By Dan Quadros* (Advanced Biofuels USA) Antwerp, Belgium, is known for diamonds and fine chocolates. But what shined there a couple of weeks ago was the Conference of the European Biogas Association (EBA).
In my last article about biogas in Europe (advancedbiofuelsusa.info/biogas-in-europe-current-situation-and-perspectives/), I provide an overview to give us a better understanding of anaerobic digestion. Many statistics and useful links from EBA are cited.
From there to here, many things have changed. The long-term attractive contracts to supply green energy based on biogas are now restricted. In some countries, policies have already limited the utilization of energy crops. Actually, a gradual phase out of food-based biofuels to 7% in 2021 and 3.8% in 2030 is expected. Remember, some biogas plants use energy crops like corn to feed the system. Natural gas prices have fallen.
Despite these facts, the biogas sector bets on technology, increasing efficiency and using cheaper substrates.
The focus of the conference was “greening gas” in a circular economy. Biogas and biomethane (purified form of biogas) were presented as solutions to produce secure and renewable energy (electricity, heat, fuel), reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and develop rural areas.
WATCH VIDEO of interview with EBA President Jan Štambaský
Circular Economy is an industrial system that promotes greater resource productivity and also reduces waste and pollution. It aims to keep products, components and materials at their highest utility and value. The European Commission (EC) adopted the Circular Economy Package which establishes a program of actions covering the whole product cycle. In this context, anaerobic digestion, as a link in the biological cycle, transforms waste to energy and valuable products (Biogas Action, 2017).
The EU set three key targets to ensure the EU meets its climate and energy targets for the year 2020 (https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en):
- 20% cut in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels)
- 20% of EU energy from renewables
- 20% improvement in energy efficiency
In 2016, the EC published a formal proposal 1 to the EU Council and the European Parliament to recast Renewable Energy Directive (RED) 2009/28/EC2, which will expire at the end of 2020. The proposed new directive, called RED II, proposes a set of policy measures to achieve a 27% renewable energy share from energy consumed by electricity, heating and cooling, and transportation sectors, by 2030.
Regarding renewable energy for transportation, RED II would mandate that 6.8% of transportation fuels must derive from renewable sources, specifically advanced alternative fuels and renewable electricity. In addition, RED II proposes a sub-target of 3.6% blending for advanced biofuels (https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/1_en_act_part1_v7_1.pdf).
About RED, EBA recognizes the multiple contributions biomethane can make as a green gaseous fuel for lorries, buses and as marine fuel, as well as its complementary role with other renewable energy sources (RES) in the form of energy storage of electricity. Biomethane can strongly contribute with a potential production of almost 10% of the total projected natural gas consumption in 2030.
Biogas can be burned on-farm to generate electricity that is then exported to the grid. The marginal lifecycle GHGs of this farm-produced electricity ranges from -335 to 25 grams CO2 per kilowatt hour (kWh). By comparison, the marginal GHGs of electricity generated by fossil fuels in the European Union (EU) is 752 grams CO2 per kWh (Valli et al., 2017).
Biogas can also be upgraded to produce pipeline-quality biomethane, a direct substitute for natural gas. The marginal lifecycle GHGs of biomethane ranges from 10 to -36 grams CO2 per megajoule (MJ) while the corresponding figure for a conventional biogas plant is 27 grams CO2 per MJ. In comparison, natural gas in the EU produces 72 grams CO2 per MJ and marginal fossil fuel in the EU generates 115 grams CO2 per MJ (Valli et al., 2017).
To understand the definition of marginal lifecycle GHGs, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction afforded by a demand-side intervention in the electricity system is typically assessed by means of an assumed grid emissions rate, which measures the CO2 intensity of electricity not used as a result of the intervention. This emissions rate is called the “marginal emissions factor” (Hawkes, 2010). The broad view of the process is considered in the life cycle assessments, which determines the environmental impacts of products, process or services, through their production, usage, and disposal.
