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Militaries Are among the World’s Biggest Emitters. This General Wants Them to Go Green.

by Michael Birnbaum  (Washington Post) … One recommendation is to fly military aircraft on 50 percent sustainable aviation fuel. Another is to increase the use of fuel-efficient hybrid electric armored

December 30, 2021 Read Full Article

Yesterday Is Always Tomorrow for the Global Bioeconomy

by Douglas L. Faulkner (Leatherstocking LLC/“Cleantech Conservative”/Biofuels Digest)  … It never ceases to amaze me that the media and politicians frequently belittle biofuels and biobased products as old-fashioned, hopelessly low-tech, of

December 14, 2021 Read Full Article

Indian Bio-Jet Fuel Technology Receives Formal Military Certification

(India Ministry of Science and Technology)  CSIR-IIP Dehradun’s home-grown technology to produce bio-jet fuel has been formally approved for use on military aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF). The provisional

November 30, 2021 Read Full Article

Electric Vehicles for the Military Still a Pipedream

by Yasmin Tadjdeh (National Defense)  … In a sprawling study, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, said battlefields of the future will require the Army to invest in a

October 12, 2021 Read Full Article

Fincantieri Eyes Biofuels to Power Future Warships

by Tom Kington  (Defense News) Of all the alternative fuels touted as future solutions for cleaner warships, one of Europe’s shipyards is betting on cow manure. “I see biofuels based

August 11, 2021 Read Full Article

S. Korean Defense Agency Develops Palm Oil-based Bio Jet Fuel Production Technique

by Park Sae-jin (AJU Business Daily)  South Korea’s state defense research agency has acquired core technologies for the production of palm oil-based bio jet fuel. Through a series of tests,

July 8, 2021 Read Full Article

Report: US Army Should Incorporate Diesel, Biodiesel as Primary Battlefield Energies

(National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine/Biobased Diesel Daily)  In addition to jet propellant 8 (JP8), the U.S. Army should incorporate the use of diesel and renewable biodiesel as the

June 29, 2021 Read Full Article

Electric Vehicles and Biofuel: Pentagon Poised to Go Greener under Biden

by Lara Seligman and Bryan Bender (Politico)  “Where the military goes, the civilian world often follows,” says one influential player helping to shape the policy. — The Pentagon is weighing a

April 1, 2021 Read Full Article

Congress Continues To Affirm That Climate Security Is National Security

(Clean Technica)  … Congress voted to override the president’s veto of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), enacting H.R. 6395, the “William M. (Mac) Thornberry” NDAA for Fiscal Year (FY)

January 8, 2021 Read Full Article

British Military Looking to Move Aircraft to Sustainable Fuel Sources

by Ed Adamczyk (UPI)  A plan to use sustainable sources for up to 50 percent of military aviation fuel was announced by British Defense Secretary Ben Wallace this week.  The British Ministry of

December 18, 2020 Read Full Article

Successful Tests with Fossil-Free Fuel

(Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters) Already in 2017, several successful test flights were conducted with aircraft JAS 39 Gripen with a mixture of fossil-free fuel. Continued tests show unchanged performance with

December 9, 2020 Read Full Article

Under President Biden the U.S. Military Must Lead the Way on Climate Change

by Ray Mabus (Time Magazine)  … When I left office in January 2017, at sea about 40% of energy came from non-fossil fuel sources. Nuclear is 17% and the rest

November 19, 2020 Read Full Article

The Case for Climate Action: Building a Clean Economy for the American People

(Senate Democrats’ Special Committee on the Climate Crisis)  … In the near term, we must continue to significantly grow solar and wind energy, energy storage, and electric vehicles while conducting

August 31, 2020 Read Full Article

Greenfield Says U.S. Military Should Use More Biofuels

by O. Kay Henderson (Radio Iowa)  Theresa Greenfield, the Iowa Democratic Party’s nominee for the U.S. Senate, says federal policy should expand the use of biofuels in boats and planes. “Ask

August 28, 2020 Read Full Article

Military Researching Ways to Suck Carbon From Air to Make Fuel

by Bobby Magill (Bloomberg)  Military could use carbon captured from the air and sea water to make fuel; Pentagon involvement could speed up commercialization of technology  — Technology that would suck

January 22, 2020 Read Full Article

Biofuel-Blended ATF to Fire IAF Fleet in Test Run over Two Years

by Sharath S. Srivatsa (The Hindu) After successfully flying its transport aircraft AN-32 with Jatropha-blended ATF (aviation turbine fuel), the Indian Air Force is now looking to test its entire fleet of

February 22, 2019 Read Full Article

White House Prepares to Scrutinize Intelligence Agencies’ Finding that Climate Change Threatens National Security

by Juliet Eilperin and Missy Ryan (Washington Post)  The White House is working to assemble a panel to assess whether climate change poses a national security threat, according to documents obtained by

February 20, 2019 Read Full Article

Royal Netherlands Air Force Operates Her F-16 Fighting Falcons per January on Sustainable Aviation Fuel, Supplied by SkyNRG, Shell Aviation and World Energy

