Implementation Agendas: 2018-2019 Update Compare and Contrast Transport Biofuels Policies

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May 29, 2020
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by Mahmood Ebadian, James D. McMillan, Jack (John) N. Saddler and Susan van Dyk (University of British Columbia, Canada/National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA/IEA Bioenergy) Global production and use of transport biofuels

Global biofuels production has continued to increase over the last decade, from over 37 million tonnes oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2007 (~64 billion liters) to over 84 Mtoe in 2017 (~145 billion liters). It increased 3.5% from 2016 to 2017, which is well below its annual growth rate of 11.4% over the past decade however the most growth in three years. The highest growth was observed in the Asia Pacific region, which realized an annual growth rate of 20.1% over the period 2006-2016 and a 6% increase from 2016 to 2017. The Americas and Europe still continue to have the highest shares of biofuels production. In 2017, North America, South and Central America and Europe had world shares of 45.5%, 26.9% and 16.8%, respectively.

The main biofuels being produced are ethanol, biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester or FAME), and renewable diesel fuels produced by hydrogenating (hydrotreating) animal and vegetable oils and fats (also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or hydrotreated esters and fatty acids (HEFA) fuels), as well as a growing amount of biomethane in some countries such as the United States (US), Sweden, and Germany. In energy terms, in 2017, an estimated 65% of biofuel production was ethanol, 29% was FAME biodiesel and 6% was HVO/HEFA fuels; while growing rapidly as a transport fuel, biomethane contributed less than 1% of total biofuel use.

Global biofuels production is forecast to grow at a modest annual growth rate of 3% over the next five years, with most growth expected to come from Latin America and non-OECD countries in Asia1. In Brazil, the drivers for biofuel demand remain strong and it is anticipated that the new RenovaBio policy will accelerate new investment to increase biofuel production capacity. China intends to roll out 10% ethanol blends in gasoline nationwide, which will require a six-fold increase in national output, and this is simulating new investment in ethanol production capacity. The growth prospects for conventional biofuel production in Europe and North America are more limited. The recent announcement in the European Union (EU) of a specific target for advanced biofuels and biogas of at least 0.2% in 2022, 1% in 2025 and at least 3.5% in 2030, however, is stimulating interest from large oil companies as they develop their strategies to achieve these targets. The cellulosic and advanced biofuels targets under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program in the US also continues to stimulate interest in establishing and increasing advanced biofuel production in North America.

Although conventional biofuels (i.e., sugar/starch-based ethanol and FAME biodiesel) comprised more than 93% of global biofuels market share in 2017, worldwide efforts continued to demonstrate production and use of drop-in and other advanced biofuels. This is largely in response to the growth in policies requiring or promoting biofuels that demonstrate improved sustainability attributes, especially lower life cycle net carbon emissions (lower carbon intensity) and less potential to exacerbate undesirable land use change; for example, fuels produced from agricultural, forestry, industrial or municipal wastes and residues. In 2017, the growth of advanced biofuels was led by HVO/HEFA fuels, followed by ethanol from cellulosic materials such as corn fibre, and by fuels from thermochemical gasification- or pyrolysis-based processes. Demand for HVO/HEFA biofuels is expected to continue to grow because of their “drop-in” properties and low carbon intensities, especially when produced from waste and residue oleochemical feedstocks such as tallow and used cooking oil, which account for an increasing share of HVO/HEFA feedstocks. These fuels are now primarily produced in Europe, Singapore and the US, and production is expected to continue to grow as new facilities come on line and new investments are made to increase existing plant capacities.

Production of advanced biofuels from cellulosic feedstocks, including cellulosic ethanol, has so far only been demonstrated at relatively small scales globally due to slower than forecast progress in scale up and commercial deployment. Most cellulosic ethanol is now being produced in the US and EU. In 2017, total production in the US was 38 million liters, mainly from corn kernel fibre and corn stover. A number of pilot, demonstration and pre-commercial advanced biofuels plants in other countries such as Canada, Brazil, Austria, China, India and Italy are also producing or have produced advanced biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks ranging from agricultural and forest residues and the cellulosic portion of municipal waste streams, however large volume commercial production remains to be proven. Policy interest in advanced biofuels remains strong.