Biomethane trade
Renewable gas has an important role as “green gas” in the European energy mix, focusing especially on biomethane. “Green gas” could be obtained by gasification also. From more than 17 thousand biogas plants in Europe, around 500 upgrade biogas into biomethane. This number trends to go up rapidly. Gas suppliers are very interested in purchasing biomethane.
Several countries have already established its national tracking system, the biogas register. Biomethane trade predominantly takes place in the country of its production. Barriers are often created by the different national regulatory frameworks (Strauch et al., 2013).
Then, cross-border trade aspects were debated, such as multilateral agreements, technical standards and sustainable indexes. It is clear existing infrastructure of gas distribution must be used.
Almost all member states have developed their own bioeconomy strategy. Differences in regulations create difficulties for multilateral trade agreements. Today, only bilateral agreements are working out. Trade-offs may be explained by high regulatory fragmentation and ineffective governance (Bartolini et al., 2017). This makes regulating the transition towards a bio-based economy a complex task.
ERGaR (European Renewable Gas Registry), a non-profit organization, has an initiative that tries to establish a scheme for mass balancing of biomethane and other renewable gases distributed along the European gas network. According to them, there are three pillars of the cross-border biomethane administration:
- European natural gas network (consisting of the transmission and distribution systems) treated as single logistical facility with regard to injected biomethane.
- Mass balancing of injected and withdrawn biomethane consignments within the European natural gas network.
- Sustainability verification (prior to grid injection) and cross-border transfer of sustainability claims.
The EBA recommends EU nations increase the use of biogas as a fuel for electricity production and for transport to avoid uncontrolled greenhouse gas emissions.
In the RED and REDII, there is a lack of specific targets regarding biogas and biomethane. Currently, France took a significant step towards sustainability, setting a target of 10% of the gas consumption as “green gas” in 2030.
Power-to-gas
In my previous article, I said that an advantage of biogas is as a way to store energy to feed the grid during peak hours. Biogas not only can store energy coming from anaerobic digestion, but also renewable electric energy can be transformed into storable methane via electrolysis and subsequent methanation. To understand the technical and economic aspects of the technologies involved in this process, I recommend the reading of the paper of Götz et al. (2016).
The great advantage of power-to-gas is to convert the excess power from renewable energies into synthetic methane. In this way, it decarbonises and brings many opportunities to energy intensive sectors such as mobility, heating or chemistry.
Gasification
Undoubtedly, anaerobic digestion is the most consolidated technology to green the gas. However, gasification is an alternative option for obtaining methane using low-value feedstocks.
Gasification is a complete thermal breakdown of the biomass particles into a combustible gas, volatiles and ash in an enclosed reactor (gasifier) in the presence of any externally supplied oxidizing agent. Gasification is an intermediate step between pyrolysis and combustion. It converts any material containing carbon into synthesis gas (syngas). The syngas can be burned to produce electricity or further processed to manufacture liquid fuels, substitute natural gas (SNG), hydrogen, or chemicals.
This pathway has a considerable advantage to make possible the utilization of hard digestible feedstocks for anaerobic digestion, such as forest residues, straw and solid municipal waste. Task 33, which is a working group of international experts created by the International Energy Agency (IEA) with the aim of promoting efficient thermal biomass gasification processes, is a good starting point to keep updated about this technology (http://task33.ieabioenergy.com/content/taks_description).
New market opportunities
The role of biomethane (CH4) as a building block for the chemical industry was revealed. To cover the entire demand of the chemical industry in 2050, will require 100 billion m3 of CH4. Currently, EBA estimates the production of only 1.5% of the amount that will be needed in 2050.When the boom will happen is unpredictable, but it will.
