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Rising Carbon Prices Led to Drop in German Emissions in 2019

by Frank Jordans (Associated Press/Washington Post) Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions fell sharply last year, putting the country’s 2020 climate goal within reach again. A report released Tuesday by the think tank Agora

January 19, 2020 Read Full Article

EU Weighs Tariffs to Enforce Climate Rules

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico’s Morning Energy) European countries are threatening to impose tariffs on goods from countries like the United States that have failed to match their climate change policies. 

December 12, 2019 Read Full Article

Clean Marine Fuel in 2020: An Opportunity for Biofuel?

by Michael Newman (Parhelion Underwriting Inc./Biofuels Digest) 2018 saw the shipping industry take its first steps towards addressing the challenge of climate change when, at its 72nd session in April, IMO’s

December 5, 2019 Read Full Article

The Market for Sustainable Kerosene Needs the Quota

(aireg e.V.)  On the occasion of the international aireg conference on sustainable aviation fuels in Berlin on October 17th and 18th 2019, aireg proposes the introduction of a GHG reduction

October 15, 2019 Read Full Article

Climate Change Measures Progress at ICAO Assembly

(Air Transport Action Group) Governments meeting at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 40th Assembly in Montreal have supported the prioritisation of work on developing a long-term goal for aviation CO2

October 7, 2019 Read Full Article

Future Markets for Renewable Gases & Hydrogen: What Would Be the Optimal Regulatory Provisions?

by Jose Luis Moraga, Machiel Mulder and Peter Perey  (Centre on Regulation in Europe)  This report explores the economic outlook for renewable gases and hydrogen and proposes a regulatory framework

September 18, 2019 Read Full Article

EU States Gather to Discuss Imposition of Climate Taxes and Carbon Pricing on European Aviation Sector

(GreenAir Online)  A coalition of EU States came together last week in the Netherlands to discuss how carbon pricing and taxes could be applied to Europe’s air transport sector. At a conference

June 28, 2019 Read Full Article

Fulfilling Climate Obligations Will Be Hard but We’re up to the Challenge, Promises Aviation Industry

(GreenAir Online)  Addressing aviation’s impact on climate change and meeting the challenge was a key theme at the industry’s recent Global Sustainable Aviation Forum (GSAF) in Montreal. While attention remains focused on ICAO’s

June 2, 2019 Read Full Article

The Pressing Need for a Strategy to Ramp up Ambition on Mitigating Emissions from Aviation

by Chris Lyle (GreenAir Online/Air Transport Economics)  Greenhouse gases from aviation will continue to increase globally despite prevailing mitigation actions, whose effects are well outdistanced by traffic growth. ICAO is in

April 30, 2019 Read Full Article

Cap and Trade, RINs, and the Risks of the Future

by Mike Newman (Parhelion Underwriting/Biofuels Digest)  The best climate policy – environmentally and economically – limits emissions and puts a price on them. Cap and trade is one way to do both.

April 10, 2019 Read Full Article

FAA Launches Voluntary MRV Program for US Aircraft Operators Participating in CORSIA

(GreenAir Online) The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has launched the CORSIA MRV Program for US airplane operators with international flights participating in the ICAO carbon offsetting scheme. According to ICAO, it is

March 24, 2019 Read Full Article

Growing Support among EU Environment Ministers for Applying further Carbon Pricing on Aviation Emissions

(GreenAir Online)  A recent proposal by the Netherlands finance ministry for an EU-wide aviation tax to deal with the sector’s growing emissions has received backing from a Belgian environment minister at

March 24, 2019 Read Full Article

Dutch Finance Ministry Argues for EU-Wide Single Aviation Tax to Cover the Sector’s Environmental Costs

(GreenAir Online)  The Dutch finance ministry has released a paper suggesting the EU should adopt a Europe-wide aviation tax in response growing emissions from the sector. Such a coordinated approach

February 22, 2019 Read Full Article

EU Plans 2019 Global Carbon Market Meeting to Determine Trading Rules

by  Siobhan Hall (S&P Global Platts)  Spring meeting in Brussels ahead of COP25 in Chile; Wants rules that ensure real emission reductions; EU to meet its 2030 CO2 cut target with own rules 

