Navigating New Rules: A Deep Dive into the Policies Affecting Low-Carbon Shipping Fuel with Late-Breaking Updates

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April 09, 2026
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by Timothy J. Urban (Bracewell LLP Energy Legal Blog/National Law Review)  Recent federal, state, and international policy developments have introduced regulatory uncertainty in the low-carbon maritime fuels sector, complicating investment in both fuel production and supporting energy infrastructure. Stakeholders across the maritime shipping industry are grappling with the nuances of evolving tax incentives, eligibility criteria, and implementation rules. The ability to interpret this regulatory landscape is paramount as producers, shippers, and investors alike navigate this next phase in maritime decarbonization.

The stakes are considerable. The global shipping industry, which currently accounts for roughly 3 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is projected to rise to as much as 17 percent by 2050, consumes over 300 million tons of fossil-based “bunker fuel” each year. Although low-carbon fuels have become a mainstay in highway transportation, their use in maritime shipping is still in its nascent stages. Shippers are increasingly investigating the various benefits associated with use of biodiesel, ethanol, clean methanol, renewable diesel, and renewable natural gas (RNG). Shipping giant Maersk, for example, has targeted 15 to 20 percent green fuel or renewable fuel use by 2030, having already invested in 18 dual-fueled methanol container vessels.

At the same time, as electrification accelerates in the automotive sector, uncertainty surrounding long‑term demand has prompted biofuel producers to turn toward maritime applications of their products. The adoption of low-carbon maritime fuels offers both an opportunity for emissions reductions and an avenue of growth for the mature, U.S.-dominated biofuels industry. The sector is also closely tied to industrial power, logistics energy use, and port infrastructure, areas in which the United States has significant competitive advantages. Both state and federal policy will be critical in determining the United States’ ability to leverage these advantages. 

Fuel producers, ship builders, and shipping companies are taking notice.

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Several new maritime fuels umbrella groups have joined the fray, including the Maritime Innovation Coalition and the American Biofuels Maritime Initiative.

Stakeholder enthusiasm notwithstanding, the policy landscape continues to evolve in ways that directly impact low-carbon maritime fuel adoption. The following section untangles this landscape and breaks down the most relevant policy decisions.

Federal Tax Incentives: Understanding 45Z

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The 2022 Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) created new tax code section 45Z, a performance-based and technology-neutral clean fuel production tax credit intended to lower the cost and drive adoption of low-carbon transportation fuels, including maritime fuels.

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Critical to the maritime use of low‑carbon fuels, the regulations clarify that while a transportation fuel must be “suitable for use” in a highway vehicle or aircraft, the fuel’s actual use in a highway vehicle or aircraft is not required to qualify for the tax credit. As such, fuel that has “practical and commercial fitness” for use in highway vehicles or aircraft but is ultimately used as marine fuel still qualifies. Additionally, the guidelines clarify that “suitable for use” includes fuels that may be “blended into a fuel mixture” fit for highway or aircraft use.

These broad eligibility requirements allow established fuels like biodiesel, renewable diesel, and RNG—which are approved for use in trucks—to be used in maritime fuel and still qualify for 45Z credits. Other promising fuel candidates for maritime use like ethanol (denatured and undenatured) and clean methanol—which are approved for blending with gasoline—also qualify. Importantly, these fuels must also meet additional emissions standards, eligibility criteria for producers and facilities, and be sold to an “unrelated person” to generate the credit.

Late-Breaking Update: The comment period for the proposed regulations closed on April 6, with many taxpayers taking an opportunity to provide feedback. Taxpayers will also testify at a public hearing on the proposed regulations, which will be hosted on May 28. Following the hearing, Treasury and the IRS will issue final regulations, enabling eligible low-carbon fuel producers and maritime shippers to move forward with confidence as they claim 45Z credits.

Federal Credits: The Renewable Fuel Standard

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The program requires refiners and importers of fuel to blend increasing volumes of biofuel into the nation’s transportation fuel supply each year. These “obligated parties” prove they have complied with the blending requirements by submitting to the EPA Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs), numerical credits assigned to every gallon of biofuel produced in the U.S. These credits can also be traded among obligated parties and therefore have monetary value.

