Biden-Harris Administration Releases First-Ever Blueprint to Decarbonize America's Transportation Sector

Aviation Fuel/Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)Energy (DOE)Environmental Protection AgencyFederal Agency/Executive BranchFederal RegulationFunding/Financing/InvestingHousing and Urban Development (HUD)Marine/Boat Bio and Renewable Fuel/MGO/MDO/SMFOpinionsPolicySustainabilityTransportation (DOT)White House
January 10, 2023
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(U.S. Department of Transportation) Landmark Blueprint Will Advance the President’s Clean Transportation Agenda, Slashing Consumer Costs, Improving Public Health, and Increasing the Nation’s Energy Security -- The Biden-Harris Administration today released the U.S. National Blueprint for Transportation Decarbonization. Developed by the Departments of Energy, Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and the Environmental Protection Agency, the Blueprint is a landmark strategy for cutting all greenhouse emissions from the transportation sector by 2050. It exemplifies the Biden-Harris Administration’s whole-of-government approach to addressing the climate crisis and meeting President Biden’s goals of securing a 100% clean electrical grid by 2035 and reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The Blueprint builds on President Biden’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act, which together represent historic investments in the future of our nation that will transform how we move and live while we build the backbone of a safer and more sustainable transportation system. 

Jointly announced by U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm, U.S. Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Marcia Fudge, and Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Michael S. Regan, the Blueprint is the first milestone deliverable of the historic memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed by the agencies in September of last year. The Blueprint will be followed by more detailed decarbonization action plans, to be developed and implemented by these agencies in cooperation with governments at the State, local, and Tribal level, philanthropic organizations, the private sector, and global partners.

“The domestic transportation sector presents an enormous opportunity to drastically reduce emissions that accelerate climate change and reduce harmful pollution,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm. “DOE is prepared to implement this Blueprint alongside our partners within the Biden-Harris Administration to ensure all Americans feel the benefits of the clean transportation transition: good-paying manufacturing jobs, better air quality, and lower transportation costs.”

“Transportation policy is inseparable from housing and energy policy, and transportation accounts for a major share of US greenhouse gas emissions, so we must work together in an integrated way to confront the climate crisis,” said U.S. Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg. “Every decision about transportation is also an opportunity to build a cleaner, healthier, more prosperous future. When our air is cleaner; when more people can get good-paying jobs; when everyone stays connected to the resources they need and the people they love, we are all better off.”

“Under the leadership of President Biden, EPA is working with our federal partners to aggressively reduce pollution that is harming people and our planet – while saving families money at the same time,” said U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Michael S. Regan. “At EPA, our priority is to protect public health, especially in overburdened communities, while advancing the President’s ambitious climate agenda. This Blueprint is a step forward in delivering on those goals and accelerating the transition to a clean transportation future.” 

“The people HUD serves deserve clean, affordable transportation options,” said U.S. Housing and Urban Development Secretary Marcia Fudge. “HUD is proud to join our federal partners at Energy, DOT, and EPA to ensure that clean transportation investments are made equitably and include communities and households that have been most harmed by environmental injustice. We look forward to working together to better align transportation, housing, and community development investments in these and other communities across the country.”

The transportation sector—which includes all modes of travel through land, air, and sea to move people and goods—accounts for a third of all domestic greenhouse gas emissions, negatively affecting the health and well-being of millions of Americans, particularly those in disadvantaged communities. Transportation costs are the second largest annual household expense in our country and for the poorest Americans, the financial burden of transportation is disproportionately and unsustainably high. 

A well-planned transition to a decarbonized transportation system can address these and other inequities and provide equitable, affordable, and accessible options for moving people and goods. Further developing and deploying clean-energy technologies such as electric vehicles and hydrogen and sustainable fuels, while also building out the supporting infrastructure for clean transportation, will create good-paying jobs in all segments of the transportation sector while strengthening America’s energy independence.  