January 24, 2019 Read Full Article

State of the Bioeconomy

by Wayne Lee and Mark J Riedy (Lee Enterprises Consulting, Inc. and Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton LLP/Biofuels Digest) At present, the bioeconomy continues to attract debt and equity interest. VCs, Private

January 4, 2019 Read Full Article

Setting European Aviation on a Pathway to Decarbonisation by 2050

(GreenAir Online)  A new study, one of the first, examines whether a credible pathway to zero or near zero emissions exists for European aviation. The report, published by Transport & Environment

December 3, 2018 Read Full Article

Dutch Aviation Sector Presents Government with Action Plan to Reduce Gross Emissions by 35 Per Cent by 2030

(GreenAir Online)  The Dutch civil aviation sector has pledged to reduce its gross carbon emissions originating in the Netherlands by 35 per cent by 2030. This is in addition to airline

December 3, 2018 Read Full Article

Aviation Industry Says It’s on Track and Committed to Start Reporting Carbon Emissions from January

(GreenAir Online)  With just a month to go before airlines and business aircraft operators with international flights must start monitoring and reporting their CO2 emissions under the CORSIA carbon offsetting scheme,

December 3, 2018 Read Full Article

Airlines and NGOs Spell out Differing Positions over CORSIA Implementation and the Future of the Aviation EU ETS

(GreenAir Online)  International airline associations have written a joint open letter to the European Commission urging it to ensure the ICAO proposed rules governing the CORSIA carbon offsetting scheme are adopted

September 20, 2018 Read Full Article

Finnair Study Finds Travelling Public Would Pay Extra to Reduce Environmental Impact of Flights

(GreenAir Online)  According to a consumer research study by Finnair, almost all Finns – 94% – want to reduce the emissions from their air travel and three-quarters are willing to pay

August 17, 2018 Read Full Article

Finns Prefer Biofuels and Carbon Captures as Measures, Want to Directly Impact CO2 Emissions of Flying

by Theodore Koumelis (Travel Daily News)  76% of the respondents were ready to pay more for a flight ticket, or alternatively, pay an additional charge, if the money is used for reducing

July 22, 2018 Read Full Article

CO2 Use Is Slowly Picking up Speed

(Bio-based News/nova-Institut) First semi-commercial facilities, technical advances, but political support still unclear  —  6th Conference on Carbon Dioxides as Feedstock for Fuels, Chemistry and Polymers in Cologne, 15-16 March, showed state of

April 2, 2018 Read Full Article

EU-Wide Taxes on Jet Fuel and Plane Tickets Could Help Plug Budget Gap and Address Transport Climate Impact, Says T&E

(GreenAir Online)  Taxing jet kerosene and applying a value added tax to plane tickets within Europe could raise €26.5 billion ($32bn) a year that could be used to plug an EU

March 7, 2018 Read Full Article

ICAO Opens Consultation with States on Proposed Rules for CORSIA Implementation

(GreenAir Online)  ICAO’s proposed rules for States and aeroplane operators on the administration; monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of CO2 emissions; carbon offsetting requirements; and emissions units under the CORSIA scheme

February 5, 2018 Read Full Article

Marketing Sustainability: How Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) Are Planning to Take Flight

By Michael Eggleston* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  Flying in Formation: Since the first test flight almost 10 years ago, there have been over 40,000 commercial flights supported by four international airports

October 19, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

Airbus Exec.: EU ‘Bonus’ for Aviation Biofuels May Be Too Little

by Frédéric Simon (EurActiv)  The European Commission’s proposal to incentivise the production of biofuels for aircraft with a 20% “multiplier” goes in the right direction, says Thierry Nowaczyk from Airbus. The

October 17, 2017 Read Full Article

EU Ministers Agree National Climate Goals ahead of U.N. Talks

(Reuters)  EU environment ministers agreed national emissions-reduction targets on Friday in a push to show how the bloc is delivering on its climate goals ahead of United Nations talks next months

October 13, 2017 Read Full Article

Making Carbon Count: Pricing in Externalities to Drive the Circular Economy — December 11, 2017 — Brussels, Belgium

  Making Carbon Count: Pricing in Externalities to Drive the Circular Economy — December 11, 2017 — Brussels, Belgium

On the 20th anniversary of the Kyoto Protocol, WBA and the European Economic and Social Committee of the European Commission are meeting to discuss and analyse the current status on carbon

