What Happened to Anaerobic Digestion in Rhode Island?

BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel ProductionBiorefinery/Fuel Production InfrastructureBusiness News/AnalysisEnvironmental Protection AgencyFederal Agency/Executive BranchFederal RegulationFeedstocksFunding/Financing/InvestingInfrastructureMethane/BiogasNot AgricultureOpinionsOriginal Writing, Opinions Advanced Biofuels USAPolicyRhode IslandSustainability
July 09, 2019

by Michael Eggleston* (Advanced Biofuels USA) Today it seems that the use of anaerobic digestion in the Ocean State is not as widespread as it once was. According to a recent survey conducted by the Narragansett Bay Commission (NBC), owner and operator of Rhode Island’s (RI) two largest wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs), over half of the State’s 19 WWTFs used to use anaerobic digestion. Now NBC’s digester located in Rumford, RI, is the only digester that’s still in operation.  This is surprising because anaerobic digestion is able to reduce the volume of sewage sludge disposal in half, sludge which is mostly incinerated nowadays.

NBC’s Bucklin Point municipal wastewater sludge digester in Rumford, RI
Photo: Courtesy of B. Wenskowicz, Narragansett Bay Commission

As for the resulting biogas, about half is burned to heat the digesters while the rest is flared off. Later this year, however, the NBC plans to commission a new combined heat and power (CHP) generator system fueled predominately by their anaerobic digester biogas, the first of its kind in RI to utilize sewage sludge.

Biogas in RI

Natural gas, a non-renewable fossil fuel, contributes a lion’s share of the State’s net electric generation. According to the Energy Information Agency (EIA), natural gas fueled about 92 percent of RI's net electric generation in 2017. Biogas, on the other hand, is a source of renewable energy that can replace natural gas.

Instead of being derived from non-renewable resources, biogas is created by the anaerobic digestion of biogenic material. RI ranks #47 among United States (US) states in its biogas potential. According to the American Biogas Council, wastewater is the most underutilized biogas resource in the State. These resources, however, are estimated to contribute to only less than a fraction of a percent of the State’s net electric generation, relative to 2017; assuming a capacity factor of 67% (sample calculations are provided in Appendix 2).

Biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge is often flared off as waste Photo: Courtesy of B. Wenskowicz, Narragansett Bay Commission

Although biogas sourced from wastewater is not projected to become a significant contributor of renewable electricity generation in RI itself, it does represent an already distributed and dispatchable source of energy for WWTFs themselves. The National Biosolids Partnership reports that there is a growing awareness that wastewater treatment plants are not waste disposal facilities, rather they are water resource recovery facilities that produce clean water, recover nutrients, and have the potential to reduce the nation’s dependence on fossil fuel through the production and use of renewable energy.

In the past few years, RI has seen other types of renewable gas powered generation installed.  An anaerobic digester for food waste was initially commissioned next to RI’s Central landfill in 2017.  Although the Blue Sphere anaerobic digester doesn’t use any sludge from municipal wastewater treatment operations, it does include an anaerobic digester, biogas clean-up system, wastewater treatment system for nitrogen removal and internal reciprocating engines. Considering that the project costed $18.9 million in 2015 with a total capacity near 3,000 kW, this article will explore whether a project of this type that processed municipal wastewater sludge would represent an efficient way to utilize renewable energy coming from a host of WWTFs in the region.

Overview

The purpose of this article is to assess the financial feasibility of installing at WWTFs the “workhorse” behind this proposition, namely a reciprocating internal combustion (IC) CHP generator. IC-CHP generators are a widespread and well-known technology, which typically range in size from 30 kW to 250 MW. This centralized generator itself is estimated to have a nameplate capacity of 3,368 kW; a figure based on the 16 individual biogas systems cited by the ABC capable of capturing RI’s underutilized wastewater resources and a flow analysis conducted by the NBC. 

Understanding the effects of renewable energy sources requires quantitative analysis. Therefore, a preliminary assessment will be evaluated using an available spreadsheet tool that was prescribed by a course I took in Sustainable Energy: Economics, Environment & Policy taught by Dr. James Opaluch at the University of Rhode Island. Namely, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) Cost of Renewable Energy Spreadsheet Tool (CREST) for anaerobic digestion will serve as a means to compare the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of this centralized project to that of RI’s current commercial electricity market price.

Finally, policy recommendations regarding the implementation of a federal biogas policy to incentivize installation of these systems for multifaceted use will also be proposed. This pertains to using biogas primarily as a resource to supply renewable electricity for electric vehicle (EV) power consumption.

An Analytical Approach – NREL Spreadsheet Tools

Spreadsheet-based tools are helpful to assess many different scenarios for renewable energy facilities quickly and at a low cost. These tools are generally not intended as a substitute for detailed project-analysis, rather, they are intended as screening tools aimed at determining whether or not these projects are of interest for development. 