The Biofuture Platform, a 20-member country collaboration initiated by Brazil, has advocated an increase in low-carbon biofuel consumption. India aims to deliver twelve advanced biofuel plants, several of which are in development, and China intends to vigorously develop cellulosic ethanol.

EU policy support for advanced biofuels after 2020 is also expected to strengthen, building on an increasing number of quota policies announced by member states.

Global biofuels trade
In recent years, the international trade of biofuels has increased to meet the global demand for renewable fuels. Ethanol and biodiesel constitute much of this trade because they are the most established and largest volume biofuels, but there is potential for more trade of drop-in biofuels such as HVO/HEFA fuels. Ethanol has been traded for decades and has developed into a largevolume global market. In contrast, biodiesel trade is less established and has been encouraged by policies and incentives that promote biofuels, particularly in the EU. The current major participants
in liquid biofuels trade are the US, the EU, Brazil, and Argentina. The volume and direction of biofuel trade depends on many factors, including policies, tariffs, crop yields, feedstock availability and biofuels supply and demand within individual countries. Some of the most significant policies influencing where biofuels are imported and produced are the EU’s Renewable Energy Directive (RED and REDII), the US’s Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) and California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). International import/export tariffs also play an important role.

Transport biofuels policies
Policies and fossil fuel prices are the main factors driving the rate of biofuels growth in specific countries and world regions. Many forms of policy instruments are being used, including blending mandates, fuel and carbon taxes and renewable or low carbon fuel standards, as well as a variety of fiscal incentives and public financing mechanisms.

...

Biofuels policies for aviation and marine sectors
Policies to promote renewable energy in the transport sector continue to focus primarily on road transport, especially at the national level. Other important sub-sectors of transport such as rail, aviation and shipping have until recently drawn comparably less policy attention despite also being large energy consumers and GHG emitters. Transport policies and industry efforts are increasingly focusing on deploying biofuels for all long-haul transport sectors (i.e., road, rail, aviation and shipping), where electrification is much more challenging. The aviation industry recognises the
need to address climate change by decarbonizing and has adopted a number of targets, including a 50% reduction in net aviation CO2 emissions by 2050 (compared to 2005 levels). Few direct support policies now target the use of renewable fuels in the aviation sector. Indonesia introduced a 2% renewable jet fuel mandate in 2017, which is set to increase to 5% by 2025. EU’s new REDII allows aviation biofuels as an opt-in to count more highly (using a multiplier of 1.2) in the contributions towards the region’s renewable transport target. In 2018, in addition to new policy
developments, the Netherlands, Norway, UK and US re-committed to promoting alternative jet fuel production. As of year-end 2017, five renewable jet fuels, plus 5% co-processing of bio-crude, were certified for blending with fossil-based jet fuels (at levels ranging from 10% to 50%).

Shipping is another long-distance transport sector that is under increasing pressure to reduce its
carbon and sulfur emissions.   READ MORE

1 This region groups together all Asian countries apart from China, India, Japan and South Korea. The region ranges
from Afghanistan through Mongolia, to Southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific.

