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Select Committee Democrats Releases ‘Solving The Climate Crisis’, A Congressional Roadmap For Ambitious Climate Action

Aviation Fuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)), Energy, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Agency/Executive Branch, Federal Legislation, Federal Regulation, Funding/Financing/Investing, Green Jobs, Marine/Boat Biofuel/MGO/MDO, Opinions, Policy, Sustainability
June 30, 2020
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(House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis)  Plan Would Put Americans Back To Work, Save Lives, And Help the United States Reach Net Zero By 2050  —  On Tuesday, led by Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Chair Kathy Castor (D-FL), members of the House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis unveiled a comprehensive plan titled “Solving the Climate Crisis: The Congressional Action Plan for a Clean Energy Economy and a Healthy, Resilient, and Just America.” The report lays out the Climate Crisis Action Plan, full of detailed, ambitious and actionable climate solutions that Congress should enact to benefit American families in communities across the nation.

The Climate Crisis Action Plan calls on Congress to:

  • Grow Our Economy and Put Americans Back to Work in Clean Energy Jobs
  • Protect the Health of All Families
  • Make Sure Our Communities and Farmers Can Withstand the Impacts of Climate Change
  • Protect America’s Land and Waters for the Next Generation

The full report is available HERE.

According to an independent analysis, the Climate Crisis Action Plan would save more than 60,000 American lives every year by 2050 thanks to reduced air pollution, as well as nearly $8 trillion saved through 2050 thanks to health and climate benefits.

The Climate Crisis Action Plan, released as a majority staff report, has received the early support of more than 90 outside organizations, including leaders in environmental justice, agriculture, buildings, electricity, public health, resilience, and transportation. Their support statements are available HERE.
 

“We have a plan – and it comes at a critical time,” said Chair Castor. “Our plan will put people back to work and rebuild in a way that benefits all of us. That means environmental justice and our vulnerable communities are at the center of the solutions we propose. The health of our families and the air we breathe are at the heart of our plan. We chart the course to good-paying jobs in solar and wind energy, in manufacturing American-made electric vehicles, and in strengthening communities, so they are more resilient to flooding, extreme heat, intense hurricanes and wildfires.”

The Climate Crisis Action Plan would put the country on a path to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, if not earlier. It would power economic recovery through clean energy investment and family-sustaining jobs, and address the legacy of environmental injustice harming America’s low-income communities and communities of color.    READ MORE

Solving the Climate Crisis: The Congressional Action Plan for a Clean Energy Economy and a Healthy, Resilient, and Just America  (House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis) 

Dems’ ‘Action Plan’: Carbon prices, net-zero emissions (E&E News)

Congressional Climate Crisis Action Plan Would Decarbonize U.S., Add $8 Trillion In Benefits By 2050 (Forbes)

SfL Applauds House Select Committee Report Authors For Recognizing Valuable Role of Agriculture In Addressing Climate Challenges (Solutions from the Land)

New Poll: Voters Support Stimulus for Clean Energy, Not Fossil Fuels (Yale Program on Climate Change Communication)

RFA Welcomes Inclusion of Low Carbon Fuel Standard in Select Committee Recommendations (Renewable Fuels Association)

Climate panel urges sweeping change, deep carbon cuts: Report endorses a carbon tax, but offers no estimate of the cost to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 (Roll Call)

Climate Justice Coalition’s National Network Supports House Dems’ Climate Crisis Action Plan (Our Daily Planet)

As Democrats Unveil Ambitious Climate Goals, House Lawmakers Press For Green Stimulus: At least 59 congressional Democrats are calling on party leaders to add green provisions to a $1.5 trillion infrastructure bill. (Huffington Post)

“We are at a crossroads”: House Democrats release plan to address climate crisis (CBS News)

EESI recommendations to the House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis. (Environmental and Energy Study Institute)

“EESI Submits Recommendations to House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis,” November 22 press release. (Environmental and Energy Study Institute)

Pro DataPoint’s Patterson Clark shows in a new graphic how House Democrats’ plan would target fossil fuels. (Politico’s Morning Energy)

House Select Committee releases climate report with energy, ag provisions (Fence Post)

Report: Ethanol, LCFS can help US meet net-zero goal (Ethanol Producer Magazine)