Unfortunately for maritime shippers, under current RFS regulations, RINs associated with biofuel used in ocean-going vessels (defined as ships powered by Category 3 engines) must be retired with no value in the program. If the law were changed to integrate maritime fuel into the RFS, fuel producers and blenders could generate and sell RINs to obligated parties, subsidizing the higher production cost of biofuels. This would allow them to offer competitive pricing to maritime shippers, increasing demand and incentivizing low-carbon maritime fuel production.

Such changes may be on the horizon: 

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State-Level Developments

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Many potential low-carbon maritime fuels, including biodiesel, renewable diesel, RNG, ethanol, and methanol, are effectively “pre-approved” to earn LCFS credits provided they meet CI criteria.

While fuels used in ocean-going vessels (OGVs) are currently exempt from the LCFS program and do not generate deficits, low-carbon maritime fuel producers can still opt-in to earn credits. Additionally, under other CARB regulations, OGVs are subject to restrictions on particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur oxide emissions, limiting the use of traditional, high sulfur “bunker fuel.” Taken together, these incentives create a generally favorable environment for clean shipping fuel adoption in the state.

It is important to note, however, that amendments to LCFS approved in mid-2025 will soon enforce a 20% “crop cap” on LCFS credits for biofuels produced from virgin crop oils.

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In the Pacific Northwest, Oregon and Washington have established similar programs to California’s LCFS. As in California, the maritime sector is exempt from generating deficits in both states, but low-carbon maritime fuel producers are encouraged to opt-in.

As the first non-coastal state to launch a full, market-based program, New Mexico’s Clean Transportation Fuel program will enter effect on April 1, 2026. While the state has no ports, the program features flexible “book-and-claim” provisions that allow producers to claim credits for fuels intended for transportation use elsewhere, including maritime use.

The rapid development of state-level incentives for low-carbon fuel production may indicate growing support across the United States for low-carbon fuel production. In the maritime sector, close monitoring of state-level developments may allow stakeholders to stack both federal and state incentives. However, as state policies evolve, it may become increasingly necessary to assess how federal and state incentives conflict.

Late-Breaking Update: On the East Coast, New York Senate Bill S.1343B, which would establish New York’s own Clean Fuel Standard, is awaiting action by the Senate Environmental Conservation Committee. The bill aims to reduce GHG emissions from “on-road” transportation by 20% by 2034.

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At the same time, New York Governor Kathy Hochul proposed a plan on March 20 that would push the state’s 40% emissions reduction target from 2030 to 2040 and alter the way GHG emissions are counted, citing affordability concerns. 

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Regional and Local Initiatives

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The Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority announced its Decarbonization and Air Quality Improvement Plan in 2024, which sets the ambitious goal of transitioning vessels and shoreside equipment to biodiesel, battery-electric, or hydrogen by 2040. Similarly, a coalition including the ports of Seattle, Tacoma, Vancouver Fraser, and British Columbia as well as the Northwest Seaport Alliance adopted the Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy in 2020. The initiative aims to completely phase out maritime carbon emissions by 2050.

To reach the coalition’s goals, the Port of Seattle has set forth its own implementation strategy, the Port of Seattle’s Maritime Climate and Air Action Plan (MCAAP). 

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The Port of Seattle is also a partner in the Pacific Northwest to Alaska Green Corridor (PNW2AK) project, which seeks to establish a low-carbon cruise-line route between participating Northwest and Alaskan ports. 

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Late-Breaking Update: A new study by UC Berkeley published on March 19 highlights Japan’s leadership in port-level decarbonization.

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International Uncertainty: The International Maritime Organization

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In April 2025, the United Nations’ International Maritime Organization (IMO) approved its Net-Zero Framework, a set of international regulations intended to accelerate the shift toward lower-carbon, and eventually, zero-emission shipping fuels. Central to the framework are a Global Fuel Standard (FGS) and a GHG pricing mechanism, the first globally binding regulations to reduce GHG emissions from any industrial sector. The framework sets ambitious targets, requiring maritime suppliers to reduce CO2 emissions by at least 40 percent by 2030 and 70 percent by 2050, relative to 2008 levels.

However, at an extraordinary session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) in October 2025, IMO voted 57 to 9 to delay formal adoption of the Net-Zero Framework into MARPOL, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, by one year. The delay followed extensive disagreement over fuel standards and emissions pricing as well as muscular lobbying against the new provisions by the United States. In advance of the vote, President Donald Trump personally assailed the Net-Zero Framework, labeling it a “Global Green New Scam Tax on Shipping” in a Truth Social post.

