Precursors/Biointermediates

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Airbus and LanzaJet to Collaborate on Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production

(LanzaJet/PR Newswire) Memorandum of Understanding Between Aviation Leaders Aims to Advance LanzaJet SAF Production Facilities and Support Commercial Aviation Decarbonization Policy and Goals  -- LanzaJet, a leading sustainable fuels technology company and Airbus, a global leader in the aerospace, commercial aircraft,

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A Push to Turn Farm Waste into Fuel

(North America Climate Smart Agriculture Alliance)  Biofuel plants and energy from on-farm biodigesters have been a part of the agricultural landscape for decades. But as the global climate continues to warm and as agriculture continues to face new challenges, bioenergy

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An Emerging Bonanza in Ethanol-Focused Carbon Capture?

by Jim Kendrick (Biofuels Digest) The US carbon capture market has grown, experts say, to $13 billion in 2023 and according to ExxonMobil is on the way to $4 trillion. That could mean that a bonanza for infrastructure in the form

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Government of Canada Invests in First-of-its-Kind Filtration Technology in Grande Prairie to Help Reduce Carbon Emissions

(Natural Resources Canada/CISION)  Clean technologies and low-carbon solutions are a critical part of our plan to lower emissions while growing Canada's economy. Developing and deploying these technologies not only helps to fight climate change but also creates sustainable jobs. The Honourable Jonathan Wilkinson, Minister

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The Virtual Institute on Feedstocks of the Future (VIFF) Solicites Expressions of Intent for Grant Program DEADLINE June 26, 2023

(Virtual Institute on Feedstocks of the Future) The Virtual Institute on Feedstocks of the Future (VIFF) is soliciting short expressions of intent (EOIs) from U.S.-based researchers and consortia, targeting scientific research to advance the use of future feedstocks in bioproduction. EOIs

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Feedstocks of the Future for a Circular U.S. Bioeconomy: A Summary from a Stakeholder Convening

(Foundation for Food & Agriculture Research) The Foundation for Food & Agriculture Research (FFAR) and Schmidt Futures partnered for a convening to identify strategic research opportunities to advance the circular bioeconomy—an economy that uses waste as inputs and is enabled by

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BETO Launches New Renewable Carbon Resources Web Page

by Lynn L. Bergeson and Carla N. Hutton (B&C Biobased and Sustainable Chemicals Blog) The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) has launched a new, comprehensive web page dedicated to one of its priority subprograms, Renewable Carbon Resources (RCR), which

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The Path to Biointermediates

by Katie Schroeder (Biodiesel Magazine)  Biodiesel Magazine spoke with an auditor and an industry expert about what biointermediates are, potential opportunities and hurdles to participation.  --  The U.S. EPA released biointermediate provisions in July 2022 with the goal of expanding

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Available Now! BETO 2023 Project Peer Review Presentations

(U.S. Department of Energy)  The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) hosted the 2023 Project Peer Review on April 3-7, 2023, in Denver, CO.  During this in-person event, more than 280 projects in BETO’s research, development, and demonstration portfolios presented their progress

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Aemetis

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In this presentation, Aemetis CEO Eric McAfee took the ABLC 2023 stage in Washington DC to outline the company’s milestones, technology, financial estimates, policy asks, its portfolio of Carbon Zero One projects, and the company’s

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Dow and New Energy Blue Announce Collaboration to Develop Renewable Plastic Materials from Corn Residue

(Dow) First-of-its-kind agreement in North America would create bio-based ethylene for Dow's U.S. Gulf Coast assets to produce renewable plastics across fast-growing end-markets  -- Today (May 25, 2023), Dow (NYSE: DOW) and New Energy Blue announced a long-term supply agreement in North America in which

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide Axens Technologies

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Axens offers today the largest portfolio to do so; providing efficient, reliable and flexible technologies to convert biomass into high quality and low-carbon alternative products for the transportation sector as well as the chemical industry.. Axens

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Can We Replace All Crude Oil within 20 Years with Cellulosic Liquid Hydrocarbons?

by Charles Forsberg and Bruce Dale (Biofuels Digest)  In the United States, crude oil products provide 48% of the total energy to the final customer: residential, commercial, industrial and transportation. Replacement of crude oil products (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, chemical feed