House GOP under pressure from allies to support planks of Democratic climate plan (Washington Examiner)

 

Excerpt from Solving the Climate Crisis: The Congressional Action Plan for a Clean Energy Economy and a Healthy, Resilient, and Just America  (House Select Committee on the Climate Crisis):

PRODUCE LOWER-CARBON FUELS FOR VEHICLES
The transition to a zero-emission vehicle fleet will not happen overnight. Even after every car sold is zero-emission, it would still take 10 years for the fleet to reach 70% ZEV and 15 years for the fleet to reach 90% ZEV.263 Some parts of the transportation sector may rely on alternative fuels for the long term. Congress should consider opportunities to use low-carbon fuels, with appropriate guardrails to prevent conversion of non-agricultural lands into cropland, to shrink the carbon footprint of internal combustion engine vehicles.

Building Block: Build on the Renewable Fuel Standard with a Transition to a Low Carbon Fuel Standard
Congress established the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in 2005 and amended it in 2007 to reduce the country’s oil consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. The program requires U.S. transportation fuels to contain minimum volumes of conventional biofuels, such as corn ethanol, and advanced biofuels. Federal statute outlines specific volumetric requirements through the year 2022 for total renewable fuels, advanced biofuels, cellulosic biofuels, and biomass-based diesel. After that date, the EPA must determine the required volumes.264

The 2022 date offers an opportunity to build on the RFS and transition to a program that encourages the development and production of liquid fuels that meet certain carbon emissions standards. The California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), for example, assesses fuels based on a lifecycle carbon intensity benchmark—the amount of emissions per unit of energy output—that declines over time. The lifecycle assessment considers the direct greenhouse gas emissions associated with producing, transporting, and using the fuel and indirect emissions associated with changes in land use for some biofuels. Fuels with a carbon intensity below the benchmark generate credits, while fuels with a carbon intensity above the benchmark generate deficits.265

To comply with the California LCFS, transportation fuel suppliers, such as refiners, must demonstrate that the mix of fuels they supply for use in California meets the carbon intensity benchmarks. They can blend low-carbon fuels into the petroleum-based fuels they sell, buy credits generated by producers and users of low-carbon fuels, or both.266 In both 2018 and 2019, biodiesel, renewable diesel, and ethanol generated about 75% of the state’s LCFS credits.267

California’s LCFS policy has supported the growth of electricity as a transportation fuel and reinforced the states ZEV sales mandate. Electric utilities, for example, can generate credits for residential electric vehicle charging based on the difference between California’s average grid carbon intensity and average gasoline carbon intensity. California requires utilities to use revenue from selling these credits to provide rebates to residential customers who own or lease EVs. Owners of fueling supply equipment for non-residential EV charging, including public, workplace, and fleet charging, also can generate LCFS credits. For off-road transportation modes, electric forklifts, electric cargo handling equipment, electric transportation refrigeration units, and shore power at-berth oceangoing vessels can generate credits for equipment owners.268

In addition to California, a broad coalition of agriculture, environmental, renewable liquid fuel, and electricity stakeholders have developed a framework for a Midwest Clean Fuel Standard to significantly reduce transportation greenhouse gas emissions and generate economic benefits for the region.269

As the U.S. economy moves toward a net-zero by 2050 goal, low-carbon liquid fuels will have an important role to play in reducing oil consumption in the transportation sector and averting greenhouse gas emissions. The conversion to electric or other zero-emission vehicles will not happen overnight. Harder-to-decarbonize sectors where electrification may not be cost-effective, such as shipping, aviation, and long-haul trucking, could look to low-carbon liquid fuels as a potential solution. Highly efficient engines also could drive new demand for high-octane, low-carbon fuels.

Recommendation: Congress should develop a Low Carbon Fuel Standard to build on the Renewable Fuel Standard. The standard should set a technology- and feedstock-neutral benchmark for liquid and non-liquid fuels tied to a lifecycle assessment of the carbon intensity of the fuels. The carbon intensity standard should become more stringent (lower) over time. The lifecycle assessment should reflect the best-available science about the carbon intensity of fuel production, farming practices, land use changes, and crop productivity. The standard should include guardrails to prevent conversion of any non-agricultural lands into cropland, particularly sensitive lands with high carbon sequestration and biodiversity value. For renewable liquid fuels, the LCFS should reward entities in the value chain, including farmers and producers, that use climate-smart practices that reduce carbon emissions, store soil carbon, and reduce nitrous oxide emissions.