The chemical industry does not buy CH4. The companies buy building blocks. First, what is a building block? From the chemical standpoint, building block is a molecule which can be converted to various secondary chemicals and intermediates, and, in turn, into a broad range of different downstream uses. There are two types of biobased chemical building blocks:
- Drop-in biobased chemicals: As they are chemically identical to existing hydrocarbon-based products, their use can reduce financial and technological risks and promote faster access to markets for producers.
- Novel biobased chemicals: they can be used to produce products that cannot be obtained through traditional chemical reactions and products that may offer unique and superior properties that are unattainable with fossil-based alternatives, such as biodegradability.
However, methane is currently so abundant that the petrochemical industry burns it in gas flares around the world. Biomethane cannot compete in price directly with non-renewable sources at this time. Of course, it has many environmental advantages, consequently big companies are interested in including renewables in their products in the name of sustainability.
Other market opportunities were discussed such as digestate utilization, methane utilization in the fertilizer industry, and large-scale new methods for biomethane upgrades.
Digestate is something I would like to see more often in biogas events, because it plays an incommensurable role in agriculture. It is an organic fertilizer safer than manure. It also can replace mineral fertilizers, recycle nutrients and improve soil microbiota. In addition, it is a way towards an organic, biodynamic and sustainable agriculture, when applied according to a crop’s specific nutrient requirements.
Biomethane in the transportation sector
Biomethane plants have increased rapidly in the past few years, and the numbers might grow even more in the next years. Biomethane as BioCNG (CNG, Compressed Natural Gas) and BioLNG (LNG, Liquefied Natural Gas) should be considered as near-term, realistic, technically approved available options for renewable fuels.
Renewable gas can provide a significant contribution to decarbonization. All CNG and LNG vehicles are ready to run on 100% renewable energy.
Three big companies of long distance heavy load haulers (Volvo, Iveco and Scania) had a marked presence at the event. Power, performance, autonomy, fuel efficiency and costs must be considered when a gas engine is developed. There are many options now available in the market. Furthermore, gas buses can effectively contribute to reduction of air pollution in big cities.
It is clear, these companies are talking about natural gas, and we are interested in biogas. We expect that transition to the renewable fuel will occur. For example, 20 years ago Sweden started with a fossil-based LNG bus fleet. Today 70% of those buses run on biogas.
For example, 1 L of diesel can be replaced by 0.72 kg of LNG. The fuel costs can be reduced up to 70%, compared to diesel.
The best reduction rate is in the UK, where diesel taxation considers the output of all harmful emissions. On the other hand, in many countries diesel is subsidized. Actually, Governments of 11 European nations are providing subsidies totaling more than U$110bn a year to fossil fuel industries, including diesel subsidies. (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/28/european-countries-spend-billions-a-year-on-fossil-fuel-subsidies-survey-shows).
A great example worthy of attention comes from Kalmar County, Sweden. The country has no natural gas extraction, limited access to pipelines and plenty of biomass. They recognized biogas as part of the solution. Fossil free county in 2030 and fossil free public transportation in 2020 are the targets set by Climate Commission, composed of the County Administrative Board, Regional Council, private and public organizations, and lead by politicians.
In 2014 Kalmar County Traffic was commissioned to procure public road transports for a new period. Biogas was prioritized. In the main routes and cities (60% of traffic), the only fuel is biogas, while for the inland routes there are the possibility for the utilization of five alternative fuels. It is expected the reduction of 50% of GHG emissions will increase costs by only 3-4%.
More examples of successful biogas utilization in buses for public mobility can be found at: http://euinmyregion.blogactiv.eu/2016/07/04/biogas-buses-are-the-green-solution-for-cities/
References
Bartolini, F.; Gava, O.; Brunori, G. Biogas and EU's 2020 targets: Evidence from a regional case study in Italy. Energy Policy 109 (2017) 510–519.
Biogas Action. Circular Economy – a healthy transition driven also by Biogas. Available at: http://biogasaction.eu/circular-economy-a-healthy-transition-driven-also-by-biogas/ Accessed 01/31/18.