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Wood Ethanol alongside Corn

by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) A startup advanced biofuel company is including first-generation corn ethanol plants in its commercialization strategy. Its vision includes regional crop conversion and enabling today's biorefineries to process woody biomass. Comstock Fuels proposes marrying corn

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Reformed Energy Announces Plans to Build Texas Waste-to-Energy Plant

(Reformed Energy) Garbage and other waste streams to be used to produce clean jet fuel, diesel fuel, electrical power.  -- Reformed Energy Inc., a Texas corporation, today announced that it has completed the acquisition of certain intellectual property for a

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Praj Industries

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The world is shifting to lower carbon ethanol, driven by sustainability goals. But exactly how will we get there – what technology will we use, at what cost, when will we deploy and where? To

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Aviation Climate Task Force Issues First Research Grant to Drive More Sustainable Aviation Fuel using Direct Air Capture Technology

(Aviation Climate Taskforce (ACT)/PR Newswire)   The Aviation Climate Taskforce announces today the funding of its first research grant to pioneer an innovative Direct Air Capture (DAC)-to-Jet approach—transforming conventional DAC to aviation-aligned reactive DAC by combining CO2 capture with CO2 conversion. The $400,000 grant to Susteon will be

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to LanzaTech

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) With proven technology at the nexus of two mandated markets, industrial and consumer — LanzaTech has been on fire in recent months. Here’s more on their commercial operating plants, plants scheduled to complete construction in

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GIDARA Energy Announces Major Milestone: Environmental Permit for Advanced Methanol Facility

(GIDARA Energy/PR Newswire)  GIDARA Energy is pleased to announce that it has secured a key environmental permit for its Advanced Methanol Amsterdam (AMA) facility, which is a major step forward in the company's mission of decarbonizing the industry. The environmental permit,

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ADNOC, LanzaTech Enter Strategic Partnership to Explore Biotechnology Solutions for Decarbonization of Fuels and Chemicals

(LanzaTech) LanzaTech Global, Inc. (Nasdaq: LNZA)—an innovative carbon capture and transformation (“CCT”) company that converts waste carbon into materials such as sustainable fuels, fabrics, packaging, and other products that people use in their daily lives—and ADNOC have entered a partnership to

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Honeywell Introduces UOP eFining™ Technology for New Class of Sustainable Aviation Fuel

(Honeywell UOP) Honeywell UOP eFiningTM can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 88% compared to conventional jet fuel1  ; HIF Global to deploy Honeywell technology at its second U.S. eFuels facility with potential capacity to decarbonize over 12 billion air passenger

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Visolis and Ginkgo Bioworks Announce Partnership to Improve Microbial Strain for Bio-Isoprene and Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production

(Gingko Bioworks/PR Newswire)  Partnership aims to enable cost-effective decarbonization of rubber tire manufacturing and sustainable aviation fuel production --   Visolis, a company combining advanced bioengineering with chemical catalysis to provide sustainable, carbon-negative materials, today announced a partnership with Ginkgo Bioworks (NYSE: DNA),

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Next Step in Alder’s Commercialization Journey: Introducing Pioneer & Full-Time Skid Operations

by y Matt Sherick and Derek Vardon (Alder/Biofuels Digest)  This week, Alder reached a key milestone in the scale-up of Alder Renewable Crude (ARC) production by commissioning a pilot skid at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Alder’s proprietary technology fractionates fast pyrolysis

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Greasezilla Ramps Up Production of Low Carbon Intensity Waste Feedstock for Biofuels Industry

(Greasezilla/Downey Ridge Environmental Company/PR Zen)  As a proven leader in FOG separation and waste reduction, Greasezilla is making its mark on the renewable fuels industry. -- Downey Ridge Environmental Company's rapid expansion of GreasezillaTM fats, oils and grease (FOG) separation and

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Can Large Integrated Refineries Replace All Crude Oil with Cellulosic Feedstocks for Drop-in Hydrocarbon Biofuels?

by Charles Forsberg and Bruce E. Dale (Hydrocarbon Processing)  Hydrocarbon liquid fuels are central to the U.S. economy, delivering almost half the country’s energy to the residential, commercial, industrial and transportation sectors. ... The U.S. Energy Information Agency’s (EIA’s) long-term projections show

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Visolis and Ginkgo Bioworks Announce Partnership to Improve Microbial Strain for Bio-Isoprene and Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production

