Advanced BioFuels USA

by Dan Quadros* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  This article is the result of a technical trip to Germany and the UK to participate in strategic meetings and visit labs; to attend seminars, an expo, a short course and a symposium.  Posted after the article are two interviews with important researchers in this area: Professor Hans Oechsner of the State Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bioenergy and Dr. Michael Köttner from IBBK – Internacionales Biogas & Bioenergy Kompetenzzentrum.

Danilo Gusmao at the AD and BIOGAS expo in the UK

To be more didactic, the article is in three parts:

• Part I: An overview of biogas in Europe, using available literature and Internet sources to describe the importance and possibilities of biogas plants on the old continent;
• Part II: Personal experiences, which describe the events in which I participated and my personal feelings about the theme; and
• Part III: Final thoughts.

Part I: Biogas in Europe

Biogas is a renewable energy source that is technically fully established, producing heat, steam, electricity and vehicle fuel. It is produced during anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic substrates, such as manure, sewage sludge, the organic fractions of household and industry waste, as well as of energy crops.

It is produced in large scale digesters found primarily in industrial countries for sewage sludge treatment and stabilization purposes, as well as in small scale digesters on individual farms. Biogas is also produced during anaerobic degradation in landfills and it is then referred to as landfill gas.

The interest in biogas has increased due to global efforts to displace fossil fuels used for energy production and due to the necessity of finding environmentally sustainable solutions for the treatment and recycling of animal manure and organic wastes. The digestate, the product obtained after the treatment of organic matter, is a source of nutrients and its application in agriculture has improved soil properties and crop yields.

In line with other biofuels, biogas from AD is an important part of the European transport and energy policy. As an affordable and CO₂-neutral source of renewable energy, it offers the possibility of treating and recycling a wide range of agricultural residues and by-products in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way. At the same time, biogas brings along a number of socio-economic benefits for the economy, environment, society and security of energy supply.

Biogas is produced by bacteria through anaerobic digestion of organic substrates in the absence of oxygen. The chemical composition of raw biogas includes 50%-75% methane and 25%-50% carbon dioxide; with the rest composed of water vapour and traces of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide.

To allow injection of biogas into the natural gas grid or for use as a vehicle fuel, it must be upgraded. This means that carbon dioxide is removed so that the proportion of methane is increased to usually above 96% so that it meets the quality standards for natural gas.

Biogas is seen to be one of the key technologies both to reach EU member states’ targets for renewable energies in 2020 and to meet their requirements within the European organic waste management directive.

Regulatory restrictions on waste management and the introduction of dedicated support schemes for renewable energies made the biogas sector a booming market in many European countries. Governments have set up incentive systems for paying for electricity (feed-in tariffs, green certificates, tenders). In a number of countries, the biogas market is stimulated by additional payments for the use of energy crops. They aim to promote the increase in renewable energy production, while the policy also enables farm holdings to reduce their energy dependency and diversify their incomes in the event of falling cereal, milk or meat prices. Other countries question the environmental soundness of using energy crops such as maize for methanization, preferring to convert already existing waste feedstock (European Biomass Association, AEBIOM and partners, 2012).

According to the European Biogas Association, there are more than 14,500 biogas plants in Europe and the number is still growing (Figure 1). Probably today the total energy generated is more than 8,000 MWe.

Figure 1 – Number of biogas plants according to country.  Source: EBA, http://european-biogas.eu/2014/12/16/4331/

In recent years, central European countries like Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland increased by 18% the number of biogas plants in the region. Countries, such as the UK, France and Sweden, continue to develop on a steady rate. The Czech Republic and Cyprus already ceased support for biogas plants, while German and Austrian biogas plant operators are facing local caps.

Policy changes have been mainly responsible for stimulating or suppressing biogas initiatives. 

The main focus on biogas has been electricity (Figure 2) or electricity-heat conversion using big generators.

Figure 2. Energy generation from biogas by country; Source: Ramanauskaite (2011)

Biogas can provide both base load and peak load electricity, which makes it a valuable option to balance fluctuating renewable energy systems (RES) energies, like wind power and photovoltaic power.