The Blueprint is a critical step in the ongoing partnership between DOE, DOT, EPA, HUD, and stakeholders and will be followed by more detailed sector-specific action plans to create a comprehensive suite of strategies to realize an improved and sustainable transportation future. Learn more about the MOU and Blueprint. READ MORE

Biden admin releases plans to cut CO2 from transportation -- The blueprint takes aim at local zoning laws that push residents into their cars. (Politico Pro)

Biden lays out strategy to decarbonize transportation (Houston Chronicle)

Blueprint for Transportation Decarbonization: Biden Administration Takes Action (NGT News)

DOE releases blueprint to decarbonize US transportation (Ethanol Producer Magazine)

NATSO, SIGMA STATEMENT ON BIDEN ADMINISTRATION'S NATIONAL BLUEPRINT FOR TRANSPORTATION DECARBONIZATION (NATSO/PR Newswire)

Biden officials lay out road map for net-zero transportation by 2050 (The Hill)

The U.S. National Blueprint for Transportation Decarbonization (Biofuels Digest)

Fuel-retailer groups call out Biden blueprint for favoring SAF over biodiesel, renewable diesel (Biobased Diesel Daily)

What is sustainable aviation fuel? Some say it's the key to a greener airline industry (USA Today)

Blueprints for the Future Include ICE and Sustainable Fuels (Diesel Technology Forum)

 

THE U.S. NATIONAL BLUEPRINT FOR TRANSPORTATION DECARBONIZATION: A Joint Strategy to Transform Transportation (U.S. Departments of Transportation, Energy, Housing and Urban Development and Environmental Protection Agency)

U.S. National Blueprint for Transportation Decarbonization Fact Sheet (U.S. Departments of Transportation, Energy, Housing and Urban Development and Environmental Protection Agency)

Excerpts from the Blueprint:

CONTENTS

I. Executive Summary 2
1. Introduction 12
a. Context & Vision 12
b. Plan & Strategy 14
2. A Whole-of-Government Approach 21
a. The Agencies 21
b. Guiding Principles 23
c. The Levers 24
3. Transportation Challenges Today 28
a. Current Status 28
b. Changing Mobility Needs 30
c. Mobility Costs and Impact of Fuel Prices 32
4. Strategies to Decarbonize Transportation 34
a. Increasing Convenience by Implementing System-Level and Design Solutions 36
b. Improving Efficiency through Mode Shift and More Efficient Vehicles 43
c. Transitioning to Clean Options by Deploying Zero-Emission Vehicles and Fuels 49
5. Applying the Strategies by Transportation Mode 56
a. Light-Duty Vehicles 58
b. Medium- and Heavy-Duty On-Road Trucks and Buses 61
c. Off-Road Vehicles and Mobile Equipment 64
d. Rail 66
e. Maritime Vessels 68
f. Aviation 71
g. Pipelines 74
6. Conclusion – A Call to Action 76

...

Priority actions and levers to decarbonize maritime include:
1. Research and innovation on viable alternative fuels and new technologies to determine the most promising paths to decarbonizing the maritime sector. Additional research can identify and expedite effective solutions for different vessel types and applications. Extensive performance and operations data on the total life-cycle emissions from new shipping technologies and alternative fuels should be collected from real-world settings and shared widely with stakeholders. New models and tools need to be developed to characterize and
forecast critical aspects of the maritime industry, including emissions, energy use, costs, or other impacts and externalities to inform decisions and investments. Promising fuels and technologies that can support maritime decarbonization include:

a. Sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels. These include certain types of biofuels, ammonia, hydrogen, and methanol. Some biofuels and
biofuel blends are drop-in replacements for traditional fossil fuels and offer the most substantial immediate GHG emissions reductions, as well as the opportunity to complement sustainable aviation fuel production and associated investments. Hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol are other promising fuel alternatives, but more research is needed to use and supply these fuels, ensure that they have low life-cycle emissions, and verify that they do not increase criteria pollutant emissions.

...

Infrastructure, Industrial Investments, and Financing: Investments in infrastructure are critical to enable decarbonization, including supporting a transition to zero-emission vehicles, the production and delivery of sustainable fuels, and operational improvements through travel demand management. Investments in these areas are crucial and will encompass projects that help spur mode shift and all its benefits, including increasing the share of trips made using low- to no-carbon travel options. Example areas for financing are:

...

Manufacturing of zero-emission vehicles, batteries, fuel cells, and production of sustainable fuels such as hydrogen and sustainable biofuels, including industrial investments to strengthen supply chains and improve access to critical minerals.

...