(SkyNRG)  Starting per January 14th, the Royal Netherlands Air Force operates her flights from Leeuwarden Airbase on sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The SAF is supplied by SkyNRG and Shell Aviation and

January 16, 2019 Read Full Article

Italy Explores Natural Gas & Biogas Adoption for Armed Forces Vehicles

(Snam/NGV Journal)  The Italian Ministry of Defense seeks to promote clean energy and sustainable mobility and has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Snam to explore the possible use of natural

December 5, 2018 Read Full Article

U.S. Energy Department, the Army Join Forces on Hydrogen Fuel Cell Deal

(U.S. Department of Energy/NGV Journal)  The Energy Department announced a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the U.S. Army to collaborate in the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for military

October 20, 2018 Read Full Article

QUOTE OF THE WEEK

University of Illinois professor Stephen Long, explaining the need for home-grown biofuels said, “(P)eople of my age have seen these past (oil) disruptions. You know we’ve probably three major ones since

July 22, 2018 Read Full Article

State Government of Queensland : Pentagon Meeting Advances Queensland’s Emerging Biofuel Industry

(Office of Queensland Minister for State Development, Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Planning The Honourable Cameron Dick)  Queensland’s potential as the biofuel hub of the Asia Pacific has taken centre stage in Washington this

July 18, 2018 Read Full Article

Royal Netherlands Air Force First to Operate F-16 Fighting Falcon on SAF

(Bioenergy International)  Over the next fortnight, one F-16 Fighting Falcon of the Royal Netherlands Air Force will operate from Leeuwarden Air Base on a 5 percent blend of sustainable aviation fuel

July 11, 2018 Read Full Article

Opinion: Putin Has Finally Gone Too Far

by David Ignatius (The Washington Post) … So how can the United States and its closest allies alter (Russian President Vladimir) Putin’s behavior, if they’re truly serious about holding Russia

March 16, 2018 Read Full Article

The Pentagon Is Quietly Moving forward on Biofuel Deals. Republicans Want to Stop It

by Travis J. Tritten (Washington Examiner)  … (Former Navy Secretary Ray) Mabus’ vision is, however, quietly moving forward under the Trump administration. The Pentagon has authorized $140 million to help

March 13, 2018 Read Full Article

Withdrawal of the Notice of Funds Availability (NOFA) for and the Cancellation of the Farm-to-Fleet Feedstock Program Biofuel Production Incentive (BPI)

(U.S. Department of Agriculture Commodity Credit Corporation and Farm Service Agency)   The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) has withdrawn support for the Farm-to-Fleet BPI Program, and

February 7, 2018 Read Full Article

The Story of Red Rock Biofuels and the Bond Market Breakthroughs

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In the world of drop-in military biofuels, two major updates appeared this week. In Oregon, Red Rock Biofuels got good news on Monday when the governor

January 12, 2018 Read Full Article

Rising Seas Are Flooding Virginia’s Naval Base, and There’s No Plan to Fix It

by Nicholas Kusnetz (InsideClimate News)  The giant naval base at Norfolk is under threat by rising seas and sinking land, but little is being done to hold back the tides.   —  … Naval

October 30, 2017 Read Full Article

Sierra Hotel: Los Alamos, Gevo to Develop Ultra Long-Range Missile, Aviation Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Imagine, for example, a Boeing 777 flying non-stop between any two cities in the world. Or F-18A/F Superhornets adding significant weapon loads, or up to 30%

October 12, 2017 Read Full Article

Energy Beet Feasibility Study Finds Navy Best Potential Near-Term Customer for Alcohol-to-Jetfuel Product

(Advanced Biofuels USA)  USDA-funded feasibility study based on 2016 energy beet project at University of Maryland Eastern Shore finds Navy solicitation is best market for economic viability of project followed

September 14, 2017 Read Full Article

Realize the Great Green Fleet

by Daniel Orchard-Hays and Laura A. King  (U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings Magazine)  The U.S. Navy’s initiative could pave the way for a Department of Defense energy program that garners precious

August 10, 2017 Read Full Article

Strength through Choice: The Digest’s 2017 Multi-Slide Guide to the US Navy’s military biofuels program

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  To explain the Navy’s marine and aviation biofuels program, Chris Tindal gave the following presentation at ABLC 2017 — focusing on efforts to internationalize the

August 1, 2017 Read Full Article

Gripen Completes Test Flights with 100% Biofuel

(SAAB)  Gripen has for the first time undergone a series of test flights with 100% biofuel. This demonstrates that the aircraft can be flown with an alternative fuel and gives

April 6, 2017 Read Full Article

U.S. Army Is Teaming up with a Davis Startup to Turn Trash into Energy

by Cathie Anderson (Sacramento Bee)  … Essentially, the company uses a blast furnace to heat metals, glass, ash and organic solids to a temperature of 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit, hotter than the

March 28, 2017 Read Full Article

From Off-Take to Take-Off: The Digest’s 2017 Multi-Slide Guide to the US Renewable Jet Fuels Program

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In June 2011, the Secretaries of Agriculture, Energy, and Navy signed MOU to commit $510M (up to $170M from each agency) to produce hydrocarbon jet