October 12, 2017 Read Full Article

Clash Looms between EU Institutions on How Long to Stop the Clock on Scope of the Aviation EU ETS

(GreenAir Online)  The European Parliament voted by a clear majority today to back proposals from the European Commission to extend the derogation that restricts the scope of the EU Emissions Trading

October 2, 2017 Read Full Article

ICAO Negotiations on CORSIA Scheme Challenging, European Climate Chief Tells EU Environment Ministers

(GreenAir Online)  The goal of stabilising rather than reducing emissions from international aviation through the use of international carbon credits fell below EU climate ambitions but the agreement reached at

March 28, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

European Parliament Votes for Reforms to the EU ETS from 2020 that Would Tighten Aviation Emissions Cap

(GreenAir Online) The European Parliament has voted to increase the ambition of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for the next phase of the scheme starting in 2021, which includes

February 24, 2017 Read Full Article

Europe Needs a Higher Price on Carbon

(Bloomberg)  Europe’s promise to lower greenhouse-gas emissions looked bright a dozen years ago, when its leaders created the first big market for trading carbon permits. Sadly, though, its system has

February 21, 2017 Read Full Article

European Commission Proposes Intra-European Flights Should Remain Covered by EU ETS Pending ICAO Progress

(GreenAir Online)  … Since ICAO States agreed at their Assembly in October to implement the phased Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), debate has centred around what the

February 6, 2017 Read Full Article

EU Politicians Say ICAO Carbon Offsetting Scheme Lacks Ambition and Will Push for Reforms to Aviation EU ETS

(GreenAir Online)  The head of the European Parliament delegation to COP22 in Marrakech said action to address growing CO2 emissions by the international aviation and shipping sectors was insufficient and

November 21, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

With Canada and Mexico on Board, Carbon Pricing Could Become a Reality Across North America with Expanded U.S. Action

(Center for American Progress)  Carbon taxes and emissions trading systems, once considered political moonshots in the battle to combat carbon emissions, have found purchase in Canada, Mexico, and parts of

November 4, 2016 Read Full Article

Opinion: Why ICAO’s Emissions Deal Will Not Make A Difference

by Jens Flottau (Aviation Week)  When the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) announced in early October that its general assembly had reached agreement on the Carbon Offset and Reduction Scheme

October 24, 2016 Read Full Article

Can the Aviation Industry Finally Clean up Its Emissions?

by John Vidal (The Guardian)  With biofuel potential limited and emissions rising, the need for industry to act is urgent. Hopes rest on a global UN carbon offset scheme to

September 30, 2016 Read Full Article

The Fight Must Go on to Protect the EU’s Right to Continue with Its Own Aviation Emissions Scheme

by Jeff Gazzard (European GreenSkies Alliance/GreenAir Online)  Over the next couple of weeks, the United Nations’ International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) will be holding its 39th Assembly in Montreal. One

September 23, 2016 Read Full Article

Design Features of the EU’s Aviation ETS Should Be Strengthened to Deliver Real Emissions Reductions, Finds T&E Report

(GreenAir Online)  Despite imperfections, the inclusion of aviation into the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) has functioned well and enjoys a high degree of compliance, finds a new report

September 23, 2016 Read Full Article

The High-Flown Fantasy of Aviation Biofuels

by Almuth Ernsting (Biofuelwatch/The Biomass Monitor)  …  As far as Branson and his airline, Virgin Atlantic, were concerned, the flight was indeed no more than a stunt: The “biofuel test flight”

September 12, 2016 Read Full Article

U.N. Aviation Emissions Pact to Let States Opt out in First Phase: Sources

by  Allison Lampert and Julia Fioretti (Reuters)  A new global deal on curbing aviation emissions will likely give states the right to opt out of its initial voluntary phases, according

August 26, 2016 Read Full Article

A4E Calls on Governments to Support the UN’s Global Scheme to Reduce Airline Carbon Emissions

(AviationBenefits.org)  Coinciding with the presentation of the European Commission’s “European Strategy for Low-Emission Mobility”, A4E sets out its priorities on environmental policy. A4E calls on all governments to support the

July 25, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

Brexit: What Does It Mean for the Advanced Bioeconomy?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In the UK, the British people voted to exit the European Union in a historic vote which was announced in the early Friday hours. Following

