Federal Agencies Announce New Sustainable Aviation Fuel Implementation Framework to Reduce U.S. Aviation Carbon Emissions

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November 20, 2024
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(U.S. Department of Energy)  New Implementation Framework Identifies Key Opportunities to Increase Biofuel Production To Deliver Economic Opportunities and Healthier Communities to Rural and Agricultural Areas Across America -- An interagency team led by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) today released the Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Grand Challenge Roadmap Implementation Framework. The Implementation Framework highlights current Federal agency capabilities and programs aligned with the actions called out in the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap and identifies existing gaps where additional effort, public-private partnerships, and support will be needed to meet the goals set forth in the SAF Grand Challenge. 

"Advancing sustainable fuel technologies is essential to building a thriving bioeconomy that benefits all Americans while also cutting harmful emissions and delivering healthier communities,” said Jeff Marootian, principal deputy assistant secretary for DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. “This framework highlights the incredible opportunity to unlock exciting new economic opportunities for agricultural and rural communities across the nation and build upon the groundwork laid by the Biden-Harris administration to support a growing sustainable aviation fuel industry.”

“Sustainable aviation fuel use expands economic opportunities for American farmers, business owners and rural communities,” said Chavonda Jacobs-Young, under secretary for research, education and economics and the USDA’s chief scientist. “This effort highlights the power of scientific innovation to drive us toward our national goals and the potent momentum of government organizations working together to accelerate progress towards a sustainable future for aviation fuels.”

Since the establishment of the SAF Grand Challenge in 2021, which set an ambitious goal to produce 3 billion gallons of SAF by 2030, and 35 billion gallons of SAF by 2050 to meet 100% of domestic jet fuel demand, annual SAF production has dramatically increased—highlighting the growing momentum for this important initiative to reduce carbon emissions from the aviation sector. By mid-2024, 13 million gallons of SAF were domestically produced. Announced domestic projects represent potential for over 3 billion gallons of annual SAF production capacity—representing $44 billion of announced investment—by 2030.

The Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative estimates that about 2 billion gallons of SAF are currently expected to come online by 2028; additional volume can be expected if barriers are addressed as described in the Implementation Framework, such as market demand, policy framework, and airline offtake agreements. 

The Implementation Framework is a directional guide for the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap and demonstrates coordination and planning for the multiple agencies involved with different missions and approaches. Organized by six roadmap action areas, the Implementation Framework covers feedstock innovation, conversion technology innovation, building supply chains, policy and valuation analysis, enabling end use, and communicating progress and building support. The SAF Grand Challenge interagency team is committed to supporting achievement of the SAF Grand Challenge goals as demonstrated through: 

  • Research and development of sustainable feedstock and fuel production technologies, providing support for technology scale-up and advancing environmental analysis of SAF. 
  • Support of U.S. farmers with climate-smart agriculture practices and research. 
  • Loan guarantees to commercial-scale SAF projects that utilize innovative technology to convert feedstock to SAF and avoid, reduce, or sequester greenhouse gas emissions. 
  • Provision of capabilities and funding to support SAF qualification, U.S. and international standard-setting, and development of infrastructure and transportation systems 

The U.S. transportation sector has become the largest source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the country with aviation generating approximately 11% of U.S. transportation-based CO2 emissions that contribute to climate change. Developing innovative technologies to produce SAF will enable the United States to meet President Biden and Vice President Harris’ climate goals and position it as a global leader in the emerging SAF market.

The Biden-Harris Administration continues to collaborate with a broad range of SAF stakeholders that include airlines, aircraft and engine manufacturers, energy producers, researchers, and international participants to build relationships, share and collect data, identify resources, and direct research, development, and deployment of SAF.

The SAF Grand Challenge, launched in 2021, is a government-wide strategy, led by DOE, the USDA, and DOT. It builds on sectorwide industry commitments to foster innovation and drive change across the entire U.S. aviation emissions and ecosystem. In September 2022, federal agencies published the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap, outlining a whole-of-government approach with coordinated policies and specific activities that should be undertaken by the government to support achievement of the SAF Grand Challenge goals.   