Some countries are supporting the utilization of combined heat and power production (CHP) due the efficiency of conversion.

The possibilities include biomethane production. In this way, biomethane can be injected in the gas grid or be used as vehicular fuel. Biomethane industry followed the growing trend of biogas, reaching almost 300 plants with a total production over 1,3 billion m³ (Figure 3).  With the increase of biomethane production, the continuing challenges are more investment in infrastructure and flex-fuel fleet to distribute and use the biomethane in the transportation system. The number of biomethane filling stations doubled in 2013 increasing the share of biomethane used in transport to 10% of the total biomethane produced in Europe.

Figure 3. Number of biomethane plants according to the country. Source: EBA, http://european-biogas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Biomethane-graph-20131.png

Developing use of biomethane for transport is the focus of several projects such as BIOMASTER, MADEGASCAR, GasHighWay, BioGas Max, Urban Biogas, Green Gas Grids and Baltic Biogas Bus, which aim to increase its use in the market.

Biomethane for transport was also one of the options supported by the European Green Cars Initiative (a €5 billion PPP boost to the European car industry).

The most concrete reference for 2020 estimates are national renewable action plans which contain ambitions for the different renewable energy sources to meet the 20% RES in energy supply.

Biogas production is not separately reported, but is estimated in relation to the end use. Biogas-related electricity is estimated to be 64TWh (5.5 Milion tonne oil equivalent, Mtoe) in 2020. The gross production of heating and cooling from biogas is estimated at 5.1 Mtoe in 2020. The share of biogas in transport is approximately 6TWh (0.5 Mtoe). The total estimate for final energy consumption sourced from biogas in 2020 is more than 11 Mtoe. Adjusting for conversion efficiencies, this corresponds with approximately 28 Mtoe of primary biogas production (Foreest, 2012).

Calculations made recently by AEBIOM, the European Biomass Association, show a biogas potential of around 460 TWh (1,700 PJ) by 2020 in the EU-27. For this production, agricultural products (for instance energy crops and manure) and waste (biodegradable waste and sewage sludge) are to be used as substrates. Recovery of landfill gas is also included in this projection. The potential production would be equivalent to a third of the natural gas production in Europe and to 10% of the consumption.

The feedstock used for biogas production can impact not only the gas production, but also the perception of society regarding the technology. Germany relies on energy crops, mainly corn silage, to produce biogas. Other countries, with less arable land and/or concerns about food vs. fuel issues, have restricted feedstock to manure or other residues.

Different types of waste from society are of great importance when studying biogas systems. By utilizing organic waste for biogas production it could be regarded as a resource instead of as a problem, but this change in perception takes time, and large amounts of organic residues are still being disposed of in other ways, such as composting or landfilling.

In the EU regulation known as Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 or the ABP-regulation, the proper handling of animal by-products is described, and the residues are categorized. This, in order to prevent the spreading of animal diseases, such as BSE and foot and mouth disease. The regulation affects biogas production since residues such as slaughterhouse waste, which is an energy-rich substrate, in many cases needs pre-treatment according to the directives.

Biogas production per se is not mentioned in the reformed CAP (Common Agricultural Policy). However, a key element of the new CAP is a rural development strategy, in which renewable energy production from agricultural products is advocated. Included in the CAP is an obligation for the Member States to set up agri-environment schemes, and farmers are then granted support.

Biogas production at ecological farms is an interesting field which could have great potential as it may bring about positive synergy effects (Engdahl, 2010).

Part II: Personal experiences

Dr. Hans Oechsner in his lab at the University of Hohenheim

Germany

Everything started at the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart, an agricultural-focused University founded around 200 years ago. There I met Professor Hans Oechsner in his advanced biogas research lab at the State Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bioenergy.

The Institute is responsible for new research, advising farmers and industry partners, and other outreach activities about biomass. In the past, it focused on oil crops for biodiesel and biomass for electricity generation, while currently the focus is on biogas.

