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Neste Is Not Using Palm Oil as a Raw Material for Renewable Aviation Fuel

(Neste)  Biofuel Watch published a report “Neste: The Finnish company preparing to put palm oil in aircraft fuel tanks” on 9 January 2019. The report suggests that Neste is looking to

January 11, 2019 Read Full Article

Aviation Solutions: The Digest’s Multi-Slide Guide to Neste

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Neste has a strong history of developing, commercializing, and marketing new fuels, including diesel, renewable chemicals, renewable jet fuel, and more. Neville Fernandes from Neste, gave

January 3, 2019 Read Full Article

3D Printing Lignin, Potato Postal Sleeves, Alginate Sausage Casing, Tree to Textiles, Chemical Recycling and More: The Digest’s Top 10 Innovations for the Week of January 2nd

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The pace of bioeconomy invention and change continues at a frenetic pace. Here are the top innovations for the week of January 2nd. In today’s

January 3, 2019 Read Full Article

Designed Materials Innovation: The Digest’s 2018 Multi-Slide ABLC Guide to Checkerspot

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Checkerspot designs high performance materials such as microbes to express new molecular building blocks that they then apply chemistry to create materials that are built into

December 27, 2018 Read Full Article

Waste Accumulation Problems and Opportunities

by Zoltan Kish (Lee Enterprises Consulting, Inc./Biofuels Digest)  … In 2016, the Ontario government released its Strategy for a Waste-Free Ontario [2], diverting our wasteful ways towards an entirely circular economy, but it doesn’t

December 26, 2018 Read Full Article

Energy Department Seeks Information on Algae, Biomass, and Waste Feedstock Research — DE-FOA-00002020 FY 2019 Bioenergy Technologies Multi-Topic RFI DEADLINE: extended to January 18, 2019

(Department of Energy)  The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) is requesting information on research opportunities related to outdoor

December 14, 2018 Read Full Article

RSB Assembly Approves Groundbreaking Standard for Advanced Products

(Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials)  In a leap forward for the sustainable bioeconomy, the members of the Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials approved our groundbreaking Advanced Products Standard. The culmination of over 18

December 14, 2018 Read Full Article

Collaboration Is the Name of the Game at RSB’s 2018 Annual Meeting – Event Wrap-up

(Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials)  Each year RSB brings its community together for the highlight of our calendar: our Annual Meeting. An opportunity to gather our members from many different sectors to

December 14, 2018 Read Full Article

Delta Refinery Will Convert Plastic Waste to Jet Fuel with Sir Richard Branson-backed Agilyx

by Alex Gailey (Atlanta Business Chronicle)  Monroe Energy, Delta’s subsidiary refinery, will start converting plastic waste into jet fuel under an agreement with Agilyx, an environmental technology and development company backed by Sir

November 21, 2018 Read Full Article

Plant to Convert E-Waste into Biofuel to Be Made Operational Soon: Harsh Vardhan

(Economic Times)  Environment Minister Harsh Vardhan said Saturday a plant to covert plastic waste into bio-diesel will soon be made operational at the Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) in Dehradun. He

November 13, 2018 Read Full Article

Landfill-to-Anything-Soon, Puleeze: In Search of New Energy, Materials from Waste

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The names seem less settled than the markets or science: is it biogas, biomethane, renewable natural gas, or RNG? Whatever your preferred name, you don’t have

October 18, 2018 Read Full Article

Can the Bioeconomy Help Combat Plastic Waste?

by Jessie Stolark (Environmental and Energy Study Institute)  Recent reports have underscored the enormity of the global plastic waste issue.  There are 9.2 billion tons of plastic waste in the environment

September 28, 2018 Read Full Article

Enerkem Commits to Turning Marine Waste into Biofuel

(Biofuels International)  At the G7 Environment, Energy and Oceans Ministerial Meeting in Halifax, Nova Scotia, global waste-to-biofuels and chemical producer Enerkem announced that it will be exploring opportunities to act against

September 21, 2018 Read Full Article

Cars Could Run on Hydrogen Made From Plastic

by Alan Harman  (Wards Auto)  Chemistry department researcher Moritz Kuehnel says light-absorbing materials are added to the plastic before it is placed in an alkaline solution and then exposed to sunlight, which

September 14, 2018 Read Full Article

Recycling Plastics & Circular Economy

by  Kapil Shyam Lokare (Biofuels Digest/E2IG Solutions) … The constantly increasing demand for plastics have caused substantial plastic wastes accumulation in landfills, oceans and rivers that have aggravated environmental pollution problems. The

