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In the Meantime…. Common Ground Discovered at the MCEC Summit

by Joanne Ivancic (Advanced Biofuels USA)  It’s clear to most that large planes won’t be powered by electricity for a long time, thus research, development, production and use of sustainable fuels for aviation generally has investment and policy support around

October 09, 2024 Read Full Article

Training: Introduction to Alternative Fuels and Technologies --- various dates --- various locations and ONLINE

(Lloyd's Register) Course summary: The IMO Decarbonisation program focusing on Zero Emissions as well as the European Green Deal have many options. Making a sustainable choice is dependent on many factors in novel technologies without the advantage of previous experience and /

September 04, 2024 Read Full Article

The Status of US Hydrogen Hubs

by Bob Starkey (LEC Partners/Biofuels Digest)  In October 2023 the Biden Administration announced a USD $7B investment in clean hydrogen production. This historic program, known as the Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs (H2Hubs), selected 7 locations across the U.S. to develop clean

August 30, 2024 Read Full Article

Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Launches Synthetic Diesel, Sustainable Aviation Fuel Projects

(Canadian Nuclear Laboratories/Canadian Biomass)  Chalk River, ON-based Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, a Canadian nuclear science and technology laboratory, will set its sights on producing ready-to-deploy, low carbon intensity synthetic diesel, and sustainable aviation fuel. Nuclear Laboratories has won $4.9 million in federal funding

August 28, 2024 Read Full Article

New Dutch Government to Cut Funds for Green H2

(Energy Market Price)  The Netherlands' new government could reduce the budget of the country's climate fund by €1.2bn, primarily through cuts to renewable hydrogen support measures. -- Four parties announced an agreement to form a coalition government on 16 May and outlined

May 17, 2024 Read Full Article

Hydrogen: New Ambitions and Challenges

(S&P Global) In addition to its role in the oil refining and chemical industries, hydrogen is now emerging as a vector of clean energy delivery. There is genuine interest and investment worldwide as governments and businesses seek to develop this budding

March 08, 2024 Read Full Article

Green Methanol: A Carbon Dioxide Pipeline Alternative?

by Jared Strong (Iowa Capital Dispatch) ... CapCO2 Solutions is nearing completion of its first “green methanol” project at an ethanol plant in Illinois. The company hopes that a successful launch there this summer will lead ethanol producers in Iowa to

February 19, 2024 Read Full Article

Hydrogen Rising: IRS Released Proposed Regulation to Section 45V of Internal Revenue Code Public Comments DEADLINE February 26, 2024 Public Hearing March 25, 2024

by John R. Kirkwood, Virginia M. Speck, Joshua L. Andrews, Aaron L. Szabo, Jason Deppen, Bryan Michael Allen (Biofuels Digest) In connection with the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), on December 22, 2023, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) released a Proposed Regulation related

January 31, 2024 Read Full Article

Green Ammonia Could Decarbonize 60% of Global Shipping When Offered at Just 10 Regional Fuel Ports

(IOP Publishing) A study published today in IOP Publishing’s journal Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability has found that green ammonia could be used to fulfil the fuel demands of over 60% of global shipping by targeting just the top 10 regional fuel ports. Researchers

January 11, 2024 Read Full Article

Big Green? The Clean Energy Leader Enraging Environmentalists

by Timothy Cama (E&E News Greenwire) ... “We are moving from kind of a clean-versus-dirty, renewables-versus-fossil imagination of this kind of bifurcated energy industry to the reality that these are big companies with both renewable and fossil assets,” (Jason) Grumet, a

January 10, 2024 Read Full Article

More Roadblocks Pile Up on the Road to Electromobility

by Philppe Marchand (Transport Energy Strategies) ...  Directionally, as transport is responsible for one quarter of CO2 emissions, mobility has to get away from fossil fuels. Transport energy has to be de-fossilized, in order to play its due part in the

January 04, 2024 Read Full Article

U.S. Department of Energy Announces Clean Energy Achievements at COP28

(U.S. Department of Energy)  This week, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Energy David M. Turk traveled to Dubai, United Arab Emirates for the 28th Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP28), where he led the U.S.