Since CREST is intended as a screening tool, a few assumptions were made utilizing the software’s “simple” input model. Performance, cost, and operating inputs were assumed to be at default value except for an electrical conversion efficiency of 27.8%, installed cost of $1,500/kW, variable operations and maintenance (O&M) expense of 2.5 ¢/kWh, and a minimum initial debt term of 10 years. The proprietor of such a generator is assumed to most likely be a public entity, therefore the minimum interest rate on term debt of 4%, and target after-tax equity internal rate of return (IRR) of 5% were applied. All spreadsheet inputs may be reviewed in Tables 1 and 2 which are provided in Appendix 3.

CREST Results & Suggestions for Future Analysis 

Compared to the average price of commercial electricity in RI of 18.01 cents/kWh, the LCOE of a centralized powered IC-CHP generator is nearly two-thirds less considering CREST’s standard data for Performance-Based Cash Standard Federal Incentives (Table 2). In comparison to no federal incentives (Table 1), the cost is about 60% less. In both cases the first year’s operating expenses are estimated to comprise nearly all or more of the projected LCOE; a project projected to cost about $5.05 million (net installed cost).

The positive benefits of developing diverse renewable energy resources are well known locally. The RI Renewable Energy Growth (REG) Program incentives new renewable power projects by offering a fixed feed-in-tariff (FIT) above the market cost of electricity. Currently the FIT for anaerobic digester projects is 20.85 cents/kWh for projects from 1 – 5,000 kW in nameplate capacity with the goal of installing 1 MW of anaerobic digestion capacity per annum. REG conducts a comprehensive CREST analysis yearly in order to update the ceiling prices for new anaerobic digestion, as well as wind, solar and hydropower projects. Although REG aims to develop FITs equitably, the NBC suggests that wind and solar FITs are utilized vastly more than anaerobic digestion FITs.

Since the proprietor of the only generator of this type is a non-profit public corporation and cannot utilize tax incentives, the NBC suggests that low interest capital may be available through the State Revolving Loan Program or the Rhode Island Infrastructure Bank for eligible public projects. Alternately, net-metered projects could choose to apply for a partial grant from the RI Renewable Energy Fund and financial incentives from an energy efficiency fund are also available for those who net-meter. This allows the project owner to maintain ownership of Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) unlike the alternative REG program.  In those regards, a WWTF may likely choose to export all renewable power so that they can get an attractive FIT price for the entire net amount of electricity produced and exported respectively.

Hypothetically, the addition of a “centralized” anaerobic digester could be installed at a WWTF that already has a sewage sludge incinerator. That way, any digested sludge that couldn’t be used could possibly be incinerated as a last option, permit permitting. One drawback to this proposal, however, is that the host WWTF may not welcome the extra nitrogen that comes out of any digester, but would likely welcome the financial benefits produced by a centralized form of generation.

Moving forward, conducting further research into determining the cost of a centralized anaerobic digester and subsequent biogas clean up system would help develop a more comprehensive understanding of the CREST-LCOE results; along with an investigation into more complex inputs such as capital, operating, maintenance and non-monetizable costs i.e. refining the IRR, tipping fees and revenue from RECs.

NBC’s municipal wastewater sludge digester-powered CHP generator
Photo: Courtesy of B. Wenskowicz, Narragansett Bay Commission

Leading by Example

In a recent interview I conducted with NBC’s Environmental Sustainability Engineer, Barry Wenskowicz, he disclosed that avoiding the cost of electricity and creating revenue from the sale RECs were financial benefits considered for the new project. The new system is being integrated into the existing sewage sludge digester that has operated at its Bucklin Point’s WWTF since 1952.

The system is expected to power a third of their Bucklin Point operations, the equivalent amount of power used by 767 typical RI households. At the heart of the new system is a 644 kW gross electric output (at a power factor of 1) reciprocating engine-generator set coupled by a new biogas clean-up system. The engine was manufactured by Guascor which is now part of Dresser Rand.  The system was designed by Brown & Caldwell and was installed by BioSpark. Although the nameplate capacity is relatively small, the system is expected to be able to run around the clock unlike weather-dependent wind and solar powered generators. The new CHP plant also has the ability to burn natural gas or a blend if needed.

A new biogas clean-up system prior to the engine helps protect downstream equipment and maximize the amount of heat and power that will be recovered. It removes water using a chiller and uses non-impregnated activated carbon to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and siloxane gases. Removing H2S helps protect downstream equipment from corrosion and helps avoid the formation of sulfur dioxide, a regulated air pollutant. Removing siloxanes protects downstream equipment by keeping out silica; which is known to impact air pollution control equipment, heat exchangers and engines. This is also a key change in practice that is expected to improve the heat recovery efficiency, Wenskowicz mentioned. The complete system which includes filter beds, blowers, chiller, engine compartment, radiators (used only when needed) can be seen in the picture below.