February 21, 2017 Read Full Article

Biofuels Play a Role in Military Energy Security

by Callie Fishburn* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  At the January 12th Pew Project-sponsored conference,” Power Begins at Home: Assured Energy for U.S. Military Bases,” the subject of biofuels and their contribution

January 20, 2017 Read Full Article

Military’s Shift Away from Oil Clashes with Trump’s Promises

(Fayatteville Observer/Associated Press)  … While a growing number of military leaders have declared global warming a national security threat, the strategy clashes with President-elect Donald Trump’s vow to end policies that

January 18, 2017 Read Full Article

REPORT: Navy’s Biofuels Program Is A Huge Step Backwards

by Michael Bastasch (The Daily Caller)  The U.S. Navy’s biofuels program has “failed to demonstrate any operational or strategic advantages over petroleum and have actually increased costs” for the military,

January 6, 2017 Read Full Article

The Trump Cabinet’s Greener Thumb

by Anthony Adragna (Politico’s Morning Energy)   Defense Secretary nominee James Mattis may be a rare ray of hope for environmental advocates that the coming administration won’t completely walk away

December 19, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

‘The Daily Show’ Attempts To Find The ‘Badassery’ In The Navy’s Embrace Of Biofuel

by Dan Macrae (UPROXX) …  The Daily Show‘s Hasan Minhaj discovered, the U.S. Navy is currently embracing a new green era. … On tonight’s edition of the Comedy Central news program,

December 8, 2016 Read Full Article

Sky’s the Limit on Navy’s Biofuel Focus

by Bill Loveless (USA Today)  … Biofuels are not new for the U.S. Navy and Air Force, which have been experimenting with blends on aircraft and ships for several years.

September 30, 2016 Read Full Article

Now Boarding: Commercial Planes Take Flight with Biobased Jet Fuel

by Melissae Fellet (C&EN)  Aviation industry hopes to cut emissions with renewable fuels  —  This year, renewable jet fuel took off, graduating from demonstration and test flights to some regular

September 19, 2016 Read Full Article

Navy Tests 100-Percent Advanced Biofuel

by Andrea Watters (Naval Aviation News)  Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus’ energy vision came to fruition in September when the EA-18G “Green Growler” completed flight testing of a 100-percent advanced

September 17, 2016 Read Full Article

New Biofuel Successfully Powers EA-18 Super-Hornet Surveillance Aircraft

(Sputnik News)  The US Navy successfully tested a new advanced biofuel this month on a Boeing EA-18 “Green Growler” aircraft, a surveillance version of the Super-Hornet, the US Naval Institute

September 17, 2016 Read Full Article

US Air Force to Produce Biofuels for US DoD Applications

(airforce-technology.com)  The US Air Force Research Laboratory’s Defense Production Act (DPA) Title III Programme Office will focus on producing biofuels for use by the US Department of Defense (DoD). The

September 2, 2016 Read Full Article

Who Needs Biofuels? Cost-Competitive Renewable Fuels are in Demand

by Jonathan Male  (U.S. Department of Energy)   A large part of the solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector could be uniquely filled by biofuels and bioproducts.

August 30, 2016 Read Full Article

U.S. Navy’s ‘Great Green Fleet’ to Tap Australian Biofuel Hub

by Brian Parkin (Bloomberg)  Renewable fuels may provide 50% of U.S. fleet’s power by 2020; Queensland seeks to create export-oriented green-fuel market  —  The U.S. accepted Australia’s offer to supply biofuel

August 17, 2016 Read Full Article

$26/gallon to $2.05 in 42 months: The Inside True Story of the US Navy’s Great Green Fleet

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Florida, the Digest and BioChannel.TV released “Sustainable Fuels on Troubled Waters”, the Inside True Story of the US Navy’s Great Green Fleet — a

August 1, 2016 Read Full Article

Aemetis CEO to Attend RIMPAC Maritime Exercise in Hawaii with US Navy Great Green Fleet

(Aemetis)  Aemetis, Inc. (NASDAQ: AMTX) today announced that Eric McAfee, Chairman and CEO, accepted an invitation to join top Navy officials and a small group of leading biofuels executives in

August 1, 2016 Read Full Article

Climate Change Risk Threatens 18 U.S. Military Sites: Study

by Valerie Volcovici (Reuters)  Rising sea levels due to hurricanes and tidal flooding intensified by climate change will put military bases along the U.S. East Coast and Gulf Coast at

August 1, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

Latest US Navy Biofuel Bunkers Are Bad For the Environment, Expensive, Barely Biofuel At All, Says Critic

(Ship & Bunker)  … As Ship & Bunker has previously reported, the U.S. Navy has sought to develop and use drop-in biofuels as part of its energy security goals, having previously

July 8, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

The Navy Builds Strength by Saving Energy

by David Ignatius (The Washington Post)  The week of July Fourth is a good moment to salute an unlikely champion of saving energy and switching to alternative fuels — the