June 24, 2016 Read Full Article

Volkswagen to Promote Biofuel-Powered Cars ahead of Electric Ones to Tackle Carbon Emissions, New Report Suggests

(Biofuels International)  Car giant Volkswagen (VW) has published a new study and called for the promotion of biofuel-powered cars over electric ones to help tackle carbon emissions. The report, entitled

May 4, 2016 Read Full Article

Biofuels Are Back on the EU Agenda

by Sonja van Renssen (Energy Post)  Biofuels are returning to the political agenda in Europe as EU policymakers start to shape a strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transport

March 3, 2016 Read Full Article

Aircraft Operators Rack up over $1 Million in UK Penalties for Non-Compliance with EU ETS

(GreenAir Online) Following the civil penalties handed out to five aircraft operators last June (see article), a further 18 operators of corporate or VIP aircraft and two airlines have been issued

January 15, 2016 Read Full Article

Kyoto Protocol’s Carbon Credit Scheme ‘Increased Emissions by 600m Tonnes’

by Arthur Neslen (The Guardian)  Major UNFCCC carbon trading scheme hit by serious corruption allegations involving organised crime in Russia and Ukraine — A key carbon offsetting scheme was so open

August 25, 2015 Read Full Article

Why Airlines Keep Pushing Biofuels: They Have No Choice

by  Jonathan Fahey and Scott Mayerowitz (Associated Press) The number of global fliers is expected to more than double in the next two decades. In order to carry all those extra

July 28, 2015 Read Full Article

U.S. May Take First Step to Curb Airline Emissions This Week: Sources

by Valerie Volcovici (Planet Ark/Reuters)  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency plans as soon as Friday to determine whether carbon dioxide from aircraft endangers public health, a first step to regulating

June 3, 2015 Read Full Article

Ending International Aviation’s $65 Billion Fuel Tax Exemption an Essential Step towards Decarbonisation

by Andrew Murphy (Transport & Environment (T&E)/GreenAirOnline)  … The airline industry predicts a massive increase in the use of alternative fuels, although most experts predict an uptake of only a few percentage

April 24, 2015 Read Full Article

The Challenge of Finding a Legal Vehicle to Enforce Compliance with a Global Aviation Emissions Scheme

(GreenAirOnline)  By agreeing to develop a global market-based mechanism (MBM) for international civil aviation, ICAO’s 38th Assembly has set the expectation that such a scheme will be adopted in 2016

November 24, 2014 Read Full Article

EU Leaders Slow further Decarbonisation of the Transport Sector from UFOP: Sustainability Certification a Discontinued Model?

(UFOP/Union zur Förderung von Oel- und Proteinpflanzen)  Without a continuation of binding for all Member States targets of greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector, the Union fears for the

November 3, 2014 Read Full Article

EU GHG Deal Calls for 27 Percent Renewables by 2030

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine)  On Oct. 24, the European Council issued a statement announcing it has agreed on the 2030 climate and energy policy framework for the European Union.

October 31, 2014 Read Full Article

Study Finds a Carbon Gap of 220 Million Tonnes in 2023 Will Require Offsetting by the Airline Industry

(GreenAir Online) Even with improvements in aircraft technology, airline efficiencies and operational improvements, together with the introduction of biofuels, there will be a sizeable carbon gap between commercial aviation forecasts and

October 31, 2014 Read Full Article

Specific actions for the Transport Sector in the EU 2030 Climate and Energy Framework

(EBB-EU.org)   …(T)he undersigned associations and companies representing all the steps of the EU biofuels chain would like to underline the following points: • The EU transport sector, being largely

October 30, 2014 Read Full Article

The Next Government’s Blueprint for Green Energy

(Renewable Energy Association) REA sets out comprehensive manifesto for renewable heat, power and transport The next government will be responsible for the UK succeeding – or failing – in meeting its

September 15, 2014 1 comment Read Full Article

Critical week for the Aviation EU ETS as MEPs Hear Arguments on which Proposal to Support

(GreenAirOnline)  With a crucial vote in the European Parliament this week, MEPs will be presented with two choices that will likely determine the future of the Aviation EU ETS until

April 2, 2014 Read Full Article

Carbon Market Lessons and Global Policy Outlook

by Richard G. Newell, William A. Pizer, Daniel Raimi (Science Magazine)  Prices in the European Union’s (EU) Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) spent 2013 at historic lows. Elected officials have promised to