NBC’s new biogas clean-up system
Photo: Courtesy of B. Wenskowicz, Narragansett Bay Commission

Wenskowicz added that the CHP project proved to be a substantial investment, providing 6 years of profit succeeding its 14-year payback period.  However, replacing it won’t cost nearly as much, because all the associated infrastructure will already be in place. Non-monetized incentives were also considered by NBC, an environmental agency, in the decision to move forward with the project. 

The NBC has been open to the idea of utilizing excess biogas for transportation fuel under the federal Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) since Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) are more valuable than RECs per unit energy.  However, once the new project is fully operational they don’t expect to produce biogas beyond what is needed for the CHP.  That could change if sludge pretreatment or co-digestion was ever started to boost biogas production at the facility in the future.  Based on past talks with the local natural gas supply utility, carbon dioxide (CO2) would also need to be removed from the biogas prior to injection into their local pipeline; cleaned biogas will currently contain about 40% biogenic CO2.  The added costs to boost production and further clean-up the biogas make it less likely that NBC will utilize RINs in the near future.

RI’s Executive Order 15-17 requires all state agencies to procure 100% of their electricity from renewable resources by 2025 subject to funding constraints. Although NBC is a Quasi-State Agency, their goal is to also power operations where economically beneficial via sustainable energy within the coming years; currently procuring about 60% to 80% of its electricity from new local sustainable sources of power (all RECs currently sold), thus affirming their reputation as a recognized environmental and energy leader.

Wenskowicz noted that the NBC will continue to own the majority of its generating capacity and contract for the balance using Public Entity Net-Metering Financing Arrangements as allowed by RI legislation.

Isn’t biogas already clean?

Instead of using biogas for on-site use, it can be “upgraded” into renewable natural gas (RNG) using an intensive purification process which creates a comparable handling quality to that of fossil natural gas. Once upgraded, RNG can either be liquefied or compressed into a transportation fuel on-site, or integrated into the natural gas grid via compression to be distributed to off-site locations. Hereby, RNG may be used to produce electricity or become transformed into a transportation fuel. Liquefaction can also be employed to transport RNG overseas via tankers.

According to the US Department of Energy (DOE), natural gas accounts for about two-tenths of 1% of all transportation fuel in the US.  Two forms of natural gas can be used as transportation fuel, namely, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). LNG is suitable for heavy- and medium-modes of transportation because liquid is denser than gas, and therefore, more energy can be stored by volume whereas, CNG is typically used in lighter-duty vehicles. Compared to LNG however, CNG is more cost-effective due to the fuel’s widespread use in commercial applications, according to the DOE.

When biogas is only used for heat or on-site electricity production, however, only water, H2S, and siloxane removal is required. Upgrading to RNG requires the additional removal of CO2; ABC has an excellent flow chart that illustrates the RNG Upgrade Processing Pathway.

Out of all of these technologies, only activated carbon, as in NBC’s case, is cited by the ABC to remove both H2S and siloxanes from biogas. The proper design of the clean-up system helps ensure that bed life will be maximized and carbon replacement costs minimized. Spent carbon must be properly managed which may include regeneration or proper disposal.   

After impurity removal, biogas is either sent to an on-site CHP unit for immediate use, like in NBC’s case, or it can be further purified to become RNG for sale as a transportation fuel or integration within the natural gas grid via CO2 removal techniques such as membrane separation, liquefaction or pressure swing adsorption (PSA). 

Whilst membrane separation offers moderate energy requirements, complex multistage configurations and expensive filters are required in order to ensure high removal rates. Another option, liquefaction, enables the immediate transformation of biogas into a renewable fuel or for overseas shipment. Due to the high costs of liquefaction technologies, their use is generally recommended for large scale applications only. On the other hand, PSA generally has lower capital costs, however, its low CO2 removal rate is cited as being uncompetitive to other technologies on the market. To this end, considering RINs for producers such as the NBC affirms their decision to continue to sell RECs in the near future as there is no excess biogas to incentivize CO2 removal.

Biogas for EVs?

Established by Congress in 2005 in the Energy Policy Act and expanded and extended by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the RFS promotes transitioning US transportation fuels from fossil-based to renewables such as biogas derived from municipal wastewater sludge digesters.  Compliance is tracked via RINs.