July 6, 2016 Read Full Article

Secretary of the Navy Visits USS Mason for Biofuel RAS

by Janweb B. Lagazo (US Navy, USS Mason)  Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus, along with Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Energy Joseph M. Bryan and Chief of

June 20, 2016 Read Full Article

U.S. Navy ‘Green Fleet’ Fills up with Italian-Made Biofuel

by Steve Scherer (Reuters)  A U.S. warship took its first delivery of Italian-made biofuel on Thursday as part of the Navy’s program to use more alternative energy. The USS Mason

June 17, 2016 Read Full Article

Two CSGs In Mediterranean; Truman Attacking ISIS, Ike Demonstrating ‘Great Green Fleet’

by Megan Eckstein (US Naval Institute News)  … For now, the Ike CSG is involved in Great Green Fleet operations, to include a multi-day passing exercise (PASSEX) with units of the Italian

June 10, 2016 Read Full Article

Renewable Jet Fuel, Competitive Cost, at Scale: The Digest’s Multi-Slide Guide to AltAir

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In March, United Airlines made history by becoming the first U.S. airline to begin use of commercial-scale volumes of sustainable aviation biofuel for regularly scheduled flights with

May 20, 2016 Read Full Article

Can the U.S. Military Afford to Run on Biofuels?

by Rich Smith (The Motley Fool)  …  The beef tallow being used today, however, costs just $2.05 per gallon, making it cheaper than the $2.76 per gallon that the Defense Logistics

May 16, 2016 Read Full Article

A Global Force for Good: The Digest’s Multi-Slide Guide to the US Navy’s Military Biofuels Program

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  To explain the Navy’s marine and aviation biofuels program, Chris Tindal gave the following presentation at ABLC 2016 in February. As we described it earlier this

May 13, 2016 Read Full Article

Defense Approps Stops Military from Spending on Low-GHG Fuels

by Eric Wolff (Politico’s Morning Energy 5/12/2016)  Straightening ME out on Section 526: The defense appropriation draft defunds any implementation of Section 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act

May 11, 2016 Read Full Article

Armed Forces Testing Biofuels to Reduce Costs

by Vic Schoonover (The Lawton Constitution)  While this isn’t information making Oklahoma oil and gas companies any happier during the downturn in oil and gas prices, the U.S. armed forces, namely

May 4, 2016 Read Full Article

Navy to Require Climate Change Reporting From Vendors (Corrected to reflect Request; not Require)

by Ellen KNickmeyer (Associated Press/ABC News)  The U.S. Navy on Tuesday became the first branch of the U.S. military —

April 15, 2016 Read Full Article

McGinn: Navy Energy Programs Are ‘All About Warfighting’

by John Grady (USNI News)  When asked what happens to the Navy’s energy initiatives when President Barack Obama leaves office

April 13, 2016 Read Full Article

Drop in, Trip Out, Turn On: The Digest’s 2016 Multi-Slide Guide to Drop-In Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Yesterday, we held a well-attended webinar on “Drop-In Fuels” Here below is the first slide

March 31, 2016 Read Full Article

Queensland Greenlights Advanced Drop-In Biofuels Project for Military, Aviation, Marine

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Queensland, the state premier Anna Palaszczuk, the Minister for State Development Anthony Lynham, and the Minister

March 30, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

Energy Security Drives U.S. Military to Renewables

by  Camille von Kaenel (ClimateWire/Scientific American) Reducing emissions is not a priority for the military — … Concerns over energy security are

March 18, 2016 Read Full Article

Zeitgeist at the Advanced Bioeconomy Leadership Conference

  by Joanne Ivancic* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  You might think that annual conferences feel the same year after year. Not

February 25, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

To Have and Have Not: Energy Security vs Energy Independence in a World Awash in Cheap Oil

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The following slides and comments are excerpted and expanded from remarks by Digest editor &

February 24, 2016 Read Full Article

First Indian Biofuel Ship Set for Fleet Review

by Kalyan Ray Visakhapatnam (Deccan Herald)  When President Pranab Mukherjee will review the naval fleet on Saturday, a small Indian naval

February 8, 2016 Read Full Article

Launch of the Great Green Fleet

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  $2.05 per gallon for drop-in, non-food advanced biofuels blends. Who would have thought it possible

January 22, 2016 Read Full Article

Great Green Fleet: The Digest’s 2016 8-Slide Guide to the US Navy’s Transition to Renewable Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The Department of the Navy is now buying advanced, drop-in, cost-competitive, next gen renewable fuels. The

January 20, 2016 Read Full Article

Amidst Drop in Oil Prices, U.S. Navy Deploys ‘Great Green Fleet’

by David Alexander (Reuters/Yahoo!)  The U.S. Navy will formally deploy its so-called “Great Green Fleet” on Wednesday, sending warships to

January 20, 2016 Read Full Article

How a Controversial SECNAV Has Transformed the Navy

(Navy Times)  … The future fleet is poised to operate more on alternative fuels and be less dependent on Middle Eastern oil.