In addition to the delay itself, the U.S.’s resistance to international regulation on low-carbon shipping fuels creates uncertainty for maritime fuel suppliers, particularly those within the United States. While federal-level incentives like the 45Z tax credit encourage low-carbon fuel production for maritime use, this opposition on the international stage projects political hostility toward fuel adoption. So long as these conflicting signals persist, it may be difficult for the low-carbon maritime fuel sector to develop in the United States.

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Late-Breaking Update: In advance of the MEPC’s 84th session to be held from April 27 through May 1, the United States submitted comments this month that call on the IMO to cancel the October 2026 vote. The comments argue that the Net-Zero Framework would “have dire economic consequences for the shipping industry, energy producers and global consumers” and confirmed the U.S.’s opposition to any provisions that would enforce a carbon tax or economic penalties. If the United States is successful in its continued lobbying against the IMO’s adoption of the Net-Zero Framework, it would mark a major setback in the adoption of low-carbon shipping fuels.

International Uncertainty: European Standards

Further complicating the international policy landscape for clean maritime fuels, the European Union (EU) formally implemented its FuelEU Maritime Regulation in January 2025. The program sets a limit on the GHG intensity of energy used onboard all ships of 5,000 gross tonnage (GT) or above that call into the European Union or European Economic Area, including those from abroad. The regulation examines the entire lifecycle of fuels used aboard ships, from production to combustion or a “well-to-wake” approach. For ships coming into or out of the EU, the GHG intensity requirement only applies to half of the energy used during the voyage. Ships that fail to comply face a sizeable economic penalty.

While the program is designed to disincentivize traditional fossil fuels and accelerate the adoption of low-carbon maritime fuels, the FuelEU Maritime Regulation prohibits the use of crop-based biofuels.

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Aside from its FuelEU regulation, maritime carbon emissions in Europe are also regulated under the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), a “cap-and-trade” regulatory initiative that sets an annually reducing limit on total carbon emissions across the power, aviation, manufacturing, and as of 2024, maritime shipping. The regulation requires firms in these sectors to purchase or receive emission allowances for every ton of carbon emitted. Like FuelEU, the regulation is “flag-neutral” and applies to all cargo and passenger ships of 5,000 GT or above entering EU ports, including 100% of emissions for inter-EU voyages and 50% for intra-EU voyages.

Unlike FuelEU’s lifecycle emissions criteria, the EU ETS uses the “tank-to-wake” approach for maritime vessels, only evaluating emissions from on-board activities like fuel combustion. Additionally, though previously focused only on carbon dioxide emissions, the EU ETS began regulating methane and nitrous oxide emissions for maritime shipping in January 2026.

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Late-breaking update: In the United Kingdom, a new amendment to the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), the UK’s “cap-and-trade” regulation, will expand restrictions on GHG emissions to the maritime sector beginning July 1. 

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Future Policy Directions

As the IRS and Treasury work to finalize federal fuel tax guidance, it should be noted that liberalizing RFS standards would substantially strengthen U.S. supply-side incentives for low-carbon maritime fuels. Additionally, harmonization between federal, state, and port-level initiatives would reduce regulatory uncertainty and strengthen the clean fuels sector. On an international scale, developments at the IMO will be critical to the future of low-carbon maritime fuels. With individual countries and blocs pursuing their own regulations, consistency across emissions criteria and calculations will ease the burden of uncertainty. Continuing to monitor policy developments in these areas is essential to streamlining low-carbon fuel adoption and ensuring that emerging projects can operate with confidence.  READ MORE

Related articles

 

Excerpt from Ship and Bunker:  The United States is proposing a change to IMO biofuel rules that aims to tackle unintended deforestation from fuel crops, while at the same time giving a boost to U.S. ethanol production. Specifically, Washington has challenged the IMO's approach to assessing the land use change risks of crop-based marine fuels - a category dominated by ethanol - arguing that the current methodology contains a flaw that could allow fuels sourced from high-deforestation regions to qualify as sustainable under IMO rules. In a submission to the 21st session of the Intersessional Working Group on GHG Emissions from Ships (ISWG-GHG 21/3/21), the US argues that the 2024 LCA Guidelines assess indirect land use change (ILUC) risk only within the boundaries of individual biofuel projects - which, since ILUC by definition occurs outside those boundaries, renders the assessment largely meaningless.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Engine: Shipowners could become more hesitant on green fuel investments if an IMO Net-Zero Framework is adopted without the backing of major economies, says Daniel Barcarolo. 