The EIA considers renewable CNG derived from D3 RINs to be the most successful cellulosic biofuel pathway to date. Cellulosic biofuels are defined by the programs administrator, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), to be renewable sources of biomass that are able to meet at least a 60% greenhouse gas “lifecycle” reduction. This is important to note when considering issues regarding the implementation of the RFS because the cellulosic biofuel renewable volume obligation (RVO) established by the EPA has yet to be met, thus fostering doubt as to its value in the eyes of some decision makers who want to amend or even repeal the RFS. The Congressional Research Service recently prepared an assessment of that highlights these issues in more detail for members and committees of Congress.

If electricity produced by biogas can be matched with corresponding amounts of electricity consumed by EVs on a physically connected electric grid, valuable credits, or "eRINs," can be generated and sold in accordance with the RFS program. Authorized by Congress in 2007 and approved as a pathway in 2014, the EPA has yet to register facilities and recognize eRINs for electricity producers. In the words of Bob Cleaves, President of the Biomass Power Association, “this is a simple case of an agency refusing to undertake what lawyers call nondiscretionary duty. The effects of the EPA’s failure to act are significant. All of our industries are experiencing closures. It’s not up to the EPA to pick and choose which transportation fuels to make part of the RVO. Congress already made that decision.”

What has stalled the EPA is the unresolved issue pertaining to eRIN credit ownership. The EPA is hung up on ensuring that there is no double counting or fraud between EV manufacturers, utilities generating the power, or the charging stations contracting for the electricity, clarified Cleaves. Cleaves explained that EPA can either recognize contracts between RNG providers, power producers, and end users, just as EPA does when administering the RNG program in the RFS for direct transportation fuels; or every producer shares “a split of the pot”. Cleaves adds that everyone who produces power qualified under a “split the pot” program would be registered in the EPA database and then EPA would calculate how much power EVs consume and distribute a fractional eRIN to everyone who contributed. Many people have been frustrated by EPA’s inability to act quickly on the pathway, but it isn’t a simple issue, Cleaves pointed out. “Once this pathway is implemented, it will be approaching 50 percent of the D3 RIN market, so it’s a very significant programmatic issue and not just a niche, one-off issue,” he disclosed. Cleaves added that every Senate and House member who has a biomass or biogas plant in their state is aware of the eRIN issue. He urges biomass power producers to write their representatives in stating, “Congress is most effective when they hear from people who vote them in and out of office, and this is a perfect example of that.”

Recently, a bipartisan group of 21 members of Congress, led by Rep. John Shimkus (R-IL) and Rep. Chellie Pingree (D-ME), sent a letter urging the EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler to “expeditiously review and approve worthy pending applications to produce RFS-certifies fuels, permitting them to proceed to market.” The letter specifically highlighted the contributions of electricity from biomass, biogas and other qualifying forms of renewable energy to rural economies, and the need to include these and other pathways in the RFS “to allow approved pathways the market access that Congress intended them to have.” The following week a bipartisan group of 9 Senators, led by Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) and Senator Jeff Merkley (D-OR), also sent a letter to EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler urging action to activate eRINs. These letters follow a provision in the Interior-EPA Appropriations bill signed by President Trump earlier in February 2019 that “strongly encouraged” the EPA to process applications from electricity producers to participate in the RFS.

 About 104 million eRINs could be generated from on-road EVs and plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles, a $219 million market at 9 cents per kWh projected by Chief Marketing Officer at Element Markets, Randy Lack. This doesn’t take into account municipal fleets, which could account for an additional 300-million-plus kWh, and 13.3 million more D3 RINs valued at nearly $28 million, or $2.10 per D3 RIN, he added. Lack suggests that it is easy to project that this could be a $400 million to $500 million market by 2020, depending on the volatile price of RINs. The question that remains for the EPA is how EV load development will be factored into RVOs, he disclosed.

Leading the front to activate the eRIN pathway of the RFS is the RFS Power Coalition. Around the same time of the aforementioned congressional efforts, representatives from the coalition met with the US Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) to advocate for the regulatory review of the pathway’s business impact and respective federal agency coordination. The RFS Power Coalition asserted that if OIRA authorizes the currently proposed 2020 RVO, an action which is presumably silent on eRINs, then it runs the risk of retroactively imposing further obligations on RIN buyers to make up for the volume. This will, in the eyes of the coalition, send the RFS program into complete disarray and create extreme market turmoil. Moreover, the coalition has an action before the D.C. Circuit, challenging EPA’s failure to include eRINs in this year’s RVO on the grounds of promulgating an unlawful rule. “The EPA has the statutory duty to coordinate with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Agriculture when promulgating the RVO. The EPA never consulted the DOE on the amount of electricity used for transportation, but we have”, stated representatives from the coalition. Cleaves maintained that his organization, one of the founding associations of the coalition, will continue to pursue their case until they are successful. Cleaves encourages all companies who are associated with the biogas industry to contact him directly, if they are interested in getting involved with the RFS Power Coalition. 