January 20, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

Greening the Military

by Sara Stefanini (Politico)  Getting fuel into a war zone can be deadly. One soldier is killed on average for

January 19, 2016 Read Full Article

Great Green Fleet: The Digest’s 2016 8-Slide Guide to the US Navy’s Transition to Renewable Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The Department of the Navy is now buying advanced, drop-in, cost-competitive, next gen renewable fuels. The

January 8, 2016 Read Full Article

Navy to Launch Great Green Fleet with 77 Million Gallon Buy of Cost-Competitive, Non-Food Advanced Biofuels Blends

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  They’re here. $2.05 per gallon, at-scale, domestically produced advanced renewable fuels — utilizing non-food feedstocks

January 8, 2016 Read Full Article

Military Takes Clean Energy Seriously, and It’s Not Alone

by Justin Ford (Las Vegas Sun)  … The U.S. military has long since decided climate change is a “threat multiplier.” Increasing

December 8, 2015 Read Full Article

Why Veterans Are Pushing for More Clean Energy Back Home

by Kevin Johnson (Grist/Fusion)  Veterans know firsthand the dangerous challenges that come from fossil-fuel dependence, and many are choosing to help

November 12, 2015 Read Full Article

Mission Incomplete

by Katie Fletcher (Biomass Magazine)  The U.S. Department of Defense has yet to purchase alternative fuels beyond testing and demonstration

November 3, 2015 Read Full Article

North Set to Be Biofuel Capital

by Charlie Peel (Townsville Bulletin)  Up to 30 mini biofuel plants could be rolled out across North Queensland as part of

August 17, 2015 Read Full Article

GAO Report Addresses DOD Alternative Fuels Investments

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine)  In late July, the U.S. Government Accountability Office published a report focused on U.S. Department

August 17, 2015 Read Full Article

DoD Releases Report on Security Implications of Climate Change

(U.S. Department of Defense)  Global climate change will aggravate problems such as poverty, social tensions, environmental degradation, ineffectual leadership and

August 4, 2015 Read Full Article

New EU Sanctions against Russia Impact European Biofuel Companies

by Richard Weiner  (Fredrikson & Byron/Biodiesel Magazine)  The Council of the European Union has recently enacted regulations that require the member

October 29, 2014 Read Full Article

Don’t Wait for the Next War by Wesley K. Clark

(Amazon.com) … War is a poor substitute for strategic vision, and decisions made in the heat of imminent conflict are

October 14, 2014 Read Full Article

Navy Looks to Biofuels in 2016

by Mark Matsunaga (U.S. Pacific Fleet Public Affairs/The Lemoore Navy News)  Ships and aircraft in the next Rim of the

July 18, 2014 Read Full Article

Bio-Fueling the Navy

(BIOtechNOW)  …  However, it also takes real marketplace demand—often led by a few significant “early adopters”—to put a new technology

July 2, 2014 Read Full Article

Kaine, Rigell, Scott, Wittman Host Sea Level Rise Conference In Norfolk

by Chris Marston (Page County Dot Net)  U.S. Senator Tim Kaine, U.S. Congressmen Scott Rigell, Bobby Scott, and Rob Wittman,

July 1, 2014 Read Full Article

Navy Secretary Ray Mabus Outlines A More Self-Sufficient, Efficient Future For The Fleet

by Christopher Harress (International Business Times)  … For Mabus (Ray Mabus, the secretary of the Navy), who had come to New

May 28, 2014 Read Full Article

US Senate Completes Mark-Up on Defense Budget, Supports Continuation of Advanced Biofuels Program

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Washington, the Senate version of the National Defense Authorization Act, following mark-up, is reported to

May 27, 2014 Read Full Article

Climate Change Deemed Growing Security Threat by Military Researchers

By Coral Davenport (The New York Times)  The accelerating rate of climate change poses a severe risk to national security and

May 14, 2014 Read Full Article

Fuel from the Sea: Scale Model WWII Craft Takes Flight with Seawater

by Daniel Parry  (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory/Renewable Energy World)   Navy researchers at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Materials Science

May 14, 2014 Read Full Article

Navy Plans Action This Year on Two Large Pathways to Alternative Fuel

by Jared Serbu (Federal News Radio) The Navy says it will create two new acquisition vehicles this year to ensure it has

April 24, 2014 Read Full Article

Italian Navy Looks for Alternative Fuels

(The Medi-Telegraph)  One of the main topics of the meeting between Italian Defence Secretary Domenico Rossi and US Navy Secretary

April 3, 2014 Read Full Article

USDA and US Navy Explain the Ins and Outs of the Farm-to-Fleet Program at Industry Day: Presentations Available

by Joanne Ivancic (Advanced Biofuels USA)  At the US Department of Agriculture headquarters building in Washington, DC, on January 30,

February 19, 2014 0 comment Read Full Article

US Secretaries of Defense, Agriculture and Energy Push for Cost-Competitive, Drop-In Advanced Military Biofuels Program

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Washington, the Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Agriculture, and Secretary of Energy delivered four

January 6, 2014 Read Full Article

Agriculture, Navy Secretaries Promote U.S. Military Energy Independence with 'Farm-to-Fleet'

(US Department of Agriculture)  Program blends homegrown biofuels with conventional fuels, propelling ships, jets and jobs Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack

December 11, 2013 1 comment Read Full Article

Rep. Enyart Calls for Energy Independence, Growing Agriculture Economy With New Bill

(Congressman Bill Enyart (D-IL))  Legislation Would Support Research & Development for Biofuels in U.S. Air Force Surrounded by agriculture leaders

September 19, 2013 Read Full Article

Turning Grass into Gas

by Bruce Barcott  (OnEarth.org)  Imagine a future in which airliners run on cornstalks and Navy ships ply the oceans on

August 26, 2013 Read Full Article

Navy’s Use of Biofuels Could Trigger Private-Sector Adoption

by Amy Harder (National Journal)  The Navy’s use of advanced biofuels could help spur private-sector investment, said Dennis McGinn, President

August 19, 2013 Read Full Article

Despite Fracking Boom, US Military Still Looks to Biofuel over Natural Gas

by Seth Robson (Stars and Stripes)  The drilling boom created by hydraulic fracking has led to an explosion of natural

August 13, 2013 Read Full Article

Green Water: Can the U.S. Navy Win the Eco-Arms Race?

by Ray Mabus (Foreign Policy)  With domestic oil production up, imports declining, and new oil and gas reserves being discovered,

August 7, 2013 Read Full Article

House Moves to Block DOD Buying Biofuels

by Alex Guillen (Politico)  The House late last night approved by voice vote a measure to block the Defense Department

July 26, 2013 Read Full Article

Gas Price Spikes Have Consumers Wondering, When Will We Be Energy Independent?

by Brent Erickson (Biotechnology Industry Organization/Biofuels Digest)  The United States is beginning a domestic energy boom and could become a

July 16, 2013 Read Full Article

New R&D Strategies for a New Era

by Douglas L. Faulkner with contributions from Jacques Beaudry-Losique (Biofuels Digest)  …We believe it is time for bioenergy industry leaders to

April 26, 2013 Read Full Article

Senate Rejects Amendment Gutting Military Biofuels Program by 40-59 Vote

by Zack Coleman (The Hill E2Wire)  An amendment to a $984 billion Senate government funding bill that would have stripped

March 21, 2013 Read Full Article

Department of Energy Bioenergy Technologies Office Comments on Air Force Strategic Studies Quarterly Article: Energy Insecurity, The False Promise of Liquid Biofuels

(US Department of Energy/Department of Defense)  General Comments Although the author has done an extensive literature reading in the biofuels

March 18, 2013 Read Full Article

Funding Bill Amendments Target Military Biofuels

by Zack Coleman (The Hill E2Wire)  Sen. Pat Toomey (R-Pa.) filed two amendments to a $984 billion government funding bill

March 15, 2013 Read Full Article

Is the U.S. Military Fighting Straw Men?

by Brent Erickson (Biotechnology Industry Organization/Biofuels Digest)    Are supporters of the oil industry grasping at straws to keep the

March 4, 2013 Read Full Article

Defending Clean Energy Goals and Policies

(25 x ’25)  Renewable energy stakeholders were reminded again in recent weeks that misguided criticism and outright misinformation launched against

March 1, 2013 Read Full Article

Inside the Military’s Clean-Energy Revolution

by Julia Whitty (The Atlantic/Mother Jones)  …To get to the Nimitz, 100 miles off Honolulu, our turboprop is flying a 50-50

February 28, 2013 Read Full Article

Pentagon Nominee Hagel Endorses Ban on High-Carbon Defense Fuels

by Ben Geman (The Hill E2Wire)  Former Sen. Chuck Hagel (R-Neb.), President Obama’s nominee for Defense secretary, is backing a

February 2, 2013 Read Full Article

Defense Bill Done: Biofuels Survive

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Unofficial reports indicate that biofuels provisions have survived a House-Senate conference over the Defense bill.

December 19, 2012 Read Full Article

The Big Military Biofuels Build-Up: Will It Happen, and How, and Why?

by Will Rogers  (Biofuels Digest/Consumer Energy Report)  The recent debate over the role of the military in investing in renewable

December 14, 2012 Read Full Article

“Biofuels Have the Momentum”: US Senate Votes 54-41 to Clear Navy’s Path to Affordable, Advanced Biofuels Capacity

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Washington, the US Senate voted 54-41 in favor of an amendment offered by Senator

November 30, 2012 Read Full Article

US Senate Votes 62-37 to Back Military Aviation Biofuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Washington, the US Senate voted 62-37 in favor of an amendment offered by Senator

November 28, 2012 Read Full Article

Biofuels Fight Flares Before Possible Defense Debate

by Geof Koss (Roll Call)  More than one-third of the Senate is calling for removal of provisions in the defense

November 26, 2012 Read Full Article

Report: Military Biofuels Programs Poised to Drive Major Economic, Job Growth

(Environmental Entrepreneurs)   Plans in Congress to kill military biofuels programs could also derail $10 billion+ in economic activity; creation of more

November 16, 2012 Read Full Article

Obama Wins 2nd Term – What Does It Mean for Biofuels?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) …Positives. Continuity. Obama was by far the most bullish supporter of all things biofuels in