August 28, 2018 Read Full Article

27 Technologies to Produce Lower Carbon Fuels from “Second Chance Carbon” — and Its Practicioners. Who’s Doing What, Where, When, Why and How?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In the EU, perhaps the most comprehensive and useful guide to fuels and chemicals produced from “Recycled carbon fuels”, such as those produced from waste plastics

August 22, 2018 Read Full Article

Plastics Proliferation Transitioning to Bioplastics Boost

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest)  IHS Markit published a plastics report saying that the market value for biodegradable polymers exceeds $1 billion and will rise sharply by 2023 thanks to increased plastic regulations

August 6, 2018 Read Full Article

Renewable Carbon is Key to a Sustainable and Future-Oriented Chemical Industry

(nova-Institute)  The equivalent to decarbonisation in the energy sector is a transition to carbon from renewable sources in the chemical and plastics industries. The nova-Institute published a position paper on

August 6, 2018 Read Full Article

The Digest’s Top 10 Innovations for the Week of August 2nd: Waste Plastics for Fuels and Sneakers, Eggs without the Chicken, 3D Printing, Algae-Based Ketchup Packaging, Green Funerals, Biodegradable Grills

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The pace of invention and change is just too strong, we’ve realized, to highlight annual or even quarterly or monthly rankings and summaries of significant product

August 2, 2018 Read Full Article

Biofuel’s Role in the Circular Economy: Key Lessons and Actions for the Industry

By Michael Eggleston* (Advanced Biofuels USA) When it comes to reducing, reusing and recycling our goods most people associate consuming less of what we already have with a ‘circular economy’.

June 22, 2018 0 comment Read Full Article

A World First in the Port of Amsterdam

(Port of Amsterdam)   In the port of Amsterdam the construction has started of a new facility that will convert non-recyclable plastic into fuel for the transport sector, which will cut down

May 11, 2018 Read Full Article

The Circular Economy: It’s Time Has Come

by Kapil S Lokare (Biofuels Digest)  … Prior to the energy crisis, most economies were too extravagant; now, they have now overreacted and have become retrenchment-mad. It is imperative to think rationally

March 30, 2018 Read Full Article

Leaps and Bounds in Sustainable Plastics and Nylons: U Wisconsin, Genomatica, Aquafil, Anellotech, Suntory, ADM, DuPont in the Mix

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  It’s been a big week in plastics and nylons, all right — not only for those who value sustainability attributes, but for fans of lower costs

January 24, 2018 Read Full Article

How Boisean Will Escape the Cuts in Plastics Recycling — and Recycle Even More of Them

(Diesel Technology Forum)  Boise has found a way for city residents not only to keep recycling the same plastics they have recycled for years, but also to expand plastic recycling to

January 9, 2018 0 comment Read Full Article

Waste to Energy: Production of Biofuel from Waste to Commence in South-West

(Nigerian Tribune)  … YEJIDE GBENGA-OGUNDARE reports that to stop the overdependence on petroleum products, the South-west is set to be the site of a project that is novel to Africa; processing

December 14, 2017 Read Full Article

Plastic Stretches Towards the New: Top 10 Trendlines in Bioplastics

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The Plant Bottle has generated so much goodwill and publicity for its 30% renewable, sustainable content (and that biobased MEG) that it’s easy to forget

September 7, 2017 Read Full Article

U of Minnesota Helps Startup Resynergi Create Energy from Plastic Waste and Biomass

(University of Minnesota)  California waste recovery company Resynergi Inc. is drawing on University of Minnesota expertise and technology to develop and commercially manufacture a biorefining technology that converts both plastic

June 13, 2017 Read Full Article

Performance, Price, Sustainability: The Digest’s 2017 Multi-Slide Guide to Genomatica

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Genomatica is a widely-recognized technology leader for the chemical industry, delivering new manufacturing processes that enable its partners to produce the world’s most widely-used chemicals from

June 12, 2017 Read Full Article

Neste Deepens Its Knowhow on the Circular Economy – Waste Plastics Now in Focus

(Neste)  Neste deepens its knowhow on the circular economy – waste plastics now in focus —  Neste, the world’s leading biofuel producer in the circular economy, is putting a large

June 7, 2017 Read Full Article

Northern Oil Advanced Biofuels Pilot Plant Opening

by Francesca Brindle (Hydrocarbon Engineering)  Southern Oil has announced that Queensland Premier, the Hon. Annastacia Palaszczuk MP, will officially open the Northern Oil advanced biofuels pilot plant in Gladstone on

May 25, 2017 Read Full Article

She Found a Way to Make Plastic Waste Useful

by Chandana Banerjee (Christian Science Monitor)  In 60 cities in India, 16,876 tons of plastic waste are generated each day, according to data from the country’s Central Pollution Control Board.