IEA Bioenergy Task 39 - Implementation Agendas: 2018-2019 Update xvi
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................iv
1. Global production and use of biofuels...................................................................................1
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1
Biofuels production and use ...........................................................................................................3
Global biofuels trade ......................................................................................................................8
Future growth of biofuels industry .................................................................................................9
Sources .........................................................................................................................................11
2. Australia .................................................................................................................................13
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................14
Main drivers for biofuels policy ...................................................................................................17
Biofuels policy..............................................................................................................................18
Biofuels obligations..................................................................................................................18
Excise duty reductions..............................................................................................................19
Fiscal Incentives.......................................................................................................................20
Investment subsidies.................................................................................................................20
Other measures stimulating biofuels implementation ..............................................................20
Promotion of advanced biofuels...................................................................................................21
Market development and policy effectiveness .............................................................................22
Sources .........................................................................................................................................24
3. Austria ....................................................................................................................................26
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................27
Main drivers for biofuels policy ...................................................................................................27
Biofuels policy..............................................................................................................................28
Biofuels obligations..................................................................................................................29
Excise duty reductions..............................................................................................................30
Fiscal incentives.......................................................................................................................30
Investment subsidies.................................................................................................................30
Other measures used to stimulate the production and use of biofuels .....................................30
Promotion of advanced biofuels...................................................................................................31
Market development and policy effectiveness .............................................................................32
Sources .........................................................................................................................................36
4. Brazil.......................................................................................................................................37
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................38
Main drivers for biofuel policy.....................................................................................................40
Biofuels policy..............................................................................................................................40
Biofuels obligations..................................................................................................................41
IEA Bioenergy Task 39 - Implementation Agendas: 2018-2019 Update xvii
Excise duty reductions..............................................................................................................41
Fiscal incentives.......................................................................................................................42
Other measures used to stimulate the production and use of biofuels .....................................42
Promotion of advanced biofuels...................................................................................................44
Market development and policy effectiveness .............................................................................45
Sources .........................................................................................................................................49
5. Canada ....................................................................................................................................51
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................52
Main drivers for biofuels policy ...................................................................................................52
Biofuels policy..............................................................................................................................53
Biofuels obligations..................................................................................................................53
Excise duty reductions..............................................................................................................54
Fiscal incentives and Investment subsidies..............................................................................54
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels ....................................................56
Promotion of advanced biofuels...................................................................................................59
Market development and policy effectiveness .............................................................................60
Sources .........................................................................................................................................63
6. Denmark .................................................................................................................................65
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................66
Main drivers for biofuels policy ...................................................................................................67
Biofuels policy..............................................................................................................................67
Biofuels obligations..................................................................................................................67
Excise duty reductions..............................................................................................................67
Fiscal incentives.......................................................................................................................68
Investment subsidies.................................................................................................................68
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels ....................................................68
Promotion of advanced biofuels...................................................................................................68
Market development and policy effectiveness .............................................................................69
Sources .........................................................................................................................................72
7. European Union.....................................................................................................................73
Status of the biofuels industry in the EU......................................................................................74
Policies driving the production and use of biofuels......................................................................75
RED II.......................................................................................................................................75
Sustainability criteria in RED II...............................................................................................75
Advanced biofuels........................................................................................................................76
Caps and multipliers.....................................................................................................................78
Flexibility .....................................................................................................................................79
IEA Bioenergy Task 39 - Implementation Agendas: 2018-2019 Update xviii
Translation and implementation ...................................................................................................79
Advances and challenges in biofuels technologies.......................................................................79
Biochemical conversion routes.................................................................................................80
Thermochemical conversion routes..........................................................................................81
Oleochemical conversion routes ..............................................................................................83
Broad indicator of funding by technology routes.........................................................................84
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................85
Sources .........................................................................................................................................86
8. Germany .................................................................................................................................87
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................88
Main drivers for biofuels policy ...................................................................................................88
Biofuels policy..............................................................................................................................88
Biofuels obligations..................................................................................................................91
Excise duty reductions..............................................................................................................91
Fiscal incentives.......................................................................................................................91
Investment subsidies.................................................................................................................92
Promotion of advanced biofuels...................................................................................................92
Market development and policy effectiveness .............................................................................96
Sources .........................................................................................................................................99
9. Japan.....................................................................................................................................102
Introduction ................................................................................................................................103
Main drivers for biofuels policy .................................................................................................104
Biofuels Policy ...........................................................................................................................104
Biofuels targets.......................................................................................................................104
Excise duty reductions............................................................................................................106
Incentives, subsidies and other measures to promote biofuels...............................................107
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels ..................................................108
Promotion of advanced biofuels.................................................................................................108
Market development and policy effectiveness ...........................................................................110
Sources .......................................................................................................................................114
10. The Netherlands...................................................................................................................116
Introduction ................................................................................................................................117
Main drivers for biofuels policy .................................................................................................118
Biofuels policy............................................................................................................................118