GHGs emitted from transportation sources during vehicle use are predominantly (more than 97%) in the form of CO2 released as a byproduct of combusting fossil fuels and biofuels. Combustion processes also create smaller amounts of methane and nitrogen oxides
(NOx), which are potent GHGs. Additionally, various hydrofluorocarbons used in vehicle air conditioners contribute to the overall GHG emissions from transportation. Aviation emits soot and induces cirrus cloudiness, which also contribute to aviation’s global warming impact and is an active area of study.

In addition to GHG emissions, the transportation sector is responsible for other emissions that impact our environment and public health and that disproportionately affect disadvantaged communities.

Transportation is responsible for about half of all U.S. emissions of NOx, as well as emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and various air toxics REF, REF. Air toxics are compounds such as benzene and formaldehyde that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health and environmental effects. Most emissions from transportation are due to the combustion and evaporation of fossil fuels. Brake and tire wear are also significant sources of particulate emissions.

The health effects of air pollution affect millions of people, especially those who live near highways; ports; rail yards; or petroleum extraction, refinery, storage or transport infrastructure. These effects can include asthma, decreased lung function, cancer, and premature death. Children, older adults, people with preexisting cardiopulmonary disease, people of low socioeconomic status, and racial and ethnic minorities are among those at higher risk for health impacts from air pollution due to disproportionate exposure. Nationally, these impacts

AIR QUALITY
The transportation sector depends heavily on petroleum fuels, and is responsible for more than 70% of the total U.S. petroleum consumption. More than 95% of transportation energy use comes from petroleum-based fuels, making it the least energy-diverse sector and subjecting the American economy to the volatility of global markets

...

Sustainable Fuels Supply

Sustainable fuels offer an opportunity to replace petroleum and reduce GHG emissions. They provide the same advantages and flexibility of petroleum fuels, making them well-positioned to decarbonize applications like long-haul aviation and international maritime shipping that require energy-dense liquid fuels. Sustainable fuels can also be used with existing infrastructure and vehicles, helping to reduce emissions of legacy vehicles. Multiple production pathways exist to create sustainable fuels using renewable resources including corn, vegetable oils and animal fats, forestry and agriculture residues, wastes, and purpose-grown energy crops and algae, as well as from renewable electricity. However, the full environmental impact from scaling up feedstocks for sustainable fuels must be part of the full life-cycle emissions analysis, and the amount of available biomass, its geographic distribution, and technologies to sustainably convert that waste carbon into fuel are limited REF. The scale-up of sustainable fuel production requires developing and deploying advanced
technologies to reduce cost and improve performance, while ensuring that life-cycle emissions and overall environmental and societal impacts are minimal. DOE’s Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) estimates that over 50 billion gallons of sustainable biofuels (80% or
more GHG emissions reduction) can be cost-effectively produced domestically by leveraging multiple production pathways REF. In a future in which on-road transportation will largely rely on EVs, 50 billion gallons of sustainable fuels would be enough to fully supply aviation, maritime, and rail demand in 2050, as shown in Figure 9.

Although it is uncertain if all pathways will become cost effective, there is a significant effort to demonstrate that SAF can fully replace fossil fuels in aviation. Moreover, synthetic e-fuels (liquid fuels produced using captured carbon and hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water with renewable electricity) could also provide a viable pathway to produce sustainable fuels and increase supply. Depending on the final fuel product, sustainable fuels could address some local air pollution issues and offer a solution for transportation applications that lack other clean alternatives. Moreover, some sustainable fuel production pathways offer the opportunity to leverage carbon capture and storage (CCS) to further reduce GHGs and even achieve carbon-negative emissions REF. Finally, a robust bioenergy industry could
also produce chemicals and products for the petroleum industry with significantly lower emissions. Sustainable fuels must be produced in a way that considers climate change, land use, water, and ecosystems implications, and planning will require cross-sectoral expertise and broad collaborations.

...

Achieving 2050 net-zero-emissions goals will require transitioning new LDV sales to zero-emission EVs by the mid-2030s, and then rapidly replacing the legacy stock of higher-polluting fossil-based vehicles with zero-emission EVs. Ensuring that fossil fuel vehicles sold in the interim are as efficient as possible will further reduce energy needs and emissions during the transition. The rate of EV adoption and speed of vehicle replacement will affect the degree to which LDVs use liquid fuels in the decades to come. Thus, sustainable fuels provide an additional opportunity to reduce the emissions of legacy internal combustion engine vehicles still on the road in 2050 and beyond.