(Ginkgo Bioworks/PR Newswire)  Partnership aims to enable cost-effective decarbonization of rubber tire manufacturing and sustainable aviation fuel production -- Visolis, a company combining advanced bioengineering with chemical catalysis to provide sustainable, carbon-negative materials, today announced a partnership with Ginkgo Bioworks (NYSE: DNA),

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Licella and Arbios

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  What’s up with the Wonder from Down Under? Licella’s Cat-HTR decarbonization platform could help customers meet their net-zero carbon commitments. How do they use water as the agent of change and turn biomass and mixed

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Enerkem

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Enerkem is the first company in the world to produce renewable methanol and ethanol from non-recyclable, non-compostable municipal solid waste at full commercial scale. The company’s solution replaces the use of fossil sources like petroleum

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Steeper Energy Collaborates with Invest Alberta to Bring Biomass Conversion Plant to Alberta

(Steeper Energy)  Steeper Energy (Steeper) is pleased to announce the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Invest Alberta Corporation (Invest Alberta) to commercialize Steeper’s proprietary Hydrofaction® technology within Alberta, aligning with Alberta’s broader goal of becoming Canada’s cleantech leader. Steeper’s Hydrofaction® technology

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DOE Helps Industry Leverage Bioenergy Feedstock Expertise DEADLINE April 14, 2023

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine)  The U.S. Department of Energy’s Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) has launched an initiative that aims to help industry and universities leverage the Feedstock-Conversion Interface Consortium’s capabilities to help solve real-world problems that the bioenergy and bioproduct

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Jakson Green To Build World’s First Methanol Production Plant In Partnership With NTPC

(India Education Diary)  Jakson Green, India’s leading player in the renewable and new energy space, has won a first-of-its-kind project from National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) to establish a Methanol synthesis facility at Vindhyachal, Madhya Pradesh. Methanol is a cleaner alternative

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Battle Brews over Climate Law Credits for Aviation Biofuels

by Brian Dabbs (E&E News Energywire)  The Inflation Reduction Act is setting up a fight over the climate footprint of biofuels for aviation, with significant implications for the nation’s emissions trajectory, the U.S. transportation sector and rural communities. In coming weeks, the

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Marquis

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Marquis has become the first well known ethanol producer to step into the world of ethanol-to-jet in a partnership with LanzaJet. The promise and progress, milestones achieved and ahead, were presented by Marquis’ Jennifer Aurandt-Pilgrim

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Alder SAF100 – Accelerating Development for Next Generation Sustainable Fuels

by Derek Vardon & Bruno Miller  (Alder Fuels/Biofuels Digest)  Today, we are providing a high-level technical analysis of what we are calling Alder SAF100, a new and 100% sustainable replacement for petroleum-based jet fuel. To demonstrate the viability of reaching that crucial

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McAfee Wins 2023 Global Bioeconomy Leadership Award

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... I don’t know exactly how many companies Eric McAfee has founded, it’s a little like guessing the number of jelly beans in a jar, but I can say a few words about a couple of

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Off the Ground

by Katie Schroeder (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Several alcohol-to-jet projects, partnerships and technologies have been announced in the past 18 months. Ethanol Producer Magazine checks in on each, looking at where they stand and what they might ultimately achieve. ... Multiple airlines forged

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Green Plains

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Green Plains is rapidly transforming into the biorefinery platform of the future, harnessing a potential based on the company’s extensive resources, technology and people. The transformation includes deploying patented, world-class mechanical and process technology at

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Vertimass

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Proprietary Vertimass Technology can lower costs of sustainable fuels for aircraft and light and heavy duty vehicles while providing a new route to renewable chemicals. Rapid development and deployment of novel Vertimass technology for conversion

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Axens Announces the Launch of the Jetanol™ Brand for its Alcohol-to-Jet Technology, with a Project Pipeline Already Approaching 3 Million Tons (1 billion Gallons) Per Year of Sustainable

(Axens) Committed to offer mature and reliable Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) technologies, Axens is pleased to announce the launch of the Jetanol™ brand for its Alcohol-to-Jet technology. Evidenced by its competitive selection this solution is being deployed for five industrial-scale

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How to Power a Plane with Leftover Chinese Hot Pot

(BNN Bloomberg) There’s a ritual involved in creating the perfect Sichuan hot pot and it involves fat — lots of it. Diners first immerse slivers of meat in a spicy soup rich in molten animal tallow, then dip each morsel in a plate of vegetable oil, before finally devouring