The SAF Grand Challenge supports the U.S. National Blueprint for Transportation Decarbonization aviation goals to reduce all greenhouse emissions from the transportation sector by 2050. The Blueprint, developed by the Departments of Energy, Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and the Environmental Protection Agency, is a landmark strategy to realize an improved and sustainable transportation future.

Learn about SAF and download the full Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge Roadmap Implementation Framework to review current agency capabilities and programs to implement Roadmap actions, as well as gaps and barriers to achieving SAF Grand Challenge goals.   READ MORE

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Excerpt from U.S. Department of Energy:  An interagency team led by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) released the Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Grand Challenge Roadmap Implementation Framework in November 2024. The Implementation Framework highlights current Federal agency capabilities and programs aligned with the actions called out in the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap and identifies existing gaps where additional effort, public-private partnerships, and support will be needed to meet the goals set forth in the SAF Grand Challenge. The gaps include:

  • Creating certainty in U.S. government policy to support the build-out of SAF supply chains.
  • Expanding data and analysis and improving models to perform transparent and credible SAF supply chain analysis to inform business models and policy development.
  • Expanding purpose-grown feedstocks and tapping the potential of waste and residual feedstocks.
  • Optimizing economically viable and sustainable feedstock supply chains.
  • Using existing ethanol and petroleum industry infrastructure to rapidly scale-up and deploy.
  • Reducing risk and coalition-building.
  • Communicating SAF Grand Challenge progress and benefits transparently and effectively.

The Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge, launched in 2021, is a government-wide strategy, led by the DOE, USDA, and DOT. It builds on sector-wide industry commitments to foster innovation and drive change across the entire U.S. aviation emissions and ecosystem. In September 2022, Federal agencies published the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap, outlining a whole-of-government approach with coordinated policies and specific activities that should be undertaken by the government to support achievement of the SAF Grand Challenge goals.   

The Implementation Framework is a directional guide for the SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap and demonstrates coordination and planning for the multiple agencies involved with different missions and approaches. Organized by six roadmap action areas, the Implementation Framework covers Feedstock Innovation, Conversion Technology Innovation, Building Supply Chains, Policy and Valuation Analysis, Enabling End Use, and Communicating Progress and Building Support.

Download the full Implementation Framework and the fact sheet.  READ MORE

Table of Contents

Executive Summary.................................................................................................................... vii

SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Implementation Framework Overview ........................ vii

Federal Agency Capabilities and Programs Summary....................................................... viii

SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Gap Analysis Summary................................................. viii Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1

SAF Grand Challenge Roadmap Implementation Framework.............................................2

Feedstock Innovation.................................................................................................................... 3

Current Federal Agency Capabilities and Programs..............................................................3

USDA ...................................................................................................................................... 3

USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS).......................................................................... 4

USDA Forest Service .............................................................................................................. 4

USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) ..................................................... 5

USDA Farm Production and Conservation Mission Area....................................................... 6

DOE Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)........................................................................ 7

DOE Office of Science............................................................................................................ 9

DOT Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)....................................................................... 10

DOT Volpe Transportation Research Center......................................................................... 10 EPA........................................................................................................................................ 10

Current Program Gaps and Barriers.....................................................................................11

FI.1: Understand Resource Markets and Availability............................................................ 11

FI.2: Maximize Sustainable Lipid Supply............................................................................. 11

FI.3: Increase Production of Purpose-Grown Biomass Resources and Collection of Wastes and Residues.......................................................................................................................... 12

FI.4 and FI.5: Improve Feedstock Supply Logistics and Resilience and Reliability of Feedstock Handling Systems................................................................................................. 13

FI.6: Improve Sustainability and Productivity of Biomass and Waste Feedstock Supply Systems.................................................................................................................................. 13

Conversion Technology Innovation........................................................................................... 16

Current Federal Agency Capabilities and Programs............................................................17

DOE Office of Science.......................................................................................................... 17

DOE BETO ........................................................................................................................... 18

DOE Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) ........................................ 19

DOE ARPA-E........................................................................................................................ 20

USDA ARS............................................................................................................................ 20

Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge Roadmap Implementation Framework xiii

DOT FAA .............................................................................................................................. 21

Current Program Gaps and Barriers.....................................................................................21

CT.1: Decarbonize, Diversify, and Scale Current Fermentation-Based Fuel Industry.......... 21

CT.2: Develop Options to Increase Production and Reduce CI of Existing ASTM-Qualified Pathways................................................................................................................................ 22

CT.3: Develop Biointermediates and Pathways for Compatibility with Existing Capital Assets..................................................................................................................................... 22

CT.4: Reduce Risk During Scale-Up and Operations ........................................................... 23

CT.5: Develop Innovative Unit Operations and Pathways.................................................... 24

Building Supply Chains.............................................................................................................. 26

Current Federal Agency Capabilities and Programs............................................................26

DOE BETO ........................................................................................................................... 27

DOE ARPA-E........................................................................................................................ 27

DOE Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains................................................... 27

DOE Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations...................................................................... 28

DOE Loan Programs Office .................................................................................................. 28

USDA .................................................................................................................................... 28 EPA........................................................................................................................................ 29 DOT....................................................................................................................................... 29

DOT FAA .............................................................................................................................. 30

Current Program Gaps and Barriers.....................................................................................31

SC.1: Build and Support Regional Stakeholder Coalitions through Outreach, Extension, and Education............................................................................................................................... 31

SC.2: Model SAF Supply Chains.......................................................................................... 32

SC.3: Demonstration of SAF Supply Chains........................................................................ 34

SC.4: Invest in SAF Production Infrastructure to Support Industry Deployment................. 36

Policy and Valuation Analysis.................................................................................................... 37

Current Federal Agency Capabilities and Programs............................................................37

DOE BETO ........................................................................................................................... 37

DOE Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO)............................................................................. 39

DOT FAA .............................................................................................................................. 40

USDA .................................................................................................................................... 41 EPA........................................................................................................................................ 41

Current Program Gaps and Barriers.....................................................................................41

PA.1: Develop Improved Environmental Models and Data for SAF.................................... 41

PA.2: Conduct Techno-Economic and Production Potential Analysis.................................. 43

PA.3: Inform SAF Policy Development................................................................................ 43

Enabling End Use........................................................................................................................ 46

Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge Roadmap Implementation Framework xiv Current Federal Agency Capabilities and Programs............................................................46

DOT FAA .............................................................................................................................. 46

DOE VTO.............................................................................................................................. 48

NASA .................................................................................................................................... 49

DOD ...................................................................................................................................... 50

USDA Rural Development Programs.................................................................................... 50

Current Program Gaps and Barriers.....................................................................................50

EU.1: Support SAF Evaluation, Testing, Qualification, and Specification........................... 51

EU.2: Enable Use of Drop-In Unblended SAF and SAF Blends up to 100%....................... 51

EU.3: Investigate Jet A Fuel Derivatives Offering Performance or Producibility Advantages ............................................................................................................................................... 51

EU.4: Integrate SAF into Fuel Distribution Infrastructure.................................................... 51

Communicating Progress and Building Support..................................................................... 53

Current Federal Agency Capabilities and Programs............................................................53 DOE....................................................................................................................................... 54

DOT FAA .............................................................................................................................. 54

USDA .................................................................................................................................... 55

Current Program Gaps and Barriers.....................................................................................56

CP.1: Stakeholder Outreach and Engagement on Feedstock Sustainability.......................... 56

CP.2: Conduct Benefits Assessment/Impact Analysis of SAF Grand Challenge .................. 57

CP.3: Measure Progress of the SAF Grand Challenge .......................................................... 57

CP.4: Communicate Public Benefits of the SAF Grand Challenge....................................... 57

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Transportation Fuels Policy Sustainability loan guarantees Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Investing Housing and Urban Development (HUD) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity Feedstocks Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) environmental policy Department of Transportation (DOT) Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Agriculture (USDA) conversion technology commercialization climate smart/conservation agriculture Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel Production Biofuel bioeconomy Aviation Fuel/Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Agricultural Policy
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hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal 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management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts 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Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis 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RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae 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