...

Sustainable fuels may also be an option for some MHDVs (Medium duty and heavy-duty vehicles), particularly for remote applications and for legacy vehicles relying on internal combustion engines. The historically slow turnover rate for many MHDVs means that new technologies may not replace diesel engines for several decades and that disseminating new technology across the MHDV fleet will be a slow process if market forces or policy decisions do not accelerate vehicle turnover. Sustainable fuels could help alleviate this turnover challenge by providing low-carbon solutions that are compatible with existing vehicles. To achieve 2030 and 2050 goals, the current
MHDV reliance on diesel and gasoline must shift to zero-emission vehicles and sustainable fuels. This shift can be achieved in part through decisive and coordinated actions, including:

1. Fund research and innovation to develop viable technologies to replace fossil-fuel vehicles for all MHDV applications. It is vital to continue to support research, design, and development toward lowercost and higher-energy-density batteries and fuel cell applications, as well as the use of clean hydrogen and sustainable fuels to fully decarbonize the MHDV sector.

...

Strategies for decarbonizing the off-road sector will leverage technologies similar to other sectors, including battery electric and fuel cell
EVs and sustainable fuels.

...

The rail industry is currently exploring opportunities to maintain its comparative energy-use advantage on a ton-mile basis by transitioning to direct use of electricity (e.g., overhead catenary charging, third-rail systems), batteries, hydrogen fuels, sustainable fuels, or hybrid solutions. Full electrification via catenary systems used in other countries has been hindered by the long distances and relatively low traffic on U.S. railways.

Diesel alternatives for use in the U.S. freight rail industry are primarily in demonstration stages and not yet widely available, although there are interim opportunities to advance fleet technologies by retrofitting locomotives and using modular hybridization. For example, there are battery-powered locomotives in use (primarily in switch yards), and additional pilot projects using battery-powered locomotives or hydrogen fuel cells are underway REF.

Sustainable fuels can play a key role in reducing rail emissions, especially in the near and medium terms, but they are currently not cost competitive.

...

Other investments that will maximize emissions reductions include building strong domestic rail equipment supply chains for electric and alternatively fueled locomotives and railcars and supporting the development and deployment of sustainable fuels.

...

Freight rail research should be prioritized to determine the most promising paths to decarbonization, including a focus on sustainable fuels and the design and manufacture of new locomotive propulsion and fueling systems.

...

Additional research efforts should focus on safety and environmental mitigation improvements associated with an increase in the transport of sustainable fuels, hydrogen, and CO2 for CCS via pipelines. It will be critical to focus on the safety, reliability, resiliency, and emissions associated with pipelines used for sustainable fuel and CO2 as we transition to a decarbonized economy.

...

Before 2030 – Turning the Tide on Transportation GHGs: Research and Investments to Support Deployment

...

Set clear, ambitious but achievable targets across all travel modes (e.g., sales shares of zero-emission vehicles, volumes of sustainable fuels, emissions reduction targets)
Work with international partners to define targets and implementation plans to encourage international shipping and aviation to rapidly decarbonize those modes
Demonstrate a suite of aircraft technologies by 2030 that achieve a 30% improvement in fuel efficiency compared to today’s best-in-class aircraft
Reduce aviation emissions by 20% when compared to a business-as-usual scenario
Invest in research and innovation to further develop and demonstrate clean technologies necessary for a decarbonized transportation sector
• Keep lowering battery costs to close purchase price gap with conventional vehicles
• Develop and demonstrate pathways to produce clean hydrogen and sustainable fuels affordably
• Increase production of sustainable aviation fuels to 3 billion gallons a year by 2030

...

Transition all new vehicles sales to zero-emission technologies and scale-up sustainable fuels
• Transition light-duty vehicle sales to zero-emission EVs by the mid-2030s
• Achieve 100% zero-emission medium- and heavy-duty vehicle sales by 2040. Ensure that 100% of all federal fleet vehicle acquisitions are zero-emissions vehicles by 2035
• Continue to scale-up use of sustainable fuels for aviation and maritime

...

Investments and Financing: All levels of government and the private sector can support decarbonization through strategic investments
to deploy infrastructure and support manufacturing that accelerate the transition to cleaner, active, and more efficient modes of transportation and vehicles and facilitate the transition to zero-emission vehicles and sustainable fuels.

