minnesota E15 Volume Hits Record

(Renewable Fuels Association/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Sales of E15, a gasoline blend containing 15 percent ethanol, hit a record 171 million gallons in Minnesota in 2022, according to a new Renewable Fuels Association analysis of data from the Minnesota Department of Commerce. This

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Biofuels M&A: 2022 Review & Outlook 2023

by Bruce Comer, Frank Kim, and Zak Putlak (Ocean Park/Biofuels Digest)  The market for buying and selling biofuels plants followed a historic 2021 with a transformational year in 2022, driven by one pivotal biomass-based diesel (BBD) transaction. Overall, seven mergers and

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Investors Urge European Banks to End New Oil and Gas Financing

by Tommy Wilkes (Reuters) European banks risk jeopardising the path to net-zero carbon emissions and the growth of renewable energy unless they stop directly financing new oil and gas fields this year, investors managing assets worth more than $1.5 trillion said

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Climate Envoy Kerry Concerned as Oil Companies Back off Renewables

by Zack Colman (Politico Pro) John Kerry said oil and gas companies will be part of the transition to lower emission sources of energy. -- Special Climate Envoy John Kerry said Thursday he plans to reach out to the major oil

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EPA's Refinery Exemptions Denial Not Subject to Congressional Review Act, GAO Says

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico Pro)  EPA's denial of exemptions for small refineries under the Renewable Fuel Standard last year does not constitute a rule and therefore is not subject to the Congressional Review Act, the U.S. Government Accountability Office said Thursday. The

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Neste Reports Strong 2022 Performance for Renewables

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine)  Neste Corp. on Feb. 8 released fourth quarter and full year 2022 financial results, reporting strong performance for its renewable products segment. Renewable diesel demand remained robust and the company highlighted plans for increased sustainable aviation

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Marathon Starts up Phase 1 of Martinez Conversion Project

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) Marathon Petroleum Corp. has announced that the first phase of its renewable diesel conversion project at its Martinez refinery in California has commenced startup activities and is on track to be operating at full nameplate capacity

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Report: Philippines Considers Voluntary Move to E15, E20 Blends

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The government of the Philippines is currently studying the possibility of allowing the use of gasoline blends containing up to 20 percent ethanol, according to a report filed with the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service’s Global Agricultural Information

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Appeals Court Signals EPA Likely Violated Law in Biofuels Compliance Program

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico Pro)  A spokesperson for EPA said it will review the decision. --  A federal appeals court Friday granted a request by two small refiners to halt their compliance obligations under the Renewable Fuel Standard — signaling EPA's decision

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Renewable Diesel & SAF: Project Roundup Report

by Anna Simet (Biodiesel Magazine)  Biodiesel Magazine’s annual production map showed 34 renewable diesel/SAF plants under development, construction or operating in the U.S., as of September. The following includes updates regarding some of these projects. -- This fall, Biodiesel Magazine

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Imperial Approves $720 Million for Largest Renewable Diesel Facility in Canada

(Imperial/Business Wire) Facility expected to produce more than 1 billion litres per year, or 20,000 barrels per day, of renewable diesel; Renewable diesel has potential to reduce annual greenhouse emissions by about 3 million tonnes compared to conventional fuels; Project

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Who Should Want More Ethanol in the Pool? Would You Believe Oil Refiners?

by David Hallberg, President (Dakota Ag Energy/Biofuels Digest)  ... Which brings us back to my thesis—as the pendulum swings back to internal combustion engines the quest for low carbon isn’t going to disappear. ... A nationwide E30 Clean Octane standard This  triggered a

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HVO Grows in the United States, Is Consumed More than Biodiesel and Threatens Argentine Exports

(Clarin.com  Rural (Google Translation)) The northern country expanded its soybean crush capacity for the production of renewable diesel, which would lead to an extra supply of oilseed meal and a drop in pellet prices. -- The large oil refineries in

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Bay Area Plans to Refine Biofuels Could Derail Climate Goals, Warn Environmentalists

by Aaron Cantú (Capital and Main)  Oil companies may end up relying on environmentally questionable crop-based fuels. --The California Air Resources Board is considering limits on crop-based diesel fuel as part of an overhaul to reduce California’s emissions by 2030. Gov.