March 21, 2014 Read Full Article

EU Proposal to Unilaterally Regulate International Flights in EU ETS Puts Global Scheme at Risk, Says 'Shocked' IATA

(GreenAir Online)  The proposal by the European Commission to include international aviation in its ETS without any international consultation could re-open the threat of trade wars and distract States from

December 31, 2013 Read Full Article

IATA’s Tyler Warns ETS Could Distract From ICAO-Brokered Offsetting Plan

by Jens Flottau  (Aviation Week)  Tony Tyler, Director General and CEO of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), is very concerned that the dispute about which flights will be included in

December 13, 2013 Read Full Article

European Commission Proposes Airline Carbon Charge for EU Airspace

by Barbara Lewis (Reuters)  The European Union on Wednesday revived a proposal to charge foreign airlines for emissions over European

October 28, 2013 Read Full Article

An NGO Message for the ICAO Assembly: Introduce a Global Market-Based Measure Now

(GreenAir Online)  …  On regional measures, where the subtext is aviation’s future in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), any

September 19, 2013 Read Full Article

ICAO Emissions Deal Moving Closer

by Jens Flottau   (Aviation Week)  A compromise solution on a global market-based measures (MBM) scheme to tackle aviation emissions appears

September 5, 2013 Read Full Article

Green Water: Can the U.S. Navy Win the Eco-Arms Race?

by Ray Mabus (Foreign Policy)  With domestic oil production up, imports declining, and new oil and gas reserves being discovered,

August 7, 2013 Read Full Article

Colonialism and the Green Economy: Villagers Defy Pressure to Forfeit Farms for Carbon-Offset

by Daniel C Marotta and Jennifer Coute-Marotta  (Truthout)  All names are fictitious as sources requested anonymity out of fear of

January 14, 2013 Read Full Article

European Commission Backs Down on EU ETS and Agrees to 'Stop the Clock' on International Aviation Emissions

(GreenAirOnline)  EU Climate Commissioner Connie Hedegaard announced this morning the EU will suspend enforcement of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme

November 12, 2012 Read Full Article

Carbon Offsetting Rather than Emissions Trading Becoming Favoured Route as ICAO Looks towards a Global Scheme

(GreenAirOnline)  As ICAO expert groups continue their work on a global market-based approach to limiting the growth of international aviation

November 8, 2012 Read Full Article

Climatic Conditions Make Abu Dhabi Ideal for Commercial Production of Biofuels from Algae

(United Arab Emirates/AMEInfo.com)  Abu Dhabi’s abundant sunshine and climate make it a near-ideal location for growing algae for commercial production

November 1, 2012 Read Full Article

UK Government Uncertainty over Whether to Include International Aviation Emissions in Carbon Budgets

(GreenAirOnline)   With emissions from aviation and shipping likely to make up a quarter of the total UK output by 2050,

October 26, 2012 Read Full Article

RETECH 2012: Policy and Planes

by Josh Rathod (Advanced Biofuels USA)   RETECH 2012, an international conference on the business, policy, and technology of renewable

October 24, 2012 0 comment Read Full Article

Exclusive: BA's Biofuels Plant Set for Take-Off before the End of the Year

by Will Nichols (Business Green)  Preferred site has been chosen for London facility set to generate two per cent of

September 30, 2012 Read Full Article

Europe Considers Suspending Airline Emissions Charge

(Associated Press/The Guardian)  Officials stress the need to avert a trade war with major economic powers such as China and

September 24, 2012 Read Full Article

Renewables and Emissions Trading: Do Schemes like the EU ETS Work?

by Richard Baillie (Renewable Energy World)  Emissions trading is growing in popularity across the globe, but doubts about its high

September 18, 2012 Read Full Article

South African Airways Aims for 50 per cent Biofuel by 2020

by Kamalpreet Badasha (SupplyManagement.com)  State-owned South African Airways (SAA) aims to decrease its carbon footprint by using biofuel for 50 per cent

August 2, 2012 Read Full Article

Aviation Biofuels: Which Airlines Are Doing What, with Whom?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  …(M)ore than 30 airlines now trialing, deploying biofuels – but who’s doing what, exactly? In

June 5, 2012 Read Full Article

UK Climate Advisers Recommend International Aviation Emissions Be Included in National Carbon Budgets