Götz, M.; Lefebvre, J.; Mörs, F. et al. Renewable Power-to-Gas: A technological and economic review. Renewable Energy 85 (2016) 1371-1390.
Hawkes, A.D. Estimating marginal CO2 emissions rates for national electricity systems. Energy Policy 38 (2010) 5977-5987.
Strauch, S.; Krassowski, J.; Singhal, A. Biomethane Guide for Decision Makers: Policy guide on biogas injection into the natural gas grid. Available at: http://www.greengasgrids.eu/fileadmin/greengas/media/Downloads/Documentation_from_the_GreenGasGrids_project/Biomethane_Guide_for_Decision_Makers.pdf Access 01/31/18.
Valle, L.; Rossi, L.; Fabbri, C. et al. Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity and biomethane produced using the Biogasdoneright™ system: four case studies from Italy. Biofuels, Bioprod. Bioref. 11:847–860 (2017); DOI: 10.1002/bbb
*Dan Quadros is a professor at Bahia State University in Brazil and a traveling correspondent for Advanced Biofuels USA.
Photos courtesy D. Quadros
More than 50,000 articles in our online library!
Use the categories and tags listed below to access the nearly 50,000 articles indexed on this website.
Advanced Biofuels USA Policy Statements and Handouts!
- For Kids: Carbon Cycle Puzzle Page
- Why Ethanol? Why E85?
- Just A Minute 3-5 Minute Educational Videos
- 30/30 Online Presentations
- “Disappearing” Carbon Tax for Non-Renewable Fuels
- What’s the Difference between Biodiesel and Renewable (Green) Diesel? 2020 revision
- How to De-Fossilize Your Fleet: Suggestions for Fleet Managers Working on Sustainability Programs
- New Engine Technologies Could Produce Similar Mileage for All Ethanol Fuel Mixtures
- Action Plan for a Sustainable Advanced Biofuel Economy
- The Interaction of the Clean Air Act, California’s CAA Waiver, Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, Renewable Fuel Standards and California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard
- Latest Data on Fuel Mileage and GHG Benefits of E30
- What Can I Do?
Donate
DonateARCHIVES
- November 2024
- October 2024
- September 2024
- August 2024
- July 2024
- June 2024
- May 2024
- April 2024
- March 2024
- February 2024
- January 2024
- December 2023
- November 2023
- October 2023
- September 2023
- August 2023
- July 2023
- June 2023
- May 2023
- April 2023
- March 2023
- February 2023
- January 2023
- December 2022
- November 2022
- October 2022
- September 2022
- August 2022
- July 2022
- June 2022
- May 2022
- April 2022
- March 2022
- February 2022
- January 2022
- December 2021
- November 2021
- October 2021
- September 2021
- August 2021
- July 2021
- June 2021
- May 2021
- April 2021
- March 2021
- February 2021
- January 2021
- December 2020
- November 2020
- October 2020
- September 2020
- August 2020
- July 2020
- June 2020
- May 2020
- April 2020
- March 2020
- February 2020
- January 2020
- December 2019
- November 2019
- October 2019
- September 2019
- August 2019
- July 2019
- June 2019
- May 2019
- April 2019
- March 2019
- February 2019
- January 2019
- December 2018
- November 2018
- October 2018
- September 2018
- August 2018
- July 2018
- June 2018
- May 2018
- April 2018
- March 2018
- February 2018
- January 2018
- December 2017
- November 2017
- October 2017
- September 2017
- August 2017
- July 2017
- June 2017
- May 2017
- April 2017
- March 2017
- February 2017
- January 2017
- December 2016
- November 2016
- October 2016
- September 2016
- August 2016
- July 2016
- June 2016
- May 2016
- April 2016
- March 2016
- February 2016
- January 2016
- December 2015
- November 2015
- October 2015
- September 2015
- August 2015
- July 2015
- June 2015
- May 2015
- April 2015
- March 2015
- February 2015
- January 2015
- December 2014
- November 2014
- October 2014
- September 2014
- August 2014
- July 2014
- June 2014
- May 2014
- April 2014
- March 2014
- February 2014
- January 2014
- December 2013
- November 2013
- October 2013
- September 2013
- August 2013
- July 2013
- June 2013
- May 2013
- April 2013
- March 2013
- February 2013
- January 2013
- December 2012
- November 2012
- October 2012
- September 2012
- August 2012