April 19, 2017 Read Full Article

Sustainable Polyurethanes and the Bio Economy

by Lorenz Bauer (Lee Enterprises Consulting/Biofuels Digest)  … The use of biomass to produce value added chemicals for polymer synthesis is a major focus of the effort to replace fossil carbon.

April 11, 2017 Read Full Article

Virgin, Air NZ Working to Develop Biofuel

by Lilly Vitorovich (The Australian)  Virgin Australia and Air New Zealand are hopeful aviation biofuel can be produced locally, in a bid to cut carbon emissions and fuel costs. The

March 28, 2017 Read Full Article

Will Bioplastics Repeat the Biofuels Saga?

by Meadhbh Bolger (Friends of the Earth Europe/EurActiv)  It took years for politicians to wake up to the destructive impact of biofuels, in no small part because of their green-sounding

February 14, 2017 Read Full Article

Fuel Made from Plastic Waste Aids ‘On Wings of Waste’ Flight in Australia

by Liz Gyekye (Biofuels International)  Jeremey Roswell, a UK-based pilot and environmentalist, has made history by flying a light aircraft more than 500 miles from Sydney to Melbourne, Australia, using

February 3, 2017 Read Full Article

Innovative Refinery to Turn Municipal Waste into High-Grade Fuel

by Paul Krajewski  (High River Times)  A waste diversion company is working toward constructing a one-of-a-kind clean refinery near High River to produce renewable diesel from landfill debris. After years

January 6, 2017 Read Full Article

Plastics & Microwave Pyrolysis

by Elham Khaghami (Lee Enterprises Consulting/Biofuels Digest)  … Pyrolysis of plastic wastes can be described as a chemical process and thermal decomposition of organic components in an oxygen-free atmosphere to yield char,

October 19, 2016 Read Full Article

Sustane Technologies to Produce Pellets from MSW in Canada

by Katie Fletcher (Biomass Magazine)  Canadian cleantech company Sustane Technologies Inc. recently finalized a 20-year contract with the municipality of Chester, Nova Scotia, to support the commercialization of its disruptive process

October 5, 2016 Read Full Article

Tick-tick-tick…This Plastic Will Self-Destruct

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  They called it Mission Impossible. Create a means to biodegrade any plastic out there that needs to decompose in the environment after use. Find little

September 26, 2016 Read Full Article

Engineered High Energy Fuel from Waste: The Digest’s 2016 Multi-Slide Guide to Cornerstone Resources

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Cornerstone Resources develops and deploys waste management processing technologies that re-purpose a broad spectrum of organic wastes. Cornerstone adds that it’s BurCell system is a disruptive vacuum

August 5, 2016 Read Full Article

New Research Launched to See if Fuel Made from Recycled Plastic Could Power Ship Engines

(Biofuels International)  The University of West England is working with waste-to-energy specialist Recycling Technologies to test if a fuel, called Plaxx,  made from mixed plastic waste can be used to

August 4, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

One Way to Tackle Our Huge Plastic Pollution Problem: Turn It into Fuel

by Chelsea Harvey (The Washington Post)  …  But both strategies tend to produce a mixture of products at the end with different chemical formulas, and it’s hard to control for

June 23, 2016 Read Full Article

European Bioplastics Welcomes Revised EU Waste Legislation

(Plastics and Rubber Weekly)  European Bioplastics (EUBP) has backed a new European Parliament report on revised waste legislation which has emphasised the role of bioplastics to help the move to

June 16, 2016 Read Full Article

Multimillion-Dollar Funding for Commercial Waste-to-Biofuel Plants

(University of Sydney)  International paper waste and plastic recycling contracts signed for ground-breaking Australian technology.  —  It’s been a busy few days for Australian start-up Licella, whose innovative technology, developed

June 9, 2016 Read Full Article

Recyclable, Sugar-Derived Foam — A Renewable Alternative to Traditional Polyurethanes?