Conclusion & Policy Recommendations

If RI is to move towards a “sustainable” future for its electricity generation it must look towards renewable solutions that can assist the state in mitigating its near “complete” reliance on natural gas. The State’s biogas potential is relatively minor compared to statewide electricity generation, even if co-digestion were to be widely adopted to boost biogas production from wastewater resources.

On the other hand, biogas sourced from WWTFs themselves represents an already distributed and dispatchable source of energy. The benefits of coupling a municipal wastewater sludge digester to a CHP generator creates value two-fold, whereby the reduction in expense of sewage sludge disposal from the digester itself is complemented by powering a portion of municipal operations.

Therefore, a more comprehensive CREST analysis is encouraged in order to determine why wind and solar FITs are much more utilized than anaerobic digestion FITs administered by RI’s REG Program. Special attention should be drawn to Blue Sphere’s anaerobic digester in Johnston, RI when considering a centralized wastewater digester project, despite its drawbacks in having to pay for the handling extra nitrogen concentrations. Further research into the cost of a centralized digester installation and subsequent biogas clean up system, including alternative financial incentives and more complex financial inputs, will provide a clearer understanding of the CREST-LCOE result. Tools such as NREL’s Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI) Model are also encouraged to be used in order to assess the local economic impact of projects of this magnitude.

If eRINs continue to be stalled by the EPA, however, it is highly unlikely that WWTF biogas producers will be able to expand production capacity, especially considering that no excess biogas is expected from NBC’s new system. In order to resolve the “eRIN dilemma”, President of the Biomass Power Association, Bob Cleaves, suggests that every contributor throughout the value-chain should be registered by the EPA and rewarded accordingly to ensure no double-counting or fraud occurs amongst producers. Moreover, the emergence of the RFS Power Coalition has marked an age in the waste-to-energy industry that has come to bring justice to renewable, domestically sourced, carbon-friendly technology that has struggled to gain foothold without the benefit of federal subsidies.

In terms of upgrading biogas for multifaceted use as a transportation fuel or integration into the natural gas grid, producers must consider the incremental costs related to the quality of their biogas, including the proper management of activated carbon and implementing expensive equipment for the removal of CO2. If incentives were available to install sludge pretreatment or co-digestion capable of boosting biogas production in the future, the NBC states that they would need to reconsider the opportunity cost of expanding its engine driven capacity or venture into RNG production.

Although coal-fired electricity generation in the US has fallen by about a third since 2009, natural gas had relatively filled the gap in 2017, up by about 41 percent in the same time frame. More broadly speaking, natural gas has played an integral role in the electric utility sector by lowering electricity costs, and reducing carbon emissions. The Union of Concerned Scientists suggests, however, that overly relying on natural gas in the electric sector, especially to fuel demand of EV growth, could be a problem. Therefore, biogas sourced from local underutilized resources must be given greater attention.

The biogas industry complements rural America by enabling farmers to cost-effectively and sustainably convert waste to energy. Biogas also provides an opportunity that not many other renewable energy technologies can compete with. By maintaining a constant flow of sustainable electricity, fuel, and a slew of other bio-based products, now, more than ever, is the time to consider investing in the country’s future with biogas.

*Michael Eggleston is a Volunteer Renewable Fuels Correspondent and Research Associate for Advanced Biofuels USA. Presently, he is responsible for updating the organization’s white paper on the differences between biodiesel and renewable (green) diesel. Michael is employed by VERBIO North America Corporation (VNA) as an Engineering Intern at their Nevada Biorefinery, former site of DuPont’s 30 MGPY cellulosic ethanol facility. Opinions in this article are the author’s alone and do not represent the views of VNA.

 

Appendix

1.  Abbreviations 

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Combined heat and power (CHP)

Compressed natural gas (CNG) 

Cost of Renewable Energy Spreadsheet Tool (CREST)

Department of Energy (DOE)

Electric vehicle (EV)

Energy Information Agency (EIA)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Feed-in-tariff (FIT)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Internal combustion (IC)

Internal rate of return (IRR)

Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI)

Levelized cost of energy (LCOE)

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Narragansett Bay Commission (NBC)

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)

Operations and maintenance (O&M)

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)

Renewable Energy Credits (RECs)

Renewable Energy Growth (REG)

Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS)

Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs)

Renewable natural gas (RNG)

Renewable volume obligation (RVO)

Rhode Island (RI)

United States (US)

VERBIO North America Corporation (VNA)

Wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs)

 

2. Sample Calculations

Centralized Digester Nameplate Capacity = (4,000 kW/19 WWTFs in RI)*16 estimated plants = 3368.4 kW

Centralized Digester Net Electricity Generation = [3368.4 kW*0.67*365 days/year]*(1GWh/1,000,000 kWh) = 0.824 GWh