- July 2012
- June 2012
- May 2012
- April 2012
- March 2012
- February 2012
- January 2012
- December 2011
- November 2011
- October 2011
- September 2011
- August 2011
- July 2011
- June 2011
- May 2011
- April 2011
- March 2011
- February 2011
- January 2011
- December 2010
- November 2010
- October 2010
- September 2010
- August 2010
- July 2010
- June 2010
- May 2010
- April 2010
- March 2010
- February 2010
- January 2010
- December 2009
- November 2009
- October 2009
- September 2009
- August 2009
- July 2009
- June 2009
- May 2009
- April 2009
- March 2009
- February 2009
- January 2009
- December 2008
- November 2008
- October 2008
- September 2008
- August 2008
- July 2008
- June 2008
- May 2008
- April 2008
- March 2008
- February 2008
- January 2008
- December 2007
- November 2007
- October 2007
- September 2007
- August 2007
- June 2007
- February 2007
- January 2007
- October 2006
- April 2006
- January 2006
- April 2005
- December 2004
- November 2004
- December 1987
CATEGORIES
- About Us
- Advanced Biofuels Call to Action
- Aviation Fuel/Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)
- BioChemicals/Renewable Chemicals
- BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel Production
- Business News/Analysis
- Cooking Fuel
- Education
- 30/30 Online Presentations
- Competitions, Contests
- Earth Day 2021
- Earth Day 2022
- Earth Day 2023
- Earth Day 2024
- Executive Training
- Featured Study Programs
- Instagram TikTok Short Videos
- Internships
- Just a Minute
- K-12 Activities
- Mechanics training
- Online Courses
- Podcasts
- Scholarships/Fellowships
- Teacher Resources
- Technical Training
- Technician Training
- University/College Programs
- Events
- Coming Events
- Completed Events
- More Coming Events
- Requests for Speakers, Presentations, Posters
- Requests for Speakers, Presentations, Posters Completed
- Webinars/Online
- Webinars/Online Completed; often available on-demand
- Federal Agency/Executive Branch
- Agency for International Development (USAID)
- Agriculture (USDA)
- Commerce Department
- Commodity Futures Trading Commission
- Congressional Budget Office
- Defense (DOD)
- Air Force
- Army
- DARPA (Defense Advance Research Projects Agency)
- Defense Logistics Agency
- Marines
- Navy
- Education Department
- Energy (DOE)
- Environmental Protection Agency
- Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
- Federal Reserve System
- Federal Trade Commission
- Food and Drug Administration
- General Services Administration
- Government Accountability Office (GAO)
- Health and Human Services (HHS)
- Homeland Security
- Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
- Interior Department
- International Trade Commission
- Joint Office of Energy and Transportation
- Justice (DOJ)
- Labor Department
- National Academy of Sciences
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- National Research Council
- National Science Foundation
- National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- Overseas Private Investment Corporation
- Patent and Trademark Office
- Securities and Exchange Commission
- State Department
- Surface Transportation Board
- Transportation (DOT)
- Federal Aviation Administration
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
- Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin (PHMSA)
- Treasury Department
- U.S. Trade Representative (USTR)
- White House
- Federal Legislation
- Federal Litigation
- Federal Regulation
- Feedstocks
- Agriculture/Food Processing Residues nonfield crop
- Alcohol/Ethanol/Isobutanol
- Algae/Other Aquatic Organisms/Seaweed
- Atmosphere
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- Field/Orchard/Plantation Crops/Residues
- Forestry/Wood/Residues/Waste
- hydrogen
- Manure
- Methane/Biogas
- methanol/bio-/renewable methanol
- Not Agriculture
- RFNBO (Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin)
- Seawater
- Sugars
- water
- Funding/Financing/Investing
- grants
- Green Jobs
- Green Racing
- Health Concerns/Benefits
- Heating Oil/Fuel
- History of Advanced Biofuels
- Infrastructure
- Aggregation
- Biofuels Engine Design