(American Chemical Society/EurekAlert!) Polyurethanes in products from cushy sofas to stretchy spandex have made sitting, sleeping and walking more comfortable. But once they have served their purpose, most of the non-degradable

April 19, 2016 Read Full Article

Making Concrete Green: Reinventing the World’s Most Used Synthetic Material

by Annie Kane (The Guardian)  … Dr Rabin Tuladhar, senior lecturer at the university’s college of science, technology and engineering, supervised (Shi) Yin’s work. He says using recycled plastic in reinforced

March 9, 2016 Read Full Article

6 Promising New Ways to Make Bio-Based & Renewable Plastics

by Ann R. Thryft (Design News)  A trend we think we’re seeing is that it’s not enough anymore to come out with a bio-based plastic, a biodegradable bio-based plastic, or

January 28, 2016 Read Full Article

DuPont Industrial Biosciences, ADM Find “Breakthrough Process” for a “Long-Sought Molecule”

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Delaware, DuPont Industrial Biosciences and Archer Daniels Midland announced a new breakthrough process in producing FDME from fructose, with “the potential to expand the

January 20, 2016 Read Full Article

17 Pyromaniax Changing the Energy Landscape

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … 17 — count them, 17 — different pyrolytic technology centers in the UK  … Tyre Pyrolysis: 2G BioPOWER 2G BioPOWER is developing a UK pyrolysis project

October 26, 2015 Read Full Article

Teenager Develops Inexpensive Method to Turn Plastic Waste into Million-Dollar Biofuel

by Darwin Malicdem (International Business Times)  A new inexpensive way to turn plastic trash into fuel has been developed by an Egyptian teenager which could generate millions of dollars every year.

August 26, 2015 Read Full Article

The Pyromaniax, Class of 2015: The Top 10 Pyrolysis Projects in Renewable Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  It’s been around for a generation or so — fast pyrolysis, that is. Though in the original low-tech incarnation — known as “cooking fire” —

August 4, 2015 Read Full Article

The 10 Hottest, Bossest Renewable Plastic Technologies

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  … One way to get plastics out of the landfill, where they pile up as waste, is to find a use for them. Numerous project developers

July 3, 2015 0 comment Read Full Article

Looking at Next-Generation Biofuel, Converting Waste into Fuel: Brekelmans of Shell

by Anilesh S Mahajan  (Business Today)  Shell Global’s Harry Brekelmans is very optimistic about the India story. Brekelmans sits on the board of the Executive Committee of Royal Dutch Shell PLC

June 22, 2015 Read Full Article

Indian Railways to Use Diesel Produced from Recycled Plastic

by Meghan Sapp (Biofuels Digest)  In India, Indian Railways announced it wants to produce biodiesel for use in its trains using technology patented by the CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum. The

April 28, 2015 Read Full Article

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safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green/black economy green chemistry green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing GREET model Grenada gribble ground nut groundnut growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guinea Gulf states Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP Haiti Halophytes harvesting harvest site processing Hawaii hazardous waste HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat-tolerance heating oil/fuel heat of combustion heat of vaporization hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb HFS-SIP hibiscus High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Honge tree nuts Hong Kong hops horse bedding Horse manure horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HRJ human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrids hydrocarbon fuels hydrofaction hydrogen hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen pumps hydropower hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal liquefaction hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois illuppai ILUC (Indirect Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indiana Indian beech tree Indian grass indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial ethanol industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insurance integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map internal combustion engine International international balance of payments International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isooctane isooctene Israel Italy Ivory Coast JA1 JAA jackfruit Jamaica Japan Jatropha Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 Jetfuel (Sustainable Alternative Jetfuel (SAJF)/Renewable Jetfuel (RJF) Jimmy Carter Jobs jojoba Jordan JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 JP-10 juniper jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kamani Kansas Kans grass Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa Kuwait Kygryzstan labels Labrador lactose Lake County lamp oil landfill methane Landfills land ownership land rights landscape land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree Lebanon legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) lignin Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars Lipid liquefaction liquidation liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg Luxemburg lysis M15 M50 macadamia macauba Macedonia Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine maize Malawi Malaysia Mali mallees Malta mamona management changes mandates manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Biofuel marine algae Marine Corps Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane/biomethane methane leaks methanol/biomethanol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbe microbiology microorganizms microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi 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Panama panda pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peaches peak oil peanut peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose perennial grains perennial grasses performan Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests petition pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot scale pine pineapple pine nut pinion pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poland Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter power-to-gas prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island private educational business process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating propane propanol property insurance protectionism protein protests public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps pungam Punnai tree PVO pyrolysis Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week R R33 rabbits race radiata pine Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rainforest RAND rare earth metal RD20 RD30 RD99 RD100 rea reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation refineries reforestation regenerative braking regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED and RED II) Renewable Energy for America Program Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable hydrogen renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard renewable propane Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) renewable volume renewable volume obligation (RVO) replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion retail return on investment R Factor RFI RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island Ricardo rice rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rotation crops royalties RSF2 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda rye Rye grass s saccharification Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago sago pond weed SAIC SAK sales Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Policy Scotland scum sea level rise seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securiti Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale gas shale oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smokestack soap social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar-to-fuels solar biofuels solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solid oxide fuel cell Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot 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