Centralized Digester Contribution to Electricity Generation relative to 2017                                                                                     = (0.824 GWh/7,614.94 GWh)*100% = 0.011%

CREST Incentive Impact = (|6.55-18.01|/18.01)*100% = 66.63%

CREST Comparison to RI LCOE = (|7.25-18.01|/18.01)*100% = 59.74%

Natural Gas Electricity Share 2017 = (1,296,415 MWh/4,034,268 MWh)*100% = 32.14%

Natural Gas Use Increase relative to 2009 = [(1,296,415 -920,979 thousand MWh)/(920,979 thousand MWh)]*100% = 40.76%

Coal Use Decrease relative to 2009 = [(1,755,904 – 1,205,835 MWh)/(1,755,904 thousand MWh)]*100% = 31.32%

 

3. CREST Data

Table 1: CREST Summary No Standard Federal Incentives

 

Table 2: CREST Summary for Performance-Based Cash Standard Federal Incentives

Anaergia acquires Rhode Island anaerobic digestion facility (Biomass Magazine)

Tags
Share

Comments are closed.

Nearly 50,000 articles in our online library!

Use the categories and tags listed below to access the nearly 50,000 articles indexed on this website.

Our Sponsors
FREE Subscription! Advanced Biofuels USA events calendar; policy and actions; education newsletters
Donate
ARCHIVES
CATEGORIES
tags
Advanced Clean Fleets Rule 100 octane 100% SAF (Sustainable Aviation Fuel) 103 octane 105 octane 108 octane 109 octane 110 octane 113 octane 119 octane 2016 US House and Senate Campaigns 2016 US Presidential Campaign 2018 US Senate and House Campaigns Other Election Activities 2020 Election 2022 Election 2022 US Senate and House Campaign 2024 Election 2nd generation biofuels 3-D 3D printing 3rd generation biofuels 4-H 40A 40B 45Q 45V 45X 45Z 48C 4th generation fuels 7% solution 81 Octane 84 octane 85 octane 87 octane 88 octane 89 octane 90 octane 91 octane 92 octane 93 octane 94 octane 95 octane 96 octane 98 octane A20 (20% methanol/bioethanol) abu Abu Dhabi acacia acetate acetic acid acetone acid acid hydrolysis adaptive evolution additional carbon additionality adequate/inadequate domestic supply Administrative Procedure Act adsorption Advanced Biofuel Payment Program advanced biofuel prices Advanced biofuels advanced biofuels production Advanced Clean Cars II Rule (ACC and ACCII) Advanced Clean Trucks Rule advanced ethanol advanced ethanol tax credit advertising campaign aerobic digestion aerosols Affordable Clean Energy Program (ACE) afforestation Afghanistan Africa AGARDA (Agriculture Advanced Research and Development Authority) agave aggregation Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP) agricultural economics Agricultural Policy Agricultural waste/residue Agriculture agrivoltaic/agrovoltaic agroforestry agrofuels agronomy Air Force air pollution control Air Pollution Policy air quality Aircraft engine emissions airports Alabama Alaska Albania albedo Alberta albizia alcohol fuel cells alcohol fuels alcohol-to-diesel alcohol-to-jet (ATJ)/ethanol-to-jet (ETJ) alfalfa algae algae contamination algae cultivation algae extraction algae harvesting algae parity algae separation algal biofuels Algeria Algiers alkaline exchange membrane (AEM) alkanes alkenes alkylate alligator fat almond almond hulls shells alternative energy vehicles alternative fuels Alternative Fuels Credit alternative fuels excise tax credit Alternative Fuels Tax Credit (AFTC) aluminum Amazon American Indian Tribes American Le Mans Series (ALMS) ammonia ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) ammonia terminal amylose anaerobic digestate anaerobic digester/digestion and Energy Use in Transportation Model Angola anhydrous ethanol animal bedding animal fat animal feed animal waste Antactica Antarctica antibiotics antitrust apple Appropriations APR (Aqueous Phase Reforming) aquaculture aquatic organisms Arabidopsis arabinose ARCA Archaea Architecture Arctic Argentian Argentiina Argentina Arizona Arkansas Armenia Army Corps of Engineers aromatics aromatics price ARPA-C ARPA-E ARPA-Terra arrandi artificial intelligence Aruba Asia Asia Pacific asphalt/bitumen ASTM ASTM 6866 ASTM D1655 ASTM D2880 ASTM D396 ASTM D4054 ASTM D4806 Denatured fuel ethanol ASTM D4814 ASTM D5798 ASTM D6751 ASTM D7467 (B6-B20) ASTM D7544 ASTM D7566 (Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons) ASTM D7862 ASTM D7875 ASTM D7901 (DME-Dimethyl Ether for Fuel Purposes) ASTM D8076 ASTM D8181 ASTM D975 ASTM E3050 Denatured Ethanol for Cooking ASTM E3146 ASTM standards ASTM WK55232 (D02) ASTM WK63392 ATJ-SPK (Alcohol to Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene) Atlantic Canada atmosphere Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Australia Australian pine Austria Auto manufacturer automotive aviation aviation fuel (SAF) benefits aviation fuel (SAF) mandates aviation fuel (SAF) price aviation fuel (SAF) production aviation fuel (SAF) pumps/delivery aviation fuel (SAF) tax credit aviation fuel (SAF) terminal Aviation Fuel/Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Aviation Gasoline/AvGas avocado award awards/recognition Azerbaijan. b B0 B10 B100 B11 B12 B12.5 B13 B14 B15 B16 B19 B2 B20 B24 B25 B3 B30 B30RD10 B33 B35 B4 B40 B49 B5 B50 B50RD50 B6 B7 B70 B75 B8 B80 B98 B99 Babados nut tree babassu bacteria bagasse Bahamas Bahrain bamboo banana banana stems Bangladesh bankruptcy Barbados barge barley barley fiber barley protein barley straw Basque batteries Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) bauxite