As described in more detail later in this section, an LCFS should allow low-carbon shipping and aviation fuels that meet the carbon intensity standards to qualify for credits. These sectors could become potential growth areas for low-carbon fuel demand.

Congress should ensure the LCFS complements the national ZEV program and greenhouse gas emissions standards for on-road vehicles, as they do in California.

Committee of Jurisdiction: Energy and Commerce

Building Block: Direct EPA to Credit Electricity Generated From Renewable Biogas and Used to Power Electric Vehicles
The 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) expanded the RFS to include any form of renewable fuel “produced from renewable biomass.”270 The EISA also directed EPA to study the feasibility of issuing credits, called Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs), under the RFS to electric vehicles powered by electricity produced from renewable energy sources.271

Ultimately, EPA did not complete a study but instead established a process for credit generation as part of the 2010 RFS rule. In that rule, EPA decided to allow “fuel producers, importers and end users to include electricity, natural gas, and propane made from renewable biomass as a RIN-generating renewable fuel in RFS.”272 In 2014, EPA finalized pathways for compressed gas, liquefied gas, and renewable electricity derived from biogas and used as a transportation fuel to qualify under the RFS.273 Despite this history, EPA has yet to approve any applications from biogas-to-electricity producers to generate credits under the RFS, also known as eRINs.

Recommendation: Unless and until Congress creates an LCFS, Congress should direct EPA to complete any necessary rulemakings or other administrative steps necessary to allow the generation of eRINs for biogas-derived electricity used as a transportation fuel.

Committee of Jurisdiction: Energy and Commerce

Building Block: Increasing Funding for DOE RD&D in Next-Generation Biofuels and Other Alternative Fuels
Several factors—particularly the slow turnover of existing internal combustion engine vehicles and challenges posed by electrification of aviation and long-haul trucking—demonstrate the need for continued scientific exploration of biofuels and other petroleum substitutes to reduce the carbon intensity of liquid fuels burned in the United States.

Recommendation: Congress should increase funding for DOE research, development, demonstration, and commercialization of biofuels—particularly next-generation biofuels made from non-food (cellulosic and algae-based) resources—and other petroleum substitutes. In the section below titled “Build a Cleaner and More Resilient Aviation Sector,” this report outlines a companion recommendation to increase RD&D for sustainable aviation fuels, a central component of decarbonizing airline travel.

Committee of Jurisdiction: Science, Space, and Technology

…

Building Block: Provide Tax Incentives and Grant Support for Low-Emission Aviation Technology and Sustainable Aviation Fuels That Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The aviation industry has told ICAO that sustainable aviation fuel production “at a level and price to allow widespread adoption by airlines can be a game-changer in terms of aviation’s [carbon dioxide] emissions and will be a major factor in the industry meeting its 2050 goal.”345

To serve as a true alternative to jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel needs to meet strict aviation safety standards, emit significantly less carbon dioxide when burned as measured on a lifecycle basis, including both potential direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions (including resulting in changes from land use), and be produced cost-effectively in large volumes. Commercial airlines are starting to use small amounts of sustainable aviation fuel as drop-in fuels. In 2019, for example, United Airlines agreed to purchase up to 10 million gallons of sustainable aviation biofuel over two years from Boston-based World Energy.346

Sustainable aviation fuel developers will need support to scale up the production of these alternative fuels. Sustainable aviation fuels are eligible for the biodiesel and renewable diesel tax credit in Section 40A of the tax code.347 On December 20, 2019, President Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, into law. This bill retroactively extended the tax credit, which had expired, through 2022.348

The House Ways and Means Democrats GREEN Act of 2020 (H.R. 7330) extends the 40A tax credit through the end of 2025 (Section 201). In addition, the House Democrats introduced a comprehensive infrastructure bill, the Moving Forward Act (H.R. 2). Section 10201 of this bill authorizes $200 million in funding for fiscal years 2021 through 2025 for DOT to award grants or enter into cost-sharing arrangements with state and local governments, airports, air carriers, and other entities for projects to develop, demonstrate, or apply low-emission aviation technologies or produce, transport, blend, or store sustainable aviation fuels to reduce aircraft greenhouse gas emissions.