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EPA: 10 New SRE Petitions Filed, 22 SRE Petitions Now Pending

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The U.S. EPA on Jan. 19 released data showing that 10 new small refinery exemption (SRE) petitions have been filed under the Renewable Fuel Standard over the past month. A total of 22 SRE petitions

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The Biofuels Oil Rush

(World Bio Market Insights) With big oil moving into biofuels, Shell is one to watch. -- ... From another angle, biofuels are an already-lucrative global commodity attracting attention from some of the biggest corporate entities in the world: oil majors. The oil

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D.C. Circuit Slated to Hear Case over Extended RFS Compliance Deadlines

(Inside EPA) A panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit is poised to hear oral argument in refiners’ lawsuit targeting EPA’s extended timetable for complying with renewable fuel standard (RFS) mandates, a measure ostensibly

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Vertex Energy on Track to Start Producing Renewable Diesel in Alabama This Spring

by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily) Vertex Energy Inc. provided an update Jan. 17 on the construction of its renewable diesel conversion project in Mobile, Alabama. The company said the project, which is designed to convert the existing hydrocracking unit to produce

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Vegetable Oil Is Gaining Traction as a Biofuel

by Felicity Bradstock (OilPrice.com) - Biofuels have grown increasingly popular in recent years as a way to reduce emissions when it comes to both transport and heating. -In the UK, around 1.7 million homes still rely on kerosene heaters, and

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Oil Majors Investing 8 Times More in Biofuels than Hydrogen – T&E

(Biofuels Central) ... Europe’s oil majors’ ‘big bet’ on hydrogen as the transport fuel for the future is not so big in reality, according to a new study on behalf of Transport & Environment (T&E)[1], which shows that investments in biofuels refining are eight

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Calumet: Montana Renewables Begins Shipping Renewable Diesel

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) Calumet Specialty Product Partners L.P. on Dec. 29 announced that its Montana Renewables biorefinery generated a full month of on-spec renewable diesel production in December and has commenced rail shipments of the product. Montana Renewables commissioned its

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Petron Gets Regulatory Nod on Biofuels Business

by Ashley Erika O. Jose (BusinessWorld)  Petron Corp. has secured regulatory approval on its planned biofuels venture, the company announced on Tuesday. In a regulatory filing, Petron said the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved an amendment to the company’s articles

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Sulzer Enables Production of 3 Billion Litres of Renewable Fuel from Waste

(Biofuels International) Sulzer has supplied flow technology solutions to convert an existing US West Coast refinery into one of the world’s largest renewable biofuels plants. The pumps will support a number of critical applications to convert waste oils and fats into

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Renewable Diesel & SAF: Project Roundup Report

by Anna Simet (Biodiesel Magazine) Biodiesel Magazine’s annual production map showed 34 renewable diesel/SAF plants under development, construction or operating in the U.S., as of September. The following includes updates regarding some of these projects. This fall, Biodiesel Magazine chatted with

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demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National 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Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm 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pine nut pineapple Pineapple leaf pinion Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin (PHMSA) pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet platinum Plug-in Flex Fuel Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poand podcasts Poland poli Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyethylene polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter/waste power power-to-x/gas/liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD20 RD3 RD30 RD40 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) Regulated Emissions regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit renewable diesel pipelines Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/HVO/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED/RED II/RED III) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) price Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps 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Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shellfish shipping shipping containers shipworm siam weed Sierra Leone silage silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore Singpore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration Small Business Innovatin Research (SBIR) small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap soapstock Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solar fuel solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solaris Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Southeast Asia Southern Africa Soviet 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