November 7, 2012 Read Full Article

Biodico and Navy Sign Renewable Fuel Agreement

(Biodico/PR NewsWire/Herald Online)  Today Biodico announced signing a new agreement with the U.S. Navy for the development and evaluation of

October 19, 2012 Read Full Article

U.S. Navy Secretary Says Biofuel Technology Has Arrived

by Michael Fabey (Aerospace Daily and Defense Report/Aviation Week)  Despite continued opposition from lawmakers like U.S. Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.),

October 16, 2012 Read Full Article

The U.S. Military's Great Green Gamble Spurs Biofuel Startups

by Todd Woody (Forbes Magazine)  …Funded with $85 million from Bill Gates and other investors – plus $104 million in government cash

September 12, 2012 Read Full Article

The Fearless Emergency of Now

by Todd Atkinson  ( US Department of Agriculture  Farm and Foreign Agricultural Service/Biomass Magazine)  Since the 20th century, scientists have worked to

September 7, 2012 Read Full Article

Petroleum Refiners Get out the Old Fear-Mongering Playbook for Attack on Renewable Fuel Standard

by Brent Erickson (BIO/Biofuels Digest)  Despite oil industry claims of “$10 million in fines for non-existent fuels” – they paid

August 2, 2012 Read Full Article

Insiders: GOP Won’t Stop Pentagon’s Green-Energy Push

by Olga Belogolova   (National Journal)  Republicans in both the House and Senate this year have proposed cutting funds for alternative-energy

July 27, 2012 Read Full Article

US Biofuel Advocates Urge Congress to Continue Pentagon Funding

by David Alexander   (Reuters)  * Ex-Senator Warner leads veterans in pushing alternative fuels * Senator Inhofe seeks accounting for

July 26, 2012 Read Full Article

'Green Strike Group' Offers Point of Pride, Not Political Divisiveness

(25 x ’25)  As the “green strike group” makes its way through the waters of the Pacific Rim this week,

July 23, 2012 Read Full Article

Baby vs Bathwater: When Does Budget Prudence Tip over into Energy Shortsightism?

Joelle Brink (Biofuels Digest)  …The Navy doesn’t go to war, or even a war simulation, with unproven technology. That sends

July 23, 2012 Read Full Article

Australian Navy Goes Green with New US Biofuel Deal

by Brendan Nicholson (The Australian)  THE Royal Australian Navy has taken a major step towards “greening” its warships and aircraft

July 20, 2012 Read Full Article

More Access to Advanced Biofuels Becoming an Issue of National Security

(MultiService.com)  Advanced biofuels are gaining popularity throughout the United States thanks to their financial and environmental benefits. Domestic biofuels can

July 20, 2012 Read Full Article

#GreatGreenFleet: SECNAV, CNO Visit Nimitz For Great Green Fleet Demonstration

by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Jonathan A. Colon (USS Nimitz Public Affairs/America’s Navy)  The Secretary of the Navy, the

July 20, 2012 Read Full Article

Senators Gird for Fight over U.S. Navy's 'Green Fleet'

by Roberta Rampton and Susan Cornwell (Reuters)  U.S. senators who support the Pentagon’s push to expand its use of biofuels said

July 19, 2012 Read Full Article

Push in Congress to Ban Biofuels in Military Has Big Long-Term Costs

by Norman Seip (Christian Science Monitor)  The US armed services is working hard to wean itself off of fossil fuels

July 19, 2012 Read Full Article

The Navy’s Green Strike Group Sails on Biofuels Blend: Will It Sail Again?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  As the Pacific-based forces of Can-Do battle the Washington-based forces of Shouldn’t-Try, we look at

July 19, 2012 Read Full Article

RAND Says US Military Cannot Reduce Biofuels Price; Should Exit Development; BIO Disagrees

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Washington, a new study by the RAND Corporation says that the US military’s petroleum

July 18, 2012 Read Full Article

Ads Hit GOP Lawmakers for Opposing Navy Biofuels

by Jeremy Herb (The Hill/Defcon Hill)  A liberal-leaning national security group has a six-figure ad campaign attacking four Republicans, including

July 18, 2012 Read Full Article

Pentagon Biofuels Effort Aids Energy Independence

By Senator Jeanne Shaheen (D-New Hampshire) and Senator Susan Collins (R-Maine)  (Politico)  It’s disappointing that Congress may try to second-guess

July 17, 2012 Read Full Article

White House Official: Congress 'Short-Sighted' on Biofuels

by Zack Coleman  (The Hill/E2Wire)  Congress “needs to get beyond short-sightism” that is stunting investment in and handcuffing Defense Department

July 17, 2012 Read Full Article

The Obama Plan for Cost-Competitive, Military Biofuels: The 10-Minute Guide

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  …The Obama Administration has laid out an integrated strategy for commercializing advanced biofuels, with a

July 3, 2012 Read Full Article

Insiders Support Military’s Renewable-Energy Push

by Sara Sorcher (National Journal)  Nearly two-thirds of National Journal’s National Security Insiders agree with the military’s push for renewable energy,