Prof. Oechsner has many years of experience in biogas production from agricultural feedstocks. His research lines include growing and breeding energy crops to obtain better varieties, and studying harvest time and storage methods to maximize biogas production. Also, he has researched a way to run biogas plants without manure. Normally, manure provides bacteria, buffer capacity and trace elements. He identified which trace elements and how much of them are necessary for higher biogas production. You can listen to my interview with him at the end of this article.

Germany is the most advanced country in biogas. The German government aims to reach a share of renewable energy sources of around 20% in the final energy consumption, and of 35% in the electricity sector by 2020. In addition to the proposed targets and measures for biogas electricity, the German government also aims to feed 6 billion Nm³ biomethane into the natural gas grid in 2020 (European Biomass Association, AEBIOM and partners, 2012).

According to Prof. Oechsner, today around 12% of energy and 20% electricity is from renewable sources; thus in the next 5 years there is a need to increase these amounts to reach Germany’s goals. In the past 10 years there was a great desire, stimulated by special policy and regulations like Renewable Energy Law that permits farmers to produce electricity from biogas and obligates the owners of the energy grid to buy it for exclusive prices. This enables farmers to invest in this sector.

He explained that as Germany is a small country compared to America, they have to intensify production to get the most out of it. In this way, energy crops like corn have greater potential as a biogas feedstock than manure. Manure is used as single feedstock in small plants or mixed with wastes or energy crops in bigger plants. The average biogas plant in Germany has a size of 2,500 m³ and produces 450 KW. It can provide electricity for 500 to 700 houses.  Each hectare of corn in the form of silage, which is used to feed the digester day by day, produces biogas enough to be converted in 3 KW.  Today, around 10% of arable land is used to grow energy crops for biogas plants.

Germany is one of the strongest economies in Europe. In this context, buying electricity with more expensive fares, when compared with other sources, to reach the goals, has been seen as positive. With the feed-in law in Germany, the government introduced an excellent support scheme with fixed feed-in tariffs for different feedstocks and capacities, long-term payment periods and guaranteed grid access and regulated grid connection rules (European Biomass Association, AEBIOM and partners, 2012).

Prof. Oechsner highlighted the possibility of flexible production and storage of biogas.  Unlike other sources of energy, biogas can be stored for use when the demand for electricity is greatest; at peak demand or in certain times of the year when demand is greater. However, he mentioned that successful biogas systems are also possible due to the policy that guarantees high prices to the producers. Inevitably, this higher cost has been passed to the consumers. Thus, today the numbers of biogas plants stopped increasing and emphasis changed  to investment in efficiency. The solution, according to Prof. Oechsner, will be to unify all the renewable possibilities in an energetic mix. An example of this is the injection of hydrogen from photovoltaic into biogas systems, which is object of his research, along with injecting biomethane into the grid.

AD and BIOGAS Expo

United Kingdom

UK AD & Biogas

From Germany, I went to Birmingham for UK AD & Biogas 2015, a two day event full of seminars and a big expo.

In this big expo, specific to biogas, there were new technologies for biogas production and conversion. Biogas industry and academia showed cutting-edge research applicable to commercial scale.

Among many systems for biogas production, automated all-controlled systems give the perfect conditions for bacterial fermentation to occur. Once biogas is made, it should be filtered to remove harmful substances that could damage engines.

After that, big engines convert methane into electricity.

AD and BIOGAS expo

Highlights of the expo were the many companies demonstrating different models of engines.

Once purified, biomethane can be used in fleets of cars and buses as were shown there.

As a researcher, I found interesting the lab digesters, which can simulate internal conditions of a commercial digester to test many substrates and treatments and the machines which process normal trash from supermarkets and separate the fermentable fraction from the recyclable part such as plastic and foil.

Using the organic fraction of urban wastes is a great approach for the biogas industry, solving two issues at the same time.

During the seminars, we were informed about the current situation of biogas production in the UK. New policies can stimulate this industry and regulation should be debated and modernized, mainly about digestate utilization. There are some concerns that because digestate comes from manure and urban waste its utilization on edible crops could cause health problems. More studies are necessary to modernize old thoughts.