- Biorefinery/Fuel Production Infrastructure
- Carbon Capture/Storage/Use
- certification
- Deliver Dispense
- Farming/Growing
- Precursors/Biointermediates
- Preprocessing
- Pretreatment
- Terminals Transport Pipelines
- International
- Abu Dhabi
- Afghanistan
- Africa
- Albania
- Algeria
- Angola
- Antarctica
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Aruba
- Asia
- Asia Pacific
- Australia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Bahamas
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Beliz
- Benin
- Bermuda
- Bhutan
- Bolivia
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Botswana
- Brazil
- Brunei
- Bulgaria
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Caribbean
- Central African Republic
- Central America
- Chad
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Congo, Democratic Republic of
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Dominican Republic
- Dubai
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eqypt
- Estonia
- Ethiopia
- European Union (EU)
- Fiji
- Finland
- France
- French Guiana
- Gabon
- Georgia
- Germany
- Ghana
- Global South
- Greece
- Greenland
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Hong Kong
- Hungary
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Ivory Coast
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jersey
- Jordan
- Kazakhstan
- Kenya
- Korea
- Kosovo
- Kuwait
- Laos
- Latin America
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Liberia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Mali
- Malta
- Marshall Islands
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Middle East
- Monaco
- Mongolia
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Myanmar/Burma
- Namibia
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Guinea
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- North Africa
- North Korea
- Northern Ireland
- Norway
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Portugal
- Qatar
- Romania
- Russia
- Rwanda
- Saudi Arabia
- Scotland
- Senegal
- Serbia
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Solomon Islands
- South Africa
- South America
- South Korea
- South Sudan
- Southeast Asia
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Sudan
- Suriname
- Swaziland
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Taiwan
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Timor-Leste
- Togo
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Uganda
- UK (United Kingdom)
- Ukraine
- United Arab Emirates UAE
- Uruguay
- Uzbekistan
- Vatican
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Wales
- Zambia
- Zanzibar
- Zimbabwe
- Marine/Boat Bio and Renewable Fuel/MGO/MDO/SMF
- Marketing/Market Forces and Sales
- Opinions
- Organizations
- Original Writing, Opinions Advanced Biofuels USA
- Policy
- Presentations
- Biofuels Digest Conferences
- DOE Conferences
- Bioeconomy 2017
- Bioenergy2015
- Biomass2008
- Biomass2009
- Biomass2010
- Biomass2011
- Biomass2012
- Biomass2013
- Biomass2014
- DOE Project Peer Review
- Other Conferences/Events
- R & D Focus
- Carbon Capture/Storage/Use
- Co-Products
- Feedstock
- Logistics
- Performance
- Process
- Vehicle/Engine/Motor/Aircraft/Boiler
- Yeast
- Railroad/Train/Locomotive Fuel
- Resources
- Books Web Sites etc
- Business
- Definition of Advanced Biofuels
- Find Stuff
- Government Resources
- Scientific Resources
- Technical Resources
- Tools/Decision-Making
- Rocket/Missile Fuel
- Sponsors
- States
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawai'i
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Midwest
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Native American tribal nation lands
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Puerto Rico
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- Washington DC
- West Coast
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
- Sustainability
- Uncategorized
- What You Can Do
tags
© 2008-2023 Copyright Advanced BioFuels USA. All Rights reserved.
0 COMMENTS
Leave A Comment
Your Email Address wiil not be Published. Required Field Are marked*