June 5, 2012 Read Full Article

Short-Term Politics Stifles Pentagon’s Green Energy Ambitions

by Jen Alic (OilPrice.com)  The US Defense Department consumes more energy than any other department or sector in the country,

May 30, 2012 Read Full Article

Wait’ll Next Year: Advanced Biofuels and the Military

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  …In Washington, heartbreak came early in the season when the Senate Armed Services Committee has

May 29, 2012 Read Full Article

US Warplanes Can Fly Faster, Carry Additional Weapons Load Using Advanced Fuels and Biofuels: New Data

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) New tests conducted at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base have revealed that US warplanes are capable

May 25, 2012 Read Full Article

Groups Ask Senate to Reconsider NDAA Amendments Blocking Military Use of Alternative Energy

(BusinessWire)  The Advanced Biofuels Association, the Algal Biomass Organization, Airlines for America, the American Farm Bureau Federation, the Biotechnology Industry

May 24, 2012 Read Full Article

Republicans Blowing up Military’s Plans for Alternative Energy; Democrats Fighting Back

by Troy Hooper  (The Colorado Independent)  …House Republicans passed a pair of provisions Friday that would stymie the military’s efforts

May 23, 2012 Read Full Article

Increasing Our National Security with New Technology

by Retired Lt. Gen. John Castellaw, USMC, American Security Project  (The Hill/Congress Blog)  The United States military is the single

May 7, 2012 Read Full Article

Algal Biomass Organization Briefing on Industry Accomplishments and Policy Needs

by Josh Rathod (Advanced Biofuels USA) As host of an annual legislative hearing on Capitol Hill, the Algal Biomass Organization

March 12, 2012 0 comment Read Full Article

Va. Congressman Questions Navy’s Ability to “Go Green” versus High Cost

by Mike Gooding (WVEC.com)  … Fourth district congressman Randy Forbes is challenging the Navy which is making a priority out of

March 1, 2012 Read Full Article

Navy Energy Director Speaks on US Need for Global Biofuels

by Erin Voegele (Biorefining Magazine)  The military has been especially active in the push to develop biobased jet fuel, but

November 29, 2011 Read Full Article

Pew Charitable Trusts Releases Report on Department of Defense Renewable and Alternative Energy Programs

by Joanne Ivancic (Advanced Biofuels USA)  Today Phyllis Cuttino, director of Pew’s Clean Energy Program, joined by  John Warner, former five-term

September 21, 2011 Read Full Article

The Green Strike Group: The Fuels, The Force, The Skinny

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)   …Tactically, a Green Strike Group, powered by renewable diesel-electric engines, nuclear power and aviation

September 13, 2011 Read Full Article

ABO Responds to USDA/DOE/Navy Biofuels Investment Promise

(Algae Industry Magazine)  The Algal Biomass Organization has voiced its opinion of the US government’s recently announced $510 million biofuels

September 9, 2011 Read Full Article
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macauba Macedonia machine learning Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts mass balance standard Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methan methanation methane/biomethane methane leaks methanization Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol fuel cells methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National 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nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory North Korea Northwest Territories Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition nut shells oak oat hulls oats oat straw Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil/gas terminals oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement Oils oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olives olive water Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical photolysis photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot scale pine pineapple pine beetle pine needles pine nut pinion pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet Plug-in Flex Fuel Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass podcasts Poland poli Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyethylene polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter/waste power-to-x/gas/liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R5 R33 rabbits race radiata pine Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rainforest rain tree RAND rare earth metal RD10 RD20 RD30 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Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) price Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) renewable volume obligation (RVO) RenovaBio replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion resurrection grass retail retrofit return on investment R Factor RFI (Request for Information) RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island Ricardo rice rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice price rice straw/paddy straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rotation crops royalties RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass s saccharification Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC SAK Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed-to-wheel seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solaris solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota Southeast Asia Southern Africa South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soybean prices soybeans soy meal Spain spartina specifications Spent Bleaching Earth Oil (SBEO) sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam methane reformation steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) subsid succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel Sugar Beets/Energy Beets sugarcane sugarcane prices sugarcane straw Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugars sugars-to-fats sugar standards sulfur Sumatra sunflower sunflower stalks supercritical fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Suriname Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweetgum sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland sycamore syngas syngas/gas fermentation synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic kerosene synthetic liquified gas (SLG) synthetic methane/e-methane synthetic natural gas Syria Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall fescue tall oil tallow tallow tree tamanu/nyamplung Tamarix tank-to-wheel tank cars tankers tanker trucks Tanzania tariffs taro tar sands Tasmania tax benefit tax credit taxes tax incentives tax parity tax policy tea teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training technical course Technical Readiness Levels techno-economic analysis technology transfer tech transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics Thermal catalytic depolymerization (TCD) thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion thermochemical liquefaction Tibet Tier 3 Tier 4 tilapia tillage Timor-Leste tires tobacco tobacco tree Togo Tokyo toluene Tonga tool Toronto torrefaction totai Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) trade trade dispute/discrimination trade group trade organization Trade Policy trade secrets training trains transesterification transgenics transition 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