Biofuels obligations............................................................................................................119
Excise duty reductions........................................................................................................121
Fiscal incentives.................................................................................................................121
IEA Bioenergy Task 39 - Implementation Agendas: 2018-2019 Update xix
Investment subsidies...........................................................................................................121
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels ..............................................121
Promotion of advanced biofuels.................................................................................................122
Market development and policy effectiveness ...........................................................................122
Sources .......................................................................................................................................124
11. New Zealand.........................................................................................................................126
Introduction ................................................................................................................................127
Main drivers for biofuels policy .................................................................................................127
Biofuels policy............................................................................................................................128
Biofuels obligations............................................................................................................128
Excise duty reductions........................................................................................................128
Fiscal incentives.................................................................................................................129
Investment subsidies...........................................................................................................129
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels ..............................................129
Promotion of advanced biofuels.................................................................................................129
Market development and policy effectiveness ...........................................................................129
Sources .......................................................................................................................................131
12. South Africa .........................................................................................................................133
Introduction ................................................................................................................................134
Main drivers for biofuels policy .................................................................................................135
Biofuels policy............................................................................................................................135
Biofuels targets...................................................................................................................136
Excise duty reductions........................................................................................................136
Fiscal incentives.................................................................................................................136
Investment subsidies...........................................................................................................136
Promotion of advanced biofuels.................................................................................................136
Market development and policy effectiveness ...........................................................................137
Sources .......................................................................................................................................138
13. South Korea..........................................................................................................................140
Introduction ................................................................................................................................141
Main drivers for biofuels policy .................................................................................................142
Biofuels policy............................................................................................................................142
Biofuels targets...................................................................................................................142
Excise duty reductions........................................................................................................143
Fiscal Incentives.................................................................................................................143
Investment subsidies...........................................................................................................143
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels ..............................................143
IEA Bioenergy Task 39 - Implementation Agendas: 2018-2019 Update xx
Promotion of advanced biofuels.................................................................................................144
Market development and policy effectiveness ...........................................................................144
Sources .......................................................................................................................................147
14. Sweden ..................................................................................................................................148
Introduction ................................................................................................................................149
Main drivers for biofuels policy .................................................................................................150
Biofuels policy............................................................................................................................150
Biofuels obligations............................................................................................................150
Excise duty reductions........................................................................................................151
Fiscal incentives.................................................................................................................151
Investment subsidies...........................................................................................................151
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels ..............................................152
Promotion of advanced biofuels.................................................................................................153
Market development and policy effectiveness ...........................................................................154
Sources .......................................................................................................................................156
15. United States.........................................................................................................................157
Introduction ................................................................................................................................158
Main drivers for biofuels policy .................................................................................................159
Biofuels policy............................................................................................................................159
Biofuel obligations..............................................................................................................160
Excise duty reductions........................................................................................................165
Fiscal incentives and investment subsidies.........................................................................165
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels ..............................................166
Promotion of advanced biofuels.................................................................................................167
Market development and policy effectiveness ...........................................................................171
Sources .......................................................................................................................................174
16. China.....................................................................................................................................177
Introduction ................................................................................................................................178
Main drivers for biofuels policy .................................................................................................178
Biofuel Policy.............................................................................................................................178
Biofuels obligations............................................................................................................179
Excise duty reductions........................................................................................................182
Fiscal incentives and investment subsidies.........................................................................184
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels ..............................................185
Promotion of advanced biofuels.................................................................................................185
Market development and policy effectiveness ...........................................................................188
Sources .......................................................................................................................................192
IEA Bioenergy Task 39 - Implementation Agendas: 2018-2019 Update xxi
17. India ......................................................................................................................................194
Introduction ................................................................................................................................195
Main drivers for biofuels policy .................................................................................................195
Biofuel Policy.............................................................................................................................196
Biofuels obligations............................................................................................................196
Excise duty reductions........................................................................................................197
Fiscal incentives and investment subsidies.........................................................................198
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels ..............................................199
Promotion of advanced biofuels.................................................................................................200
Market development and policy effectiveness ...........................................................................201
Sources .......................................................................................................................................203
18. Compare and contrast transport biofuel policies.............................................................204
Policy landscape on a global scale .............................................................................................205
Compare and contrast biofuel policies for the transport sector ..................................................206
Biofuel blending mandates .................................................................................................206
Fuel/CO2 tax excise reduction/exemption or zero tariff .....................................................213
Low Carbon Fuel Standards...............................................................................................214
Other measures stimulating the implementation of biofuels (Technology-push instruments)
216
Biofuels sustainability criteria............................................................................................219
Biofuels policies in the aviation and shipping sectors........................................................223
Barriers to the further growth of biofuels markets.............................................................224
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................225
Sources .......................................................................................................................................227
Appendix I: Implementation agendas Questionnaire .............................................................230

 

Executive Summary: Implementation Agendas: 2018-2019 Update Compare and Contrast Transport Biofuels Policies (IEA Bioenergy)

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crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security 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drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal 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microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts 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Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and 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