One innovation was a space specific for personal consultation, putting together customers and consultants to discuss planning, technical points, and feasibility.

Biogas Operator and Planner course at Abertay University in Dundee, Scotland

Biogas Operator  & Planner Course and University of Dundee, plus Visiting Labs

After that, I participated in a Biogas Operator & Planner course at Abertay University, Dundee, Scotland. The successful course was organized by the Renewable Energy Association (REA) and the International Biogas and Bioenergy Center of Competence (IBBK Fachgruppe Biogas). The participants were not just from UK, but from many places, such as Austria, Africa, Italy and elsewhere.

Despite staying just one day, I could participate in deep discussions with specialists and  trainee professionals for biogas plants establishment and management.

While there, I visited the biogas lab of the university, where interestingly seaweed has been studied as a new substrate for biogas.

Danilo Gusmao presenting about small scale digesters in Aberdeen, Scotland

International Symposium on Energy Challenges and Mechanics

Finally, I went to Aberdeen, Scotland in order to participate in the 3rd International Symposium on Energy Challenges and Mechanics (ECM3) – towards a big picture. The symposium included the presence of delegates from 52 countries, mainly from UK, Germany, USA and Asia. It was not specificly about biogas as were the others, but biogas was included in some presentations.

My presentation was about small scale digesters for cooking and electricity generation in poor communities in developing countries.

Part III: Final considerations

Policies challenges

As is the case for most renewable energy sources, biogas production is still dependent on subsidies to attract investors and establish a substantial scale. On the EU level, there is no specific policy on biogas, but it is addressed in multiple policy documents and Directives that are related to renewable energies and bioenergy.

Biogas is included in three EU regulatory frameworks: the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC), the Directive on Waste Recycling and Recovery (2008/98/EC) and the Directive on Landfill (1999/31/EC).

The incentives schemes are subject to changes due to changing political climates or progressive modification by policy makers. Support programs have been closed or changed following, for example, a change of government or imposition of stricter application criteria. This creates a certain regulatory risk for investors and uncertainty with respect to the feasibility of renewable energy targets (Foreest, 2012).

The biogas industry is facing tremendous policy changes. The dramatic change which started with the German Renewable Energy Act EEG 2012 continues to hamper the industry. On the other hand, the biogas industry is increasing in the other parts of Europe – UK, Italy and Denmark, and we hope that the rest of Europe will follow these positive developments.

The  Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC   is a sustainability scheme for energy uses of biomass and biogas other than biofuels, and to provide analysis on biofuel sustainability with respect to indirect land use change (iLUC). The iLUC corresponds to the carbon stock release from the conversion of natural land such as rainforest or grassland into cropland that is alleged to result from an increased production of biofuels/bioenergy in Europe.

For the transport sector, the current sustainability criteria aim at ensuring minimum greenhouse gas (GHG) savings when compared to fossil fuels as well as defining land criteria, e.g. avoid high biodiversity areas for raw material production.

The Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC sets criteria under which certain specified waste shall cease to be waste. This mechanism was introduced to further encourage recycling in the EU by creating legal certainty and a level playing field as well as removing unnecessary administrative burdens. There are proposals for the end of waste criteria.

Digestate is an excellent organic fertilizer which contains nearly all the nutrients that were in the feedstock used in the process. The EU wants to become sustainable and independent from foreign raw materials. Today, in some countries, there are a lack of regulation and safety concerns as well as misunderstanding about digestate advantages for agriculture.

This subject is very interesting, isn’t it? Are you thirsty for more information about it? You can hear more details from the experts in the interviews below.