beauty leaf tree beaver beer bees Belarus Belgium Belize Benin benzene Bermuda Bhutan big bluestem big data Big Food Big Oil/Oil Majors BIGoil billion ton study bio Bio LPG (Bio Liquid Petroleum Gas) bio-based diesel benefits bio-based economy Bio-CNG pumps Bio-CNG/RNG terminal bio-LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) Bio-LNG Pumps (Liquified Natural Gas) Bio-LNG terminal bio-natural gas bio-NGV (natural gas for vehicles) bio-oil/pyrolysis oil bio-SPK (bio derived synthetic paraffinic kerosene) biobased Biobased Markets Program biobased materials Biobased Product Manufacturing Assistance Program biochar biochemical conversion BioChemicals/Renewable Chemicals biociiesel bioconversion Biocrude/Green Crude/SynCrude biodegradable biodiesel biodiesel blend wall biodiesel EN 14214 Biodiesel Fuel Education Program biodiesel pipeline biodiesel prices biodiesel production biodiesel pumps biodiesel quality biodiesel standards biodiesel tax credit biodiesel technologies biodiesel terminal biodiversity bioeconomy bioelectricity bioelectrochemical conversion bioenergy Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) biofoundry Biofuel biofuel cells biofuel consumption Biofuel Crops biofuel distribution Biofuel Infrastructure Partnership (BIP) biofuel producer tax credit biofuel production biofuel tax credit Biofuels Directive biofuels education Biogas Biogas pipeline Biogasoline/Renewable Gasoline Biogasoline/Renewable Gasoline pumps biogenic carbon biogenic emissions Bioheat biohydrocarbons biohydrogen BioIsoprene BioMADE biomanufacturing biomass Biomass Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS) Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) biomass hydrolysis biomass recalcitrance Biomass Research and Development initiative (BRDI) biomass sorghum Biomass to Liquid (BTL) biomass transportation biomaterials bioplastics biopower Biopreferred bioproducts biopropene bioprospecting BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel Production Biorefinery Assistance Program (BAP) old 9003 Biorefinery Renewable Chemical Biobased Product Mfgr Assistance 9003 Program BioRenewable-1 (BR-1) BioSNG Biotechnology birch bitter orange black carbon black grease black liquor black locust black soldier fly Blend wall blender blender pumps Blenders Credit blending blendstock blockchain blue carbon boat fuel boiler/furnace fuel Bolivia bolt-on Bonaire bonds book-and-claim border tax Borneo Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana BQ-9000 Brachiaria bracken brackish water brash Brassica Brazil breweries brine British Columbia broker brown grease brownfields Brunei Btu's BTX (Benzene Toluene Xylene) Bu12.5 Bu16 Budget building block chemicals Bulgaria bunker bunker oil Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Burkina Faso Burma Burundi buses Business and Industry Program (B&I) business law business resources Business/General Aviation butadiene butandeiol (bio-BDO) Butane butanediol butanol emissions butanol/biobutanol butyl acetate butylene butyric acid by c C1 C2 C21 C3 sugar C5 sugar C6 sugar Cabo Verde cactus cactus pear cagaita calibration California California Air Resources Board (CARB) Cambodia Camelina camels Cameroon Canad Canada Canary Islands canary reed grass canarygrass candle nut cannabis canola canola straw canola/rapeseed cap-and-invest cap-and-trade capybara capybras carbohydrates carbon carbon capture and storage (CCS) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) carbon cost carbon credit carbon credit markets carbon cycle carbon debt Carbon Dioxide (CO2) carbon efficiency carbon emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel clean fuel production tax credit Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP30 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization defossilize Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine internal combustion engine/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol fuel cells methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gas prices natural gas vehicles natural gasoline Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical photolysis photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot pilot scale pine pine beetle pine needles pine nut pineapple pinion Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin (PHMSA) pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet Plug-in Flex Fuel Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poand podcasts Poland poli Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyethylene polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter/waste power power-to-x/gas/liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD20 RD3 RD30 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) Regulated Emissions regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit renewable diesel pipelines Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/HVO/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED/RED II/RED III) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) price Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) renewable volume obligation (RVO) REnova RenovaBio replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program Republic of Congo repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion resurrection grass retail retrofit