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to the State of Advanced Biorefining and Cellulosic Refineries

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... This week we looked at the world of Cellulosic and Multi-Technology Biorefineries — markets, players, technologies, policy and more. Digest editor Jim Lane presented this State of the Sector presentation as part of the

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Aker Carbon Capture Enters Finnish Power-to-X Market

(Aker Carbon Capture/PR Newswire) Aker Carbon Capture will deliver a pre-engineering study to the energy company St1 for the development of a carbon capture facility at Finnsementti's Lappeenranta cement plant. The captured CO2 would be used for the first renewable synthetic

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LanzaTech and AMCI Acquisition Corp. II Announce Closing of Business Combination, Establishing First Public Carbon Capture and Transformation Company

(LanzaTech/Business Wire) On February 10, 2023, LanzaTech’s common stock and public warrants expected to begin trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbols LNZA and LNZAW, respectively. Total transaction proceeds of approximately $240 million expected to fund business plan through estimated cashflow

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Advanced Biorefineries, the Future of the Bioeconomy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) All the developed and even now developing nations are working hard on Net Zero ambitions and timelines now — India has a goal to reduce 1 billion tons of carbon emissions by 2030 and drop

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Axens, Praj Sign MOU for SAF Projects in India

(Axens/Ethanol Producer Magazine) Axens and Praj have signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to work jointly on projects in India for production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) from low carbon alcohols through alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) pathway. India is among top five aviation markets

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Indian Oil to Partner with LanzaJet to Produce Cleaner Aviation Fuel

by Nidhi Verma (Reuters) Indian Oil Corp (IOC.NS) will sign an agreement with LanzaJet to produce cleaner aviation fuel at its Panipat refinery in northern India, the state-run refiner's Chairman S. M. Vaidya told Reuters on Monday. Chicago, U.S.-based LanzaJet helps companies produce aviation

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to the State of Renewable Chemicals and Materials

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) It’s been 18 years since the Werpy and Petersen paper, Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass —a screening  for Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas that sent a lot of people in search of

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Renewable Diesel & SAF: Project Roundup Report

by Anna Simet (Biodiesel Magazine)  Biodiesel Magazine’s annual production map showed 34 renewable diesel/SAF plants under development, construction or operating in the U.S., as of September. The following includes updates regarding some of these projects. -- This fall, Biodiesel Magazine

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U.S. Department of Energy Awards $118 Million to Accelerate Domestic Biofuel Production

(U.S. Department of Energy) 17 Projects Will Boost Production of Biofuels for Consumer and Freight Transportation in America, Support President Biden’s Decarbonization and Climate Agenda -- The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced $118 million in funding for 17 projects

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NREL Develops Systematic Framework to Compare Performance of Plastics Recycling Approaches

(National Renewable Energy Laboratory)  With only a small percentage of plastics recycled, determining the best way to recycle and reuse these materials may enable higher adoption of plastics recycling and reduce plastic waste pollution. Researchers at the U.S. Department of

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New Enzyme Speeds up Sugar to Biofuel System without Using Yeast

by Jacinta Bowler (Cosmos Magazine) Australian researchers have found a way to more effectively convert sugarcane into the building block of aviation fuel, and other products like rubber and plastics. Sugarcane (and its waste product) is one of the crops that has

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Sustainable SAF from Corn

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The SAF Grand Challenge is vast. It sets out to achieve a minimum 50% reduction in lifecycle GHG emissions compared to conventional aviation fuel, increase SAF output to 3 billion gallons per year by 2030,

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Raven SR Agrees to Supply Sustainable Aviation Fuel to Japan Airlines

(Raven SR/PR Newswire) Announcement marks one of Raven SR's first agreements in aviation industry for SAF; Agreement to support 10-year supply deal; SAF to be produced from non-combustion conversion of waste to synthetic fuel -- Raven SR Inc. (Raven SR), a

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EPA Approves RFS Fuel Pathway for LanzaJet’s Georgia Facility

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The U.S. EPA on Jan. 12 approved a fuel pathway filed by LanzaJet Inc. under the Renewable Fuel Standard that will allow the company’s biorefinery near Soperton, Georgia, to generate D4 biomass-based diesel renewable identification

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Hydrothermal Liquefaction for SAF