Barcarolo is the head of regulatory affairs at the Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Center for Zero Carbon Shipping and will attend IMO meetings over the next two weeks. He spoke to ENGINE’s Konica Bhatt about the uncertainty around the Net-Zero Framework (NZF).

The IMO's Intersessional Working Group on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships (ISWG-GHG 21) is meeting in London this week to discuss member state submissions on the framework’s fate ahead of MEPC 84 next week. 

The US and several petrostates have strongly opposed any economic element in the framework. Even if a version of the NZF is approved without US backing, that opposition carries commercial weight, Barcarolo said. 

"While there is strong interest in alternative fuels, uncertainty around the final shape, timing and stringency of global regulation makes it harder to take final investment decisions, especially for assets with lifetimes of 20 to 30 years," he told ENGINE.

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What is the greater risk to shipping's green fuel transition at this stage – delayed adoption of the IMO’s Net-Zero Framework or a watered-down framework? 

Both would be problematic for the decarbonisation mission. There is a lot happening in the world right now, but it is precisely in times of geopolitical tension, energy crises and price volatility that we need to keep the focus on the long‑term transition. Recent developments — from conflicts in energy‑producing regions to renewed market volatility — only reinforce the case for moving towards more resilient energy systems based on renewables and sustainable fuels. 

We need to leverage the overwhelming support seen across the industry for global regulation, and the shared vision embedded in the IMO’s GHG Strategy adopted in 2023 and secure agreement for an ambitious, global regulation.  

We remain optimistic. Not only because optimism is part of our DNA, but because there is clear alignment beneath the surface. Countries may be motivated by different priorities: some driven primarily by climate ambition, others by opportunities linked to energy security, industrial development and next‑generation fuels — from LNG and biofuels to nuclear and e‑fuels. 

What the industry needs most right now is not perfection, but a clear and robust framework that creates confidence that investments made today will still make sense tomorrow. 

Have you seen shipowners delay or reconsider alternative fuel investments due to uncertainty around IMO regulations? 

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The US has opposed any economic element in the Net-Zero Framework. Even if a version is approved without US backing, could the US influence companies to hold back investments in low- and zero-emission fuel technologies? 

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In a submission to the IMO, Japan proposes trimming GFI reduction targets from 2030 toward 2035. What could these lower targets mean for the business case for green fuels in the near term? 

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Japan also proposes mandatory remedial unit purchases through an IMO fund, while retaining surplus units. Will that be enough to generate sufficient funding for the transition? 

This is not quite capturing their proposal, which attempts to maintain the core elements of the IMO NZF without the NZ Fund. 

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How critical is the IMO net-zero fund to the green fuel transition and what is at stake if it gets significantly weakened at MEPC 84? 

The IMO Net- Zero Fund aims to do two things: 1) provide rewards to support the lowest-emission fuels, and 2) leave no one behind through just and equitable transition funding for developing countries with support for a variety of measures.  

On the first goal, we find that it may be hard to fully close the cost gap between the most advanced alternatives and fuel oil with the fuel standard alone. For those fuels, some additional support will likely be required. This could come in a range of forms including a ZNZ [zero- and net-zero] reward, national subsidies and voluntary support.  

It will likely take multiple forms of support which is a potential outcome as more countries turn towards alternatives for energy security purposes. The net-zero fund is one mechanism, but there are others.  

On the second goal – just and equitable transition funding, eliminating a fund will eliminate an important source of revenue for this purpose and would require significant effort and creativity to find an alternative.    READ MORE

 

Excerpt from American Journal of Transportation:  As delegates convene at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) headquarters for the 21st session of the Intersessional Working Group on Greenhouse Gases (ISWG-GHG-21), a number of conservation and environmental justice organizations – lead by Biofuelwatch and Global Forest Coalition – are issuing a call to member states to not allow biofuels to be counted as a green solution to shipping's climate problem.

The group, representing organizations working across Latin America, Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe, warns that endorsing biofuels within the IMO's decarbonization pathway would accelerate deforestation, drive land grabs, threaten biodiversity and deepen food insecurity in some of the world's most vulnerable regions.