Recommendation: Before the tax credit expires in 2022, Congress should strengthen the sustainable aviation fuels tax credit to include a life-cycle carbon intensity requirement and extend it for at least five years to provide market certainty. Congress should consider the potential benefits of separating the sustainable aviation fuel tax credit from the broader biodiesel tax credit.

Recommendation: Congress should create a new competitive grant program and/or cost-sharing program at DOT and/or DOE to support projects to develop, transport, or store sustainable aviation fuels that are less carbon-intensive than jet fuel. DOT and DOE should coordinate with USDA and EPA in designing and implementing any grant program.

Committees of Jurisdiction: Ways and Means; Transportation and Infrastructure; Energy and Commerce

Building Block: Provide Additional Credit for Sustainable Aviation Fuels Under the Renewable Fuel Standard or a Future Federal Low Carbon Fuel Standard
Under the existing RFS, sustainable aviation fuel generates fewer credits per gallon than biodiesel. Similarly, the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard does not cover aviation, but users of sustainable aviation fuel can opt in and obtain credits. Neither program currently mandates the production or consumption of certain volumes of sustainable aviation fuel.

Recommendation: Congress should amend the Renewable Fuel Standard or craft a future federal Low Carbon Fuel Standard to provide a credit multiplier for sustainable aviation fuels that meet an ambitious emissions reduction threshold. This will provide fuel manufacturers additional market certainty and financial incentive to scale up production of sustainable aviation fuels.

Committee of Jurisdiction: Energy and Commerce

…

Building Block: Significantly Increase Federally Supported Research, Development, Demonstration, and Deployment to Reduce Emissions in the Shipping Sector
Some maritime vessels, such as passenger ferries, can use battery-electric technology instead of fossil fuels because they are relatively light and travel short, fixed routes. Other vessels, such as cargo ships, are too heavy and travel great distances across the ocean, making electrification impossible within the constraints of today’s technologies. The industry needs additional research and development to identify zero-emission solutions for all vessel types.

The DOT’s Maritime Environmental and Technical Assistance (META) Program, administered by the Maritime Administration (MARAD), “promotes the research, demonstration, and development of emerging technologies, practices, and processes that improve maritime industrial environmental sustainability.”372 It largely has focused its RDD&D on preventing the transport of aquatic invasive species and reducing vessel and port air emissions, but it also has investigated biofuels and fuel cells as alternative power sources for vessels.

In June 2020, Sen. Edward Markey (D-MA) introduced the Expanding Maritime Environmental and Technical Assistance Program Act (S. 4025), which authorizes an additional $3 million for the META Program to research on zero-emission port and vessel technologies.

Recommendation: Congress should increase funding for META to make decarbonization of the U.S. shipping sector and seaports a top priority. MARAD could use META to research innovative hull designs, advanced propulsion systems and materials, alternative liquid fuels, and other zero-emission vessel technologies.

Committees of Jurisdiction: Transportation and Infrastructure; Science, Space, and Technology

Building Block: Ensure Low-Carbon Shipping Fuels Are Eligible for Credits Under the Renewable Fuel Standard or a Future Low Carbon Fuel Standard
Electrification of large vessels traveling across the ocean may prove technologically impossible or cost prohibitive. As a result, low-carbon liquid fuels, in combination with other technological advancements, may play an important role in decarbonizing the maritime sector. Currently, renewable fuels used in oceangoing vessels are ineligible for credits under the RFS.

Recommendation: Congress should ensure that qualifying shipping fuels are eligible for credits under the RFS or a future Low Carbon Fuel Standard, assuming the fuels meet all applicable standards.