December 12, 2023 Read Full Article

Biden-Harris Administration Announces $7 Billion For America’s First Clean Hydrogen Hubs, Driving Clean Manufacturing and Delivering New Economic Opportunities Nationwide

(U.S. Department of Energy) President Biden’s Investing in America Agenda Drives $50 Billion in Public-Private Sector Investment to Jumpstart America’s Clean Hydrogen Economy; Seven Clean Hydrogen Hubs Will Create Tens of Thousands of High-Quality Jobs, Strengthen the Nation’s Energy Security, and

October 13, 2023 Read Full Article

EDF, Holcim, IFPEN and Axens Join Forces to Participate Together in the Creation of the French E-Fuels Air Transport Industry, with the "Take Kair" Project, Supported by Air France-KLM

(Axens) The objective of this cooperation is to take advantage of the complementary expertise of the signatories in order to contribute to the decarbonization of air transport and to support the emergence of the French e-SAF (Sustainable Aviation Fuel) industry,

June 23, 2023 Read Full Article

Nuclear Diesel: A Game Changer -- Synfuels, Energized by Fission, Can Transform US Competition with China.

by Robert Hargraves  (Real Clean Energy) ... We can change the competition from vehicle electrification to producing zero-emission diesel fuel made from CO2, water, and nuclear energy. The US can leverage its expertise in petroleum refining and chemical engineering. For example,

June 22, 2023 Read Full Article

UK Seeks Comments on Proposed SAF Mandate DEADLINE June 22, 2023

by Erin Voegele (SAF Magazine) A public comment period on a proposed U.K. sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) mandate is set to close June 22. The mandate, proposed by the U.K. Department of Transport in late March, would require jet fuel suppliers

June 14, 2023 Read Full Article

France Braces for Power Demand Surge Driven by EVs, Alternative Fuels

by Forrest Crellin (Reuters) Electric vehicles and other technology to cut emissions is likely to drive a surge in French power demand by 2035, meaning France will need to maintain its existing nuclear capacity, grid operator RTE said on Wednesday. The European

June 12, 2023 Read Full Article

Can We Replace All Crude Oil within 20 Years with Cellulosic Liquid Hydrocarbons?

by Charles Forsberg and Bruce Dale (Biofuels Digest)  In the United States, crude oil products provide 48% of the total energy to the final customer: residential, commercial, industrial and transportation. Replacement of crude oil products (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, chemical feed

May 30, 2023 Read Full Article

What Is the Long-Term Demand for Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels and Feedstocks?

by Charles Forsberg (Applied Energy) Liquid hydrocarbons made from crude oil serve many functions: (1) a dense, easy-to-store, easy-to-transport energy source, (2) a method for daily-to-seasonal energy storage, (3) a chemical feedstock, (4) a chemical reducing agent and (5) a

May 03, 2023 Read Full Article

Report: Future Aviation Will Require Massive Energy Growth

by Curt Epstein (AIN Online) With sustainability a key area of focus for the aviation industry, design, and engineering consultancy Atkins has released a white paper examining the energy requirements needed to meet future aviation demand. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), hydrogen, and batteries have

May 01, 2023 Read Full Article

Bradwell Nuclear Site in Essex, UK, Powers Generators with Renewable Diesel

(Magnox/Biobased Diesel Daily) Despite now being in a period of “care and maintenance,” Magnox’s Bradwell nuclear site in Essex, U.K., is still inspected on an annual basis to ensure vital systems remain in a safe state. But with no “active” work taking

February 28, 2023 Read Full Article

Nine EU Countries Want Low-Carbon Hydrogen Included in Bloc’s Renewables Goals

by Paul Messad (EURACTIV France)  Nine EU member states, including France, have called on the European Commission to include low-carbon hydrogen – produced from nuclear electricity – in the EU’s renewable hydrogen targets. France, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Slovenia, Croatia, Slovakia, Hungary

February 10, 2023 Read Full Article

An Over-Belief in Electrification Is Harming the Climate

by Gustav Melin (Bioenergy International/Swedish Bioenergy Association)  ... The energy transition cannot be expedited by support and subsidies  --  However, it is difficult to be re-elected on increased carbon dioxide taxes and more expensive energy prices. That’s no excuse, as there are