return on investment Reverse Water-gas Shift RFI (Request for Information) RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island rhododendron Ricardo rice rice bran rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice price rice straw/paddy straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shellfish shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silage silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore Singpore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration Small Business Innovatin Research (SBIR) small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap soapstock Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solar fuel solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solaris solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Southeast Asia Southern Africa Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soy meal soybean prices soybeans Spain spartina specifications Spekboom Spent Bleaching Earth Oil (SBEO) sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam methane reformation steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar Sugar Beets/Energy Beets Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugar standards sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel sugarcane sugarcane prices sugarcane straw sugars sugars-to-fats sulfur Sumatra sunflower sunflower stalks supercritical fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Surface Transportation Board Suriname Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum sweetgum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland sycamore syngas (synthesis gas) syngas/gas fermentation SYNHH synthesised aromatic kerosene (SAK) synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic kerosene synthetic liquified gas (SLG) synthetic methane/e-methane synthetic natural gas Syria Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall fescue tall oil tallow tallow tree tamanu/nyamplung Tamarix tank cars tank-to-wheel tanker trucks tankers Tanzania tar sands tariffs taro Tasmania tax benefit tax credits tax incentives tax parity tax policy taxes tea teach teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training tech transfer technical course Technical Readiness Levels techno-economic analysis technology transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics Thermal catalytic depolymerization (TCD) thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion thermochemical liquefaction Tibet Tier 3 Tier 4 tilapia tillage Timor-Leste tires tobacco tobacco tree Togo Tokyo toluene Tonga tool Toronto torrefaction totai Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) trade trade dispute/discrimination trade group trade organization Trade Policy trade secrets training trains transesterification transgenics transition Transportation Fuels Policy Transportation Fuels Policy--Municipal Transportation Fuels Policy--State Transportation Policy travel policy Treasury Department trees Trinidad and Tobago triticale trucks tubers tugboats tung tunicate Tunisia Tunsia Turkey U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) UCOME (Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester) Uganda UK (United Kingdom) UK Emission Trade Scheme (UK ETS) Ukraine Ukriane UL (Underwriters Laboratory) ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) Ultra Low Sulfur Fuel Oil (ULSFO) underground storage tanks (UST) UNESCO UNIDO (United National Industrial Development Organization) United Arab Emirates (UAE) United Nations (UN) United Nations' International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) United States Auto Club Unleaded 88/E15 uranium urban sprawl urbanization Uruguay US Agency for International Development (USAID) US Army US ethanol exports US Geological Survey US Product Safety Commission USAC USAID USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) used cooking oil (UCO) used motor oil used railroad ties ustain Utah utilities utility model Uzbekistan value chain Value Stack vanadium Vancouver Vanuatu Vatican VEETC vegetable oils vehicles miles traveled (VMT) Velocys Venezuela Vermont vetiver Victoria video Vietnam vinasse vinegar vineyard waste Virgin Islands. virgin oils Virginia viruses vlsfo VLSFO (very low sulfur fuel oil) volatile fatty acids (VFA) volunteers VTOL (vertical take-off and landing aircraft) Vulcanol w waiver Wales warranty Washington Washington DC waste waste alcohol Waste CO2 waste heat waste management waste oil waste paper waste vegetable oil waste-to-chemicals Waste-to-Energy waste-to-fuel wastewater water water consumption water footprint water hyacinth water policy water pollution water quality water treatment water vapor watermeal watermelon wax weather well-to-wheel West Africa West Coast West Java West Virginia Western Australia wet distillers grain wet extraction What You Can Do wheat wheat bran wheat fiber wheat prices wheat straw wheatgrass whey whisky white grease White House wildlife habitat willow wind energy wine wastage/grape marc winter crops Wisconsin Wisdonsin women Wood woody biomass World Bank World Trade Organization (WTO) Wyoming XTL xylan xylene xylose yard waste yeast yellow grease yellowhorn tree Yemen yield yields Yukon Zambia Zanzibar zein zeolites Zimbabwe zinc zoning

© 2008-2023 Copyright Advanced BioFuels USA. All Rights reserved.