(GreenAir Online)  The Committee on Climate Change (CCC), which advises the UK government on national carbon targets, has recommended international

April 23, 2012 Read Full Article

Australia’s Qantas Makes First Commercial Biofuel Flight

(AFP)  Australia’s Qantas Friday launched the nation’s first commercial flight using a mixture of refined cooking oil, saying it would

April 13, 2012 Read Full Article

Joint Letters Pushes For ETS Settlement

By Jens Flottau (Aviation Week)  Nine European airlines and aerospace companies have sent similar letters to the Prime Ministers of

March 12, 2012 Read Full Article

US Legislation to Prohibit Airlines from Joining EU ETS Moves a Step Closer as Senate Bill Receives Bipartisan Support

(GreenAirOnline)   A bill introduced into the US upper house by Republican Senator John Thune that would prohibit US aircraft

March 9, 2012 Read Full Article

Airlines Set to Win Carbon Credits from Biofuel Flights

(EurActiv)  The European Commission has asked airlines to report on “the amount of biomass” they use so that biofuels can

February 15, 2012 Read Full Article

International Air Transport Association Stresses Congestion In Emissions Spat

by Leithen Francis (Aviation Week)  The International Air Transport Association’s target of carbon neutral growth from 2020 can still be

February 13, 2012 Read Full Article

Lufthansa Ends Biofuel Trial with U.S. Flight

by Victoria Bryan  (Reuters)  German carrier Lufthansa is ending the trial use of a biofuel mix for its planes because it

January 10, 2012 Read Full Article

Airlines Must Pay for Carbon Emissions on European Flights, High Court Rules

by Juliet Eilperin (The Washington Post)  Europe’s highest court ruled Wednesday that the European Union has the legal right to

December 23, 2011 Read Full Article

US Airlines Test Bio Fuel Flights

by John Terrett  (AlJazeera)  Some US airlines have begun testing enviromentally friendly fuel. And while the efforts may help the

December 4, 2011 Read Full Article

“Fuel Is Strategic” says Aviation Expert at ITB; Biofuels Are Key to “Thinking out of the Box”

Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Germany, Dr. Jurgen Ringbeck, Senior Partner of Booz & Co said “Fuel is strategic, and