“Biofuels are being promoted as a climate solution for shipping, but the reality on the ground tells a very different story,” said Xavier León, Member of the Latin America Program at Grain. “From Indonesia to Latin America, expanding biofuel production at the scale required by global shipping would have devastating consequences.”

The evidence from regions already affected by industrial biofuel production is extensive:

  • Deforestation and biodiversity loss: In countries such as Indonesia, the expansion of palm oil plantations has been a major driver of tropical deforestation, threatening critical habitats for endangered species and accelerating climate change through carbon-rich peatland destruction.
  • Land-use change and emissions: In Latin America, increased cultivation of crops like soy for biofuels has contributed to land-use change, often displacing forests and lands that act as vital carbon sinks. These indirect emissions can negate or even exceed the purported climate benefits of biofuels.
  • Impacts on local communities: Biofuel expansion has been associated with land grabbing, displacement of Indigenous peoples, and heightened social conflict, particularly in rural areas where governance protections are weak.
  • Food security risks: Diverting agricultural land to fuel production places additional pressure on global food systems, contributing to price volatility and reduced access to staple crops in vulnerable regions.

"As the demand for biofuels for shipping rises, the pressure on ecosystems and indigenous communities intensifies. In Indonesia, palm oil concessions overlapping with indigenous territories cover 2.26 million hectares – an area larger than the island of Bali. Biofuels are far more than a matter of energy, they are a struggle for social and ecological justice”, said Respati Bayu, Researcher at Forest Watch Indonesia.

The IMO is under mounting pressure to finalize its decarbonization framework for international shipping, a sector responsible for nearly 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions. While the group strongly supports the sector's urgent decarbonization, it warns that biofuels offer an accounting fiction rather than a genuine emissions reduction.

"We have watched our forests disappear to fuel cars in Europe," said Eko Yunanda, Director of WALHI Riau. "We cannot now stand by while the same logic is extended to fuel the ships crossing our oceans."

“Governments have a responsibility to ensure that the transition to zero-emission shipping does not come at the expense of forests, communities, and food systems,” said Pax Butchart, Biofuelwatch campaigner. “Excluding biofuels from the decarbonization pathway is a necessary step toward a truly sustainable future.”

The NGOs warn that classifying biofuels as “green” shipping fuels risks locking the sector into a pathway that fails to deliver genuine emissions reductions. Instead, the group urges IMO member states to prioritize truly zero-emission solutions, such as speed reduction and wind propulsion.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from International Council on Clean Transportation/Lloyd's List: Any IMO green framework needs adequate safeguards against crop-based biofuels; Demand from shipping could drive up the price of vegetable oils, with costs falling on the poorest; Investment in crop-based biofuels delays transition to greener fuels, research group argues

Cheap biofuels are an illusion: someone, somewhere is paying the price through higher food prices, deforested lands and disruptive climate impacts, writes Bryan Comer READ MORE

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(CFS) Clean Heat Standards Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/modern/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2 terminal CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa cocoa husks Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Congressional Review Act Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice copra CORCs (CO2 Removal Certificates) cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude lignin oil (CLO) crude oil Cruise Ships Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi Customs and Border Protection cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E10M90 ethanol/methanol E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E32 E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental attributes environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia Eswatini/Swaziland ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOAK (First of a Kind) FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenhouse Gas Protocol Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h hairy vetch Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (HEFA-SKA) Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISB10 isobutanol ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State legumes lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime linseed Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel LSMGO (Low Sulfur Marine Gas Oil) lubricants lumber mill lupin Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Gasoline Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol-to-Jet Cyclo Paraffins with Aromatics (MtJ-CKA) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold Moldova molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration 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Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast Northern Australia northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oilcane Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate oyster shell ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photocatalysis/photocatalysts photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical 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project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD15 RD20 RD26 RD3 RD30 RD40 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands Recycled Carbon Fuel (RCF) recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) refineries 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RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports 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Cell (SOEC) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum price sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Southeast Asia Southern Africa Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soy meal soybean hulls soybean prices soybeans Spain spartina specifications Spekboom Spent Bleaching Earth Oil (SBEO) sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam methane reformation steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar Sugar Beets/Energy Beets Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugar standards sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel sugarcane 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