...

Set clear, ambitious but achievable targets across all travel modes (e.g., sales shares of zero-emission vehicles, volumes of sustainable fuels, emissions reduction targets)

...

2030-2040 – Accelerating Change: Scaling Up Deployment of Clean Solutions

...

Transition all new vehicles sales to zero-emission technologies and scale up production and use of sustainable fuels

...

2040-2050 – Completing the Transition: A Sustainable and Equitable Future

...

Continue to support the Zero-Emission Shipping Mission (ZESM) goals to ensure that 5% of the global deep-sea fleet are capable of using zero-emission fuels by 2030, at least 200 of these ships primarily use these fuels across the main deep sea shipping route, and 10 large trade ports covering at least three continents can supply zero-emission fuels by 2030 REF
• Support the U.S. domestic maritime sector by performing more RD&D into sustainable fuels and technologies and incentivize U.S. commercial vessel operators to move towards lower GHG emissions.

...

Eliminate leakages and enable use of pipelines for clean sustainable fuels

...

By 2030, BIL and IRA will drive substantial adoption of new zero-emission vehicles and sustainable fuels and support large-scale GHG emissions reductions.

...

This Blueprint focuses on continued, coordinated RD&D and deployment efforts from multiple stakeholders to enable widespread and equitable deployment of solutions that are viable, affordable, and that have sufficient resources to scale. It also allows for the
development of missing solutions via innovation and demonstration. We identify several enabling catalysts, such as policies that encourage increased convenience in our communities, transit and efficient mobility, vehicle electrification, and availability of sustainable fuels

...

Policy and Regulation: The federal government, along with regional, state, local, and Tribal governments, can use a variety of policy and
regulatory levers to help enable transportation sector decarbonization. These levers can support the transition to zero-emission vehicles and fuels, enable access to clean transportation options, improve the efficiency of systems and vehicles, and support increased production of sustainable fuels.

Policies and regulations may include, but are not limited to: market incentives (e.g., vehicle purchase credits or production tax credits for sustainable fuels); GHG and fuel economy standards; .... Economy-wide policies, such as carbon pricing, sustainable fuel standards, or
renewable fuel standards, would also affect carbon reduction efforts.

...

Infrastructure, Industrial Investments, and Financing: Investments in infrastructure are critical to enable decarbonization, including supporting a transition to zero-emission vehicles, theproduction and delivery of sustainable fuels, and operational improvements through travel demand management. Investments in these areas are crucial and will encompass projects that help spur mode shift and all its benefits, including increasing the share of trips made using low- to no-carbon travel options.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Ethanol Producer Magazine: The blueprint shows that the production of sustainable liquid fuels offers strong long-term opportunities for aviation and maritime transportation. Sustainable liquid fuels also offer strong potential for reducing emissions in rail, heavy trucking, and off-road applications. According to the blueprint, the DOE and its partner agencies have not yet determined the potential long-term opportunities for the use of sustainable liquid fuels in light duty vehicles or pipeline applications.

The blueprint also points out that sustainable liquid fuels also have the potential to help decarbonize the plastics/chemicals sector while creating opportunities for biobased products. Research, development and demonstration (RD&D) priorities for sustainable liquid fuels include multiple cost-effective drop-in sustainable fuels, reduced ethanol carbon intensity, and bioenergy scale-up, according to the blueprint.

Withing the blueprint, the DOE and its partner agencies stress that sustainable liquid fuels provide the same advantages and flexibility as petroleum fuels, making them particularly well-positioned to decarbonizing aviation and international maritime shipping, as well as legacy vehicles. The DOE’s Bioenergy Technologies Office estimates that more than 50 billion gallons of sustainable fuels (80 percent or more GHG emission reduction) can be cost-effectively produced domestically by leveraging multiple production pathways. That volume would be enough to fully supply aviation, maritime and rail demand in 2050, according to the DOE. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Biofuels Digest: 

The Specifics: Looking beyond the waffle and kerfuffle

OK, so you think the bullet points are vague. Good news, there’s more meat in the sections.

 

Light duty

Achieving 2050 net-zero-emissions goals will require transitioning new LDV sales to zero-emission EVs by the mid-2030s, and then rapidly replacing the legacy stock of higher-polluting fossil-based vehicles with zero-emission EVs.