Also, for additional information here is a list of useful links available which I have  thanks to the  European Biogas Association (EBA) website (http://european-biogas.eu):

Biogas

• Brochure of European Biogas Association (EBA): Biogas – simply the best (English)
• Brochure of German Biogas Association: Biogas can do it (English)
• Brochure of Club Biogaz: Anaerobic digestion and biogas pathway for future (French)
• Brochure of Edora and Valbiom: To understand anaerobic digestion FAQ (French)
• Biogas Handbook by Lemvig Biogas
• IEA Brochure: Biomass for Power Generation and CHP(English)
• BiogasIN Brochure: Did you know that Biogas…?(English)
• Publications of IEA Task 37 on anaerobic digestion, crops, digestate, biogas up-grading and biomethane injection : IEA Publications(English)
• Permitting and Financing procedures (Central and Eastern Europe): Publications of project BiogasIN(English, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Greek, Latvian, Romanian, Slovenian)
• Background information on biogas: Kompost&Biogas (German)
• Arguments and facts on biogas production: Biogas can do it (English, German)
• The biogas handbook: Science, production and applications (English)

Biomethane

• Fact Sheet on Biomethane by EBA : Biomethane fact sheet(English)
• Proposal for a European Biomethane Roadmap elaborated in frames of GreenGasGrids project (English)
• Biomethane brochure of the Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR): Biomethan(German)
• Biomethane injection into the gas grid: Publications of project GreenGasGrids(English, German)
• Biomethane injection into the gas grid: Biogas Netzeinspeisung (German)
• IEA biomethane study: Status and Factors Affecting Market Development and Trade (English)

Digestate

• EBA Digestate Factsheet: The value of organic fertilisers for Europe’s economy, society and environment

Statistics

• Biogas Barometer 2013 by EurObserv’ER
• Renewables Global Status Report 2014 by REN21

Maps of biogas plants

• Czech Republic
• France
• Netherlands
• Poland
• United Kingdom

Map of biomethane plants

EU

References

Engdahl, K. Biogas policies, incentives and barriers – a survey of the strategies of three European countries. Master thesis. Department of Technology and Society Environmental and Energy Systems Studies. Lund University , SWEDEN.  2010. 60p. http://www.miljo.lth.se/svenska/internt/publikationer_internt/pdf-filer/exjobb%20imes%20Kristina%20Engdahl.pdf

European Biogas Association website http://european-biogas.eu

European Biomass Association, AEBIOM and partners. EU Handbook – Biogas Markets. 2012. http://www.crossborderbioenergy.eu/fileadmin/crossborder/Biogas_MarketHandbook.pdf

European Biofuels Technology Platform http://www.biofuelstp.eu/biogas.html

Foreest, F. Perspectives for Biogas in Europe. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. 53p. 2012. http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/NG-70.pdf

Ramanauskaite, R. European Biogas Association. In: BiogasIN Project, High Level Conference Athens,Greece, 2011. http://www.biogasin.org/files/pdf/HLC_athens/03_R.Ramanauskaite_PresentationBiogasIN.pdf

Danilo G. de Quadros; André de P. M. Oliver; Ueliton Regis; Renata Valladares and Edivaldo de J. Ferreira; Technical and economic analysis of plug-flow anaerobic digester to take advantage of goat manure in smallholder farms  http://nscj.co.uk/ecm3/sessions/156_DaniloGdeQuadros.pdf

Interviews

To learn much more about biogas, listen to this exclusive Dan Quadros’ interview with Dr. Hans Oechsner of Universität Hohenheim, discussing the history of anaerobic digestion in Germany and the future of biogas in the world.

1 – Could you summarize the main research lines of your lab?

2 – Could you tell us the history of anaerobic digestion in Germany?

3 – Why is Germany a leader on biogas production and utilization?

4 – What will be the future of biogas in the World?

Take the opportunity to understand the current situation of biogas in Europe with Dr. Michael Köttner, interviewed by Dan Quadros. Dr. Köttner is from IBBK – Internacionales Biogas & Bioenergy Kompetenzzentrum (http://ibbk.fachgruppe-biogas.de/index.php?id=1&L=1&id=151).

1 – What is the situation of biogas production in European countries nowadays?

2 – What is the importance of policies on biogas utilization?

3 – What is the potential of biomethane use in fleets?

*Former research scholar at University of Florida, Professor at Bahia State University, Brazil and Volunteer correspondent for Advanced Biofuels USA

 Photos by or courtesy of Dan Quadros