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The US generates ~10 million tons municipal wastewater sludges/year Disposal to land or landfills is limited, expensive. The Opportunity is to convert sludges to fuels using Hydrothermal Liquefaction. Conversion of sludges to ‘biocrude’, for upgrading

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Linde

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Linde is a leading global industrial gases and engineering company with 2021 sales of $31 billion (€26 billion). The company serves a variety of end markets including chemicals & energy, food & beverage, electronics, healthcare,

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to LanzaTech and Transforming Carbon

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) With proven technology at the nexus of two mandated markets, industrial and consumer — LanzaTech has been on fire in recent months. Here’s more on their commercial operating plants, plants scheduled to complete construction in

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Something Big is Coming

by Keith Loria (Biodiesel Magazine)  City by city, Greasezilla is conquering problems derived from excessive fats, oils and grease waste. -- When fats, oils and grease (FOG) separation technology Greasezilla was developed by Downey Ridge Environmental Co. nearly 20 years

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to the Cost and Greenhouse Gas Implications of Advanced Bio-Jet Fuel Production

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) JBEI’s been working hard on jet fuels. Why? Biological routes are advantaged in their ability to produce naphthenes (approximately one third of jet fuel, 45% of diesel fuel), whereas most other alternative jet fuel processes

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to the State of Renewable Diesel

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) These slides were presented by Digest editor Jim Lane for the December 22 episode of ABLC CONNECT, and focused on the Drivers, Margins, Project List. Value Stack, Mandates, Policies, Tax Credits, Supply Crunch, and Hot

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A Visit from St. Nicholas: The UK Grants $99M to Five Commercial-Scale SAF Projects, Just in Time for Christmas

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... The UK took a giant leap towards net zero carbon emissions and helping its sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) industry to take flight as government awarded 5 projects a share of the $198M Advanced Fuels Fund.

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Fulcrum Saves Christmas: MSW-to-Fuels Production Begins at Sierra Biofuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) From Nevada comes the long-awaited news that Fulcrum BioEnergy has successfully produced a low-carbon synthetic crude oil using landfill waste as a feedstock at its commercial-scale Sierra BioFuels Plant. Sierra is the first and at present the largest landfill

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Versalis, New Technology to Produce Enzymes for Second Generation Ethanol

(Eni) Versalis, Eni's chemical company, has acquired the technology to produce enzymes for second-generation ethanol from DSM, a global, purpose-led company in Health, Nutrition & Bioscience. The agreement has a strategic value for Versalis as it integrates with proprietary Proesa® technology,

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Vertimass Opens New Laboratory Near Dartmouth College

(Vertimass) Vertimass, a company developing breakthrough technologies to expand the use of sustainable fuels, announced today it has established a new laboratory in the historic town of Enfield, New Hampshire to accelerate advancing its technology for conversion of ethanol, methanol, butanol, and other

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What Can Ethanol Plant Owners Do to Thrive in the Ethanol Business Today?

by Mike Sticklen and Doug Rivers (Lee Enterprises Consulting/Biofuels Digest) The US ethanol industry is faced with flat volume (Fig. 1) and mediocre returns on capital (Fig. 2).  There are several strategic opportunities available to return to revenue growth and improve

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LanzaJet Marks Major Milestone on Its Freedom Pines Fuels Construction

(LanzaJet/PR Newswire)  Soperton, GA Facility will be First Ethanol Alcohol-to-Jet Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production Facility in the World --   LanzaJet, a leading sustainable fuels technology company and sustainable fuels producer, today joined government officials, industry leaders, and investors to celebrate a

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Exclusive Interview: Honeywell’s ETJ Tech to Help Cut Emission Says Vice President Ashish Gaikwad

by Huma Siddiqui (Financial Express) Innovative ethanol-to-jet fuel (ETJ) processing technology allows producers to convert sugar or corn or cellulosic based ethanol into sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). - Earlier this year in October, Honeywell announced a new, innovative ethanol-to-jet fuel (ETJ)

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ArcelorMittal Inaugurates Flagship Carbon Capture and Utilisation Project at Its Steel Plant in Ghent, Belgium

(ArcelorMittal) €200 million CCU plant first of its kind in the European steel industry; Project part of multi-technology strategy to reduce carbon emissions at Ghent plant -- At an event held at its steel plant in Ghent, Belgium today (December 8,