Committee of Jurisdiction: Energy and Commerce

263 Center for American Progress analysis of Trieu Mai et al, Electrification Futures Study: Scenarios of Electric Technology Adoption and Power Consumption for the United States (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2018) available at https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/71500.pdf. (Specifically, Maximum Technical Potential scenario). As cited in John Podesta, Christy Goldfuss, et al, A 100 Percent Clean Future (Center for American Progress, 2019) at 31.
264 42 U.S. Code § 7545.
265 California Air Resources Board, “Low Carbon Fuel Standard,” available at https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/low-carbon-fuel-standard/about. Accessed June 2020.
266 Ibid.
267 Analysis of data from California Air Resources Board, “Low Carbon Fuel Standard,” Data Dashboard, available at https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/dashboard/dashboard.htm. Accessed June 2020.
268 California Code of Regulations, 17 CA ADC § 95483.
269 Midwestern Clean Fuels Policy Initiative, A Clean Fuels Policy for the Midwest (January 2020), https://www.betterenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Clean-Fuels-Policy-for-the-Midwest.pdf.
270 Energy Independence and Security Act § 201, Pub. L. 110-140 (Dec. 19, 2007).
271 Energy Independence and Security Act § 206, Pub. L. 110-140 (Dec. 19, 2007).
272 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to Renewable Fuel Standard Program; Final Rule, 75 Fed. Reg. 14669-14904 (March 26, 2010).
273 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: RFS Pathways II, and Technical Amendments to the RFS Standards and E15 Misfueling Mitigation Requirements; Final Rule, 79 Fed. Reg. 42127-42167 (July 18, 2014)

…

342 ASCENT – the Aviation Sustainability Center, https://ascent.aero/. Accessed June 2020.
343 NASA, “Aeronautics Research: ARMD Programs,” available at https://www.nasa.gov/aeroresearch/programs. Accessed June 2020.
344 U.S. Department of Energy, Bioenergy Technologies Office, “Aviation Fuels,” https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/aviation-fuels. Accessed June 2020.
345 ICAO, Industry Views on the Basket of Measures and a Long-Term Goal. 40th Assembly (September 2019), https://www.icao.int/Meetings/a40/Documents/WP/wp_194_en.pdf.

346 United Airlines, “United Airlines Expands Industry-Leading Commitment to Biofuel, Powering More Flights With More Biofuel Than Any Other U.S. Carrier,” May 22, 2019, https://hub.united.com/united-expands-commitment-biofuel-powering-flights-2637791857.html.
347 26 U.S.C. § 40A.
348 Division Q, Section 121 of H.R. 1865, “Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020,” 116th Congress.

349 8 Pub. L. No. 108-176.

…

372 Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, “Maritime Environmental and Technical Assistance (META) Program,” https://www.maritime.dot.gov/innovation/meta/maritime-environmental-and-technical-assistance-meta-program. Accessed June 2020.       READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico’s Morning Energy:  Pro DataPoint’s Patterson Clark shows in a new graphic how House Democrats’ plan would target fossil fuels.

How the House plan to combat climate change would target fossil fuels.