January 16, 2023 Read Full Article

Hydrogen Production from Carbon-Free Nuclear Energy

(Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative) As governments and private sector leaders consider solutions to decarbonize the global energy matrix in order to address climate change, hydrogen has increasingly emerged as one promising pathway to net-zero emissions. The world’s most abundant element is an

September 20, 2022 Read Full Article

Will the Electric Grid Be Able to Power EVs — And Everything Else?

by Meghan McCarty Carino (MarketPlace) If all cars in California were electric, the state would need to produce around 50% more electricity, according to one estimate. ...  Californians have been urged not to charge their electric cars during peak hours as

September 07, 2022 Read Full Article

Engineers Discover Way to Turn Organic Waste into Renewable Biofuel Additives Using Radiation

(Science Daily/Lancaster University)  The renewable proportion of petrol is set to increase to 20 per cent over the coming years, meaning the discovery of a new production pathway for these additives could help in the fight to cut carbon dioxide

September 23, 2021 Read Full Article

Scientists Offered Using Methanol in Power Generation for Electric Cars

(Ural Federal University/EurekAlert)  Technology is economical, safe, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient --  Professors at Ural Federal University (UrFU, Russia) Sergey Shcheklein and Aleksey Dubinin have developed a technology for generating energy for an electric car engine using methanol. An article describing

July 23, 2021 Read Full Article

White House Environmental Justice Advisers Express Opposition to Nuclear, Carbon Capture Projects

by Rachel Frazin (The Hill) The White House Environmental Justice Advisory Council expressed opposition to nuclear and carbon capture projects as well as projects that expand capacity for fossil fuel production in a report issued Friday. The volunteer advisory council listed such projects as among

May 18, 2021 Read Full Article

Energy to Hitch Ride on Omnibus

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico's Morning Energy) Congressional negotiators are expected to unveil the legislative text of a $1.4 trillion omnibus deal today that would boost federal agency budgets through next September and thwart a shutdown at week's end, POLITICO's Caitlin Emma

December 16, 2020 Read Full Article

Shutdown Stopped, but Funding Fight Continues

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico's Morning Energy)  However, the emerging package has drawn the ire of progressive and environmental justice groups who are urging Democrats to walk away and try again next Congress. "We have serious concerns about the prospects of the Senate

December 14, 2020 Read Full Article

UK Ban on ICE Vehicles Highlights How 'Policymakers Need to Pay Attention to What's Working Today'

by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily)  ... U.K.'s government announced it is going one step further by banning the sale of new spark- and compression-ignition vehicles by 2030. A two-phased approach was announced Nov. 18. Phase 1 will see the phase-out date

November 24, 2020 Read Full Article

Nuclear ‘Not an Effective Low Carbon Option’

by Mark Hutchins (PV Magazine) Researchers in the UK have analyzed 25 years of electricity-production and carbon emissions data from 123 countries. Their findings show renewables are considerably more effective than nuclear in reducing carbon emissions from energy generation and that

October 08, 2020 Read Full Article

Moniz, Trumka Look at Job Growth in Energy Transition

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico's Morning Energy) Former Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz and Richard Trumka, the president of the AFL-CIO, identified several climate and labor policies that could spur new jobs in a low-carbon economy, including a national action plan for the

September 28, 2020 Read Full Article

5 Opportunities to Create Sustainable Growth: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Sustainability Leaps for Europe

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) VTT just released this short report on 5 unique opportunities Europe has to accelerate sustainability and what they call “exponential hope.” From biotech in food production to optimizing material usage for sustainable resource consumption, dive into VTT’s

September 25, 2020 Read Full Article

Solving the Low Carbon Shipping Fuel and Energy Algorithm – Quickly!

by Adrian Tolson (BLUE Insight/Biofuels Digest) BLUE Insight’s Low Carbon Shipping Fuels and Energy Guide 2020 is a market first assessment of the leading low carbon marine fuels with potential to replace fossil fuels as the marine fuel of the future and analyses

September 16, 2020 Read Full Article

R&D Spending as Stimulus

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico's Morning Energy) : The Bill Gates-founded Breakthrough Energy organization argued in a new report that funding research and development would provide an immediate economic and jobs stimulus while setting up a more sustainable long-term economy that reduces