March 18, 2010 Read Full Article

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storage (CCS) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) carbon cost carbon credit carbon credit markets carbon cycle carbon debt Carbon Dioxide (CO2) carbon efficiency carbon emissions carbon fiber Carbon Intensity (CI) carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon price carbon recycling carbon sequestration carbon sink carbon tax carbon tax-and-dividend carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata/brassica carinata carob cashew cashew apple CASI CAS Registry Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis CH pathway cattle cavitation cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile China chitin CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location co-operative Co-op Extension co-processing co-products CO2 Sequestration coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) coastal habitat conservation coastal hay Coast Guard cobalt cock's foot cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold-tolerance cold flow college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG / R-CNG) compression-ignition engine compression ratios computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology cooking fuel cook stoves cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 copper coppice cordgrass corn-based products corn/maize corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmet cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crimes Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs dairy waste dandelion DARPA date palm date palm pits Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Delaware DeltaWing demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose diatoms diesel diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices diethyl ether Digital Biology dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct-to-fuel directed evolution direct injection Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) dispense distillation distilled biodiesel distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME (dimethyl ether) Dominican Republic double cropping Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought-resistant drought tolerant dual cropping Dubai duckweed E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E2 E3 E5 E5 price E6 E7 E8 E10 E10 price E12 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E40 E50 E55 E78 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 E100 E100 conversion kit earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecuador ED95 education educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency Egypt Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric grid electricity electricity/power generation electricity price electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants El Salvador embargo emissions emissions standards EN 228 EN 590 EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) end user Energy Bill energy cane energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine/Fuel Co-optimization Engine Development engineering engine problems England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment Environmentalists environmental justice environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling enzymes Enzyme solicitation EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) ethane ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol benefits ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol blend wall ethanol emissions ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol tolerance Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) externalities extremophiles f F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farmers farming farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices Feedstocks feedstock storage feedstock transportation fermentation ferry fertilizer F Factor fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch/FT Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose flameleaf sumac flavors flax Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) Flightpath flight tests flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources forestry Forest Service fossil carbon fossil fuel fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) free fatty acids (FFA) French fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel additives fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon Gambia gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline-range hydrocarbons gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gas prices gas tax/highway user fee General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal Germany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government subsidies grains grain sorghum/milo grain speculators GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green/black economy green chemistry green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing GREET model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guinea Gulf states Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP Haiti Halophytes harvesting harvest site processing Hawaii hazardous waste HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat-tolerance heating oil/fuel heat of combustion heat of vaporization hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) HFS-SIP hibiscus High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway funds highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Honge tree nuts Hong Kong hops horse bedding horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrids hydrocarbon fuels hydrofaction Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen fuel cells hydrogenolysis hydrogen pumps hydropower hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois illuppai ILUC (Indirect Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indiana Indian beech tree Indian grass indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial ethanol industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insurance integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map internal combustion engine International international balance of payments International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isooctane isooctene Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 Jetfuel (Sustainable Alternative Jetfuel (SAJF)/Renewable Jetfuel (RJF) Jimmy Carter Jobs jojoba Jordan JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 JP-10 juniper jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kamani Kansas Kans grass Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa Kuwait Kygryzstan labels Labrador lactose Lake County lamp oil landfill methane Landfills land ownership land prices land rights landscape land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree Lebanon legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars Lipid liquefaction liquid liquidation liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M3 M15 M50 M100 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Biofuel marine algae Marine Corps Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane methane/biomethane methane leaks Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molybdenum Monaco mongongo Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol nahar Namibia nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Lab National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Transportation Safety Board Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gasoline natural gas prices natural gas vehicles Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick Newfoundland new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory North Korea Northwest Territories Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds NTSB nuclear Nunavut nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition nut shells oak oat hulls oats oat straw Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol off-take agreements Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement Oils oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes Oklahoma olefins olive cake olive pits olives olive water Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peaches peak oil peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot scale pine pineapple pine beetle pine nut pinion pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poland Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter power-to-gas power-to-liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propanol property insurance protectionism protein protests public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week R33 rabbits race radiata pine Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rainforest RAND rare earth metal RD20 RD30 RD99 RD100 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED and RED II) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) price Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) renewable volume obligation (RVO) replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion retail retrofit return on investment R Factor RFI (Request for Information) RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island Ricardo rice rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rotation crops royalties RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass s saccharification Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC SAK sales Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy Scotland scum sea level rise seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed-to-wheel seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smokestack soap social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar-to-fuels solar biofuels solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solid oxide fuel cell Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota Southeast Asia Southern Africa South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soybean prices soybeans soy meal Spain spartina specifications sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve straw students sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel Sugar Beets/Energy Beets sugar cane sugar cane prices sugar cane straw Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugars sugars-to-fats sugar standards sulfur Sumatra sunflower supercritical fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Suriname Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweetgum sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland sycamore syngas syngas fermentation synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic methane Syria Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall fescue tall oil tallow tallow tree Tamarix tank-to-wheel tank cars tankers tanker trucks Tanzania tariffs taro tar sands Tasmania tax benefit tax credit taxes tax incentives tax parity tax policy tea teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training technical course technology transfer tech transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion Tier 3 Tier 4 tilapia tillage Timor-Leste tires tobacco tobacco tree Togo Tokyo toluene Tonga tool Toronto torrefaction Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) trade trade dispute/discrimination trade group trade organization Trade Policy trade secrets training trains transesterification transgenics transition Transportation Fuels Policy Transportation Fuels Policy--Municipal Transportation Fuels Policy--State Transportation Policy Treasury Department trees Trinidad and Tobago triticale trucks tubers tung tunicate Tunisia Turkey Uganda UK (United Kingdom) Ukraine UL (Underwriters Laboratory) ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) underground storage tanks (UST) UNESCO United Arab Emirates (UAE) United Nations' International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) United Nations (UN) United States Auto Club Unleaded 88/E15 uranium urbanization urban sprawl Uruguay USAC US Agency for International Development (USAID) USAID US Army USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) used cooking oil (UCO) used railroad ties US ethanol exports US Geological Survey US Product Safety Commission Utah utility model Uzbekistan value chain vanadium Vancouver Vanuatu Vatican VEETC vegetable oils Velocys 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