READ MORE

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(DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose diatoms diesel diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices diesel with renewables diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct-to-fuel direct air capture directed evolution direct injection Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought-resistant drought tolerant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E5 price E6 E7 E8 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E40 E50 E55 E75 E78 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 E100 E100 conversion kit earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED95 educatio education educational business private educational tour Education Series 3030 EERE efficiency Egypt Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric grid electricity electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electricity price electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants El Salvador embargo emissions emissions standards EN 228 EN 590 EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) end user Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine/Fuel Co-optimization Engine Development engineering engine problems England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment Environmentalists environmental justice environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling enzymes Enzyme solicitation EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) ethane ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G ethanol benefits ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol blend wall ethanol emissions ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethylene ethyl levulinate (EL) ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication externalities extremophiles f F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farmers farming farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices Feedstocks feedstock storage feedstock transportation fermentation ferry fertilizer F Factor fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch/FT Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose flameleaf sumac flavors flax Fleets fleet turnover fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) Flightpath flight tests flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources forestry Forest Service fossil carbon fossil fuel fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) free fatty acids (FFA) French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon Gambia gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline-range hydrocarbons gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gas prices gas tax/highway user fee General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government subsidies grains grain sorghum/milo grain speculators GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green/black economy green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery GREET model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP h Haiti Halophytes harvesting harvest site processing Hawai'i hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat-tolerance heating oil/fuel heat of combustion heat of vaporization Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) HFS-SIP hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Honge tree nuts Hong Kong hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrids hydrocarbon fuels hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen fuel cells hydrogenolysis hydrogen price hydrogen pumps hydropower hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois illuppai ILUC (Indirect Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indiana Indian beech tree Indian grass indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial ethanol industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insects insurance integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine internal combustion engine/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs jojoba Jordan JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 JP-10 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kansas Kans grass Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactose Lake County lamp oil landfill methane Landfills land ownership land prices land rights landscape land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquidation liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M3 M15 M50 M100 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Bio- Renewable Fuel marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts mass balance standard Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methan methanation methane/biomethane methane leaks methanization Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol nahar Namibia nano nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gasoline natural gas prices natural gas vehicles Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherland Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick Newfoundland new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory North Korea Northwest Territories Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition nut shells oak oat hulls oats oat straw Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) offtake agreements Ohio Ohio Wisconsin oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement Oils oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olives olive water Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon Oregone organic solar cells osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation 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insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R33 rabbits race radiata pine Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rainforest rain tree RAND rare earth metal RD20 RD30 RD80 RD99 RD100 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED and RED II) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) price Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) renewable volume obligation (RVO) RenovaBio replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion retail retrofit return on investment R Factor RFI (Request for Information) RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island Ricardo rice rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice price rice straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rotation crops royalties RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass s saccharification Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC SAK Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed-to-wheel seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solaris solid oxide fuel cell Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota South Dkota Southeast Asia Southern Africa South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soybean prices soybeans soy meal Spain spartina specifications sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel Sugar Beets/Energy Beets sugarcane sugarcane prices sugarcane straw Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugars sugars-to-fats sugar standards sulfur Sumatra sunflower sunflower stalks supercritical fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Suriname Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweetgum sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland sycamore syngas syngas fermentation synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic kerosene synthetic liquified gas (SLG) synthetic methane synthetic natural gas Syria Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall fescue tall oil tallow tallow tree Tamarix tank-to-wheel tank cars tankers tanker trucks Tanzania tariffs taro tar sands Tasmania tax benefit tax credit taxes tax incentives tax parity tax policy tea teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training technical course Technical Readiness Levels techno-economic analysis technology transfer tech transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics Thermal catalytic depolymerization (TCD) thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion thermochemical liquefaction Tibet Tier 3 Tier 4 tilapia tillage Timor-Leste tires tobacco tobacco tree Togo Tokyo toluene Tonga tool tools Toronto torrefaction Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) trade trade dispute/discrimination trade group trade organization Trade Policy trade secrets training trains transesterification transgenics transition Transportation Fuels Policy Transportation Fuels Policy--Municipal Transportation Fuels Policy--State Transportation Fuels Policy; carbon removal Transportation Policy travel policy Treasury Department trees Trinidad and Tobago triticale truck trucks tubers tung tunicate Tunisia Turkey UCOME (Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester) Uganda UK (United Kingdom) Ukraine UL (Underwriters Laboratory) ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) Ultra Low Sulfur Fuel Oil (ULSFO) underground storage tanks (UST) UNESCO United Arab Emirates (UAE) United Nations' International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) United Nations (UN) United States Auto Club Unleaded 88/E15 uranium urbanization urban sprawl Uruguay USAC US Agency for International Development (USAID) USAID US Army USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) used cooking oil (UCO) used railroad ties US ethanol exports US Geological Survey US Product Safety Commission Utah utility model Uzbekistan value chain vanadium Vancouver Vanuatu Vatican VEETC vegetable oils vehicles miles traveled (VMT) Velocys Venezuela Vermont Victoria video Vietnam vinasse vinegar vineyard waste Virginia Virgin Islands. virgin oils viruses VLSFO (very low sulfur fuel oil) volunteers Vulcanol w waiver Wales warranty Washington Washington DC waste waste-to-chemicals Waste-to-Energy waste-to-fuel waste alcohol Waste CO2 waste heat waste management waste oil waste paper waste vegetable oil wastewater water water consumption water footprint water hyacinth watermeal watermelon water pollution water quality water treatment wax weather well-to-wheel West Africa Western Australia West Java West Virginia wet distillers grain wet extraction What You Can Do wheat wheat bran 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