Medium Vehicles

At COP27 on November 16, 2022, the United States joined the Global Memorandum of Understanding on Zero-Emission Medium- and Heavy- Duty Vehicles REF. First introduced at COP26, the Global MOU puts countries on a path to 100% new zero-emission MHDV sales by 2040 at the latest, with an interim goal of at least 30% new sales by 2030 REF.

Maritime

“Promising fuels and technologies that can support maritime decarbonization include:

a. Sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels. These include certain types of biofuels, ammonia, hydrogen, and methanol. Some biofuels and biofuel blends are drop-in replacements for traditional fossil fuels and offer the most substantial immediate GHG emissions reductions, as well as the opportunity to complement sustainable aviation fuel production and associated investments. Hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol are other promising fuel alternatives, but more research is needed to use and supply these fuels, ensure that they have low life-cycle emissions, and verify that they do not increase criteria pollutant emissions. “

Aviation

“Sustainable aviation fuels will be critical to the long-term decarbonization of aviation. SAFs are fully interchangeable, drop-in liquid hydrocarbon fuels with the same performance and safety as conventional jet fuels produced from petroleum. They can be deployed in existing infrastructure, engines, and aircraft. SAF can be created from renewable or waste materials and have been shown to reduce life-cycle GHG emissions by at least 50% relative to conventional jet fuel and potentially 100% if low-carbon technologies such as climate-smart agricultural practices, low-carbon electricity and hydrogen usage, or CCS are used. Efforts are ongoing to approve the use of 100% SAF in today’s fleet of aircraft, thus enabling the decarbonization of aviation without a change in its underlying infrastructure.”

The Backstory

Is it indeed historic? It was clear something was afoot last September when DOE, the US Departments of Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and the Environmental Protection Agency, signed an MOU of cooperation in decarbonizing transport. More on that here. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/mou-doe-dot-epa-hud-final_09-15-2022.pdf

The agencies wrote last September: “Decarbonizing the transportation sector is a major challenge, and a major opportunity. The U.S. transportation sector generated 33% of US GHG emissions in 2019, generated over 70% of total petroleum demand in the U.S., and is a major cause of poor air quality, particularly affecting low-income populations, populations of color, and overburdened communities. Between 2010

and 2020, transportation has represented the second highest household expense, and is often considered a hidden cost of housing. Transportation allows businesses to receive goods and to transport products to consumers, connects people to jobs, schools, recreation, and health care, and puts Americans to work, as one of the largest industrial and manufacturing sectors in the economy. Creating a robust, clean, and well-functioning transportation system can create jobs, enhance equity, improve air quality, and help secure economic prosperity.”

The Bottom Line

 

We’re wondering if it’s a blueprint for a building that will ever be built on the timelines outlined in the document. Having noted that, it continues to signal that the growers and technologists now focused on supporting light-duty transport should be seeing their efforts as having reached a long, but emphatic END OF LIFE stage. Efforts should aim to diversify first-gen feedstocks to support maritime, aviation and heavy duty, where lift and range issues are more suited to hydrogen and liquid fuels. And, efforts should point towards providing renewable power, e.g. sustainable methane, that can support the expected numbers of EVs with carbon negative power that makes zero emission vehicles actually have zero emissions.

All of the government, some of the time

The pact is described by the Biden Administration as  exemplifying “the Biden-Harris Administration’s whole-of-government approach to addressing the climate crisis and meeting President Biden’s goals of securing a 100% clean electrical grid by 2035 and reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.” Um, whole of government? We wonder where the Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior and Department of Defense are, exactly. But, we’ll let that pass.  READ MORE

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Butane butanediol butanol emissions butanol/biobutanol butyl acetate butylene butyric acid by c C1 C2 C21 C3 sugar C5 sugar C6 sugar Cabo Verde cactus cactus pear cagaita calibration California California Air Resources Board (CARB) Cambodia Camelina camels Cameroon Canad Canada Canary Islands canary reed grass canarygrass candle nut cannabis canola straw Canola/Rapeseed cap-and-invest cap-and-trade capybara capybras carbohydrates carbon carbon capture and storage (CCS) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) carbon cost carbon credit carbon credit markets carbon cycle carbon debt Carbon Dioxide (CO2) carbon efficiency carbon emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee 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