September 16, 2020 Read Full Article

Inside the DNC's Draft Climate Platform

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico's Morning Energy) The drafting of the Democratic Party's platform was "the latest front in a tug-of-war between moderates and progressives over the direction and breadth of the party's agenda," POLITICO's Holly Otterbein reports. A draft of the 80-page platform obtained

July 23, 2020 Read Full Article

Nuclear Hydrogen Production’s Potential: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Part 2 of 3 Hot Hydrogen Multi-Slide Guides

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Part 2 of today’s Hot Hydrogen slide guides, Exelon shares this illuminating presentation that digs deep into their project to evaluate technical and economic feasibility of integrated nuclear-renewable-hydrogen plant operation, assess hydrogen market in region

June 11, 2020 Read Full Article

Hydrogen and Energy Storage: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Part 3 of 3 Hot Hydrogen Multi-Slide Guides

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Part 3 of today’s Hot Hydrogen slide guides, Southern Company’s Noah Meeks takes a look at how hydrogen mitigates multiple issues in a low-carbon transition, the valuation of hydrogen energy storage in a high

June 11, 2020 Read Full Article

At Last, a Climate Policy Platform that Can Unite the Left: The Factions of the Democratic Coalition Have Come into Alignment on Climate Change.

by David Roberts (Vox)  ... Robinson Meyer captured it well in a 2017 piece in the Atlantic: “Democrats Are Shockingly Unprepared to Fight Climate Change.” But something different has been happening lately, as groups across the left come together to hash

May 28, 2020 Read Full Article

2026 and the Case for Co-location of Biorefineries with Advanced Nuclear

by Ross Mazur and Joel Braden (Sustainable Fuels Consulting LLC/Biofuels Digest)  ...Carbon-neutral Electricity For all of us whose product is sold in an LCFS or RFS-2 market, carbon-free electricity could bring additional value (see B.O.T.E. profitability analysis below). Although

April 02, 2020 Read Full Article

How House Republicans Won over Conservatives to Gain Consensus on a Climate Agenda

by Josh Siegel  (Washington Examiner) House Republicans have convinced their most conservative members to support a forthcoming plan for the federal government to address climate change. Republicans have long been skeptical of federal efforts to curb climate change. But now, even conservative

January 31, 2020 Read Full Article

“There Is No Such Thing as a Zero or Near-Zero-Emission Nuclear Power Plant”

by Emilliano Bellini (PV Magazine)  Stanford professor Mark Z Jacobson has said new nuclear plants may cost up to 7.4 times more than wind and solar facilities, with construction times longer by up to 15 years. Such a delay, he said,

April 19, 2019 Read Full Article

Want a Green New Deal? Here’s a Better One.

(Washington Post)  We favor a Green New Deal to save the planet. We believe such a plan can be efficient, effective, focused and achievable. The Green New Deal proposed by congressional Democrats does not meet that test. Its proponents, led by

February 26, 2019 Read Full Article

Lisa Murkowski Sees 'Green New Deal' as Opportunity to Push Stalled Energy Bill

by Josh Siegel (Washington Examiner) Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, said Wednesday the push for a "Green New Deal" could provide an opportunity for her to revive a comprehensive energy bill she co-authored that would be the first update to the country’s

February 18, 2019 Read Full Article

Dems to Hold Two Days of Hearings on Climate

by Timothy Cama (The Hill)  House Democrats are planning to hold two days' worth of hearings on the impacts of climate change and potential solutions to it when they take the House majority next year. The likely chairmen of the Energy and Commerce, Natural

November 15, 2018 Read Full Article

France Plans to End Sales of All Gasoline, Diesel Vehicles by 2040 (and UK)

by Bate Felix and Simon Carraud  (Reuters)  France aims to end the sale of gasoline and diesel vehicles by 2040 and become carbon neutral 10 years later, Ecology Minister Nicolas Hulot said on Thursday at a presentation of measures to keep

July 11, 2017 Read Full Article

Ethanol’s Prime Spot in the E&C Chairman’s Race

by Mark Drajem & Ari Natter and James Rowley (Bloomberg)  ... Similar to Hillary Clinton’s dilemma on pipelines, a Trump administration could be caught between competing interests on approval for renewable projects or transmission lines on public lands. Trump has called

November 07, 2016 Read Full Article
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Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) 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seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shellfish shipping shipping containers shipworm 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