Hydrogen for ICE: Ready for Liftoff

July 23, 2024

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by Allen Schaeffer (Engine Technology Forum) While nearly all the current supply of hydrogen is produced from natural gas, investments in new sourcing options, carbon capture, and electrolyzers promise greener options.

Hydrogen has been most associated with fuel cells, but there is a growing interest in using it in internal combustion engines (H2-ICE). H2-ICE offers the same or improved performance as a diesel or natural gas-fueled engine and is a nearer-term competitive option for decarbonization in sectors with heavy energy use, compared to battery electric and fuel cells. Unlike fuel cells which require ultra-high levels of hydrogen fuel purity, internal combustion engines can accommodate a wider range of hydrogen fuel quality.

With a ready installed manufacturing base of engines and components, combustion of hydrogen utilizes similar components to existing natural gas and diesel engines to deliver a lower or zero carbon footprint. Tailpipe emissions are greatly reduced compared to conventional diesel or natural gas. The required aftertreatment systems are also less complex and more affordable.

The key challenges for successful deployment of H2 engines are the availability of cheap, abundant fuel, infrastructure to support the transport and refueling, and the development of engine technology to meet tough criteria pollutant standards.

Join us on July 24 for our virtual event to learn more about the opportunities for using hydrogen in internal combustion engines. The session is free, but advanced registration is required. READ MORE

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Excerpt from Top Speed: Hydrogen combustion engines, often overshadowed by electric vehicles and other alternative fuel technologies like the Hydrogen fuel-cell, are now experiencing a resurgence in interest due to significant technological advancements and their environmental potential. Originally explored in the 19th century and revisited during the oil crises of the 1970s, hydrogen combustion has faced challenges such as storage, distribution, and safety concerns. However, recent innovations in high-pressure storage, hybrid powertrain integration, and lean-burn combustion techniques have addressed many of these issues.

Hydrogen combustion engines offer zero tailpipe emissions and the capability to leverage existing internal combustion engine infrastructure, as explored by Toyota, presenting a compelling case for their adoption. As the automotive industry seeks sustainable solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality, hydrogen combustion engines emerge as a promising contender, particularly in applications where battery-electric vehicles face limitations. Let’s explore why hydrogen combustion engines still have a chance in the modern automotive landscape.

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Engine technology has also seen significant improvements. Today’s hydrogen combustion engines are highly efficient and capable of delivering performance on par with traditional gasoline engines. These engines utilize advanced fuel injection systems, turbocharging, and precise control of combustion processes to maximize efficiency and minimize emissions. The development of lean-burn combustion techniques has further enhanced fuel economy and reduced nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, which were significant concerns in earlier designs.

Another critical innovation is the integration of hybrid technology. By combining hydrogen combustion engines with electric drivetrains, a versatile and efficient powertrain is created. This hybrid approach leverages the strengths of both technologies, offering the long-range and quick refueling of hydrogen with the efficiency and regenerative capabilities of electric motors. This synergy enhances the overall efficiency and performance of hydrogen-powered vehicles, making them a competitive alternative to both BEVs and traditional ICE vehicles.

The Role Of Hybrid Systems In Enhancing Hydrogen Combustion

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A particularly promising development in the realm of hydrogen combustion is the integration of hybrid systems. By combining hydrogen combustion engines with electric drivetrains, manufacturers can create powertrains that capitalize on the strengths of both technologies. This hybrid approach offers the long range and quick refueling benefits of hydrogen with the efficiency and regenerative braking capabilities of electric motors.

Hybrid hydrogen vehicles can significantly enhance overall efficiency and performance. For instance, in urban environments where stop-and-go traffic is common, the electric drivetrain can handle low-speed operations, utilizing regenerative braking to recharge the battery. On highways or for long-distance travel, the hydrogen combustion engine can take over, providing extended range and rapid refueling capabilities. This hybrid synergy makes hydrogen-powered vehicles highly versatile and well-suited to a variety of driving conditions.

Furthermore, hybrid systems can help mitigate some of the challenges associated with hydrogen infrastructure. Since the electric drivetrain can handle shorter trips and daily commutes, the need for frequent hydrogen refueling is reduced. This approach can make hydrogen-powered vehicles more practical and appealing to consumers, even in areas where hydrogen refueling stations are still being developed.

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Despite the promising potential of hydrogen combustion engines, several challenges must be addressed to realize their widespread adoption. Infrastructure development remains a critical hurdle. While advancements in hydrogen storage and distribution have made significant strides, a comprehensive and accessible refueling network is essential for the viability of hydrogen-powered vehicles. This requires substantial investment and coordination between governments, industries, and other stakeholders to build and maintain the necessary infrastructure.

Public perception and acceptance are also crucial factors. The success of hydrogen combustion engines depends on consumer confidence in the safety, reliability, and convenience of hydrogen as a fuel. Educational campaigns and transparent communication about the benefits and safety measures of hydrogen technology can help alleviate public concerns and foster acceptance.

Moreover, competition with battery-electric vehicles presents both a challenge and an opportunity. While BEVs have gained significant market share and public attention, hydrogen combustion engines offer unique advantages that can complement BEV technology. For instance, in applications requiring long-range capabilities, quick refueling, and high energy density, hydrogen combustion engines can outperform BEVs. Collaborations between the hydrogen and electric vehicle sectors can lead to innovative hybrid solutions that leverage the strengths of both technologies.

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Continued investment in research and development is essential for advancing technology and addressing remaining challenges. This includes improving the efficiency and durability of hydrogen combustion engines, optimizing hybrid systems, and developing more cost-effective and sustainable hydrogen production methods.

Expanding hydrogen infrastructure is another critical priority. Building a comprehensive network of refueling stations is necessary to support the widespread adoption of hydrogen-powered vehicles. This will require significant investment and coordination between public and private sectors. Governments can play a key role by providing funding and incentives for infrastructure projects, while industry stakeholders can contribute through partnerships and collaborative efforts.

Public awareness and education are also crucial for fostering acceptance and adoption of hydrogen technology. Efforts to inform consumers about the benefits and safety of hydrogen, as well as the progress being made in infrastructure and technology, can help build confidence and drive demand for hydrogen-powered vehicles.

Finally, the automotive industry must remain adaptable and innovative. As the landscape of transportation continues to evolve, manufacturers and technology providers must be willing to explore new approaches and embrace emerging trends. This includes developing hybrid and fuel cell systems, integrating advanced materials and manufacturing techniques, and pursuing cross-industry collaborations.

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Hydrogen Combustion Traces Back to 1839 READ MORE