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ADM Sees Its Sustainable Aviation Fuel Coming Online by 2026

by P.J. Huffstutter (Reuters) Global grain merchant Archer Daniels Midland Co sees the commercialization of its sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) efforts coming online around 2026, Chief Financial Officer Vikram Luthar said on Monday. “SAF in terms of reality to come online, at

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Newly Announced Teesside Clean Tech Commercial Plant to Create Hundreds of Jobs

by Matthew Neville (Bdaily) ... NOVAONE will be the “UK’s first bioethanol facility of its type”, with construction expected to begin in early 2023. The UK’s recently announced Jet Zero strategy, where bioethanol can be fermented to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF),

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Ethanol Is Ready to Truly Get Off the Ground

by Tom Bryan (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Ethanol Producer Magazine's editor previews the feature articles in the publication's December edition while reflecting on the rise of EVs, the promise of higher-level ethanol blends and the enormity of the industry's burgeoning SAF

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Leading US Oil Company Has Made Successful Production Tests with Enviro’s Oil

(Enviro Systems)Scandinavian Enviro Systems (publ) ("Enviro", "the company") received in February 2022 an order for pyrolysis oil from the subsidiary of a leading US oil company for production tests. The subsidiary has now informed Enviro that the production tests were

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SHV Energy and GTI Energy Announce New Partnership to Produce Renewable Propane

(SHV Energy) The partners will produce renewable propane and butane from bioethanol.  -- SHV Energy and US-based GTI Energy announced today(November 8, 2022) that they are entering into a strategic partnership to further develop a process for commercial-scale, on-purpose production

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide ABLC Guide to Alder Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In this connected presentation set, Alder Fuels CEO Bryan Sherbacow, and in a later and related presentation, VP Nancy Young, took the ABLC Next 2022 stage in San Francisco to outline the company’s milestones, technology,

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British Airways, LanzaJet and Nova Pangaea Technologies Move One Step Closer to Large Scale Production of Sustainable Aviation Fuel in the UK

(British Airways) • British Airways, LanzaJet and Nova Pangaea Technologies have signed an agreement that will accelerate Project Speedbird, an initiative created by the companies in 2021 to develop cost-effective sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) for commercial use in the UK Project

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Reducing Emissions in the Supply Chain and Diversifying the Feedstocks of the Future

(LanzaTech/Globe Newswire) LanzaTech provides an update on new demonstration facility to accelerate decarbonization efforts -- Competing in a low carbon economy is driving the public and private sectors to invest in technologies that will support the energy transition. LanzaTech has partnered

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Rolls-Royce, Alder Fuels, Brazil BioFuels, Topsoe Advance in the Race to Net Zero Aviation

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ... Meanwhile, Topsoe has been picked to support first sustainable aviation fuel-production in Brazil. Brasil BioFuels will build a new biorefinery to produce sustainable aviation fuel and second generation biofuel using Topsoe’s Hydroflex and H2bridge technologies.

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to the State of Advanced Biorefineries

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  This week on ABLC CONNECT, we looked at the State of Advanced Biorefineries, including examples of projects from Gevo, Aemetis, LanzaTech, Grön and Green Plains. The technologies, markets, partners, the rational, the progress to date

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Keeps Getting' Better, Part 2 - Project Eyes Using Ethanol to Make Bioethylene, Renewable Alkylate, SAF

by Housley Carr (RBN Energy) In these uncertain times, with the energy transition in flux and a recession looming, it takes moxie for a company to make a major capital investment in an energy-related project, especially one that could arguably be

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Titan to Build the World’s Largest Biomethane Liquefaction Plant

(Titan) Titan will scale up Liquified Biomethane (LBM, also known as bio-LNG) production in the Port of Amsterdam together with BioValue as biogas supplier. Linde has been contracted to perform the basic engineering. --  Titan, the independent supplier of low

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Wastewater Facilities Turn to Greasezilla® for Upstream Fats, Oils & Grease Solution and Revenue Generation

(PRZen) Woodard & Curran is the latest company to incorporate Greasezilla’s ecological and highly automated fats, oils and grease (FOG) separation system into wastewater treatment projects --  Downey Ridge Environmental Company, developer of Greasezilla® FOG (fats, oils & grease) separation

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Biofuel Conference Allows USGC to Highlight Ethanol’s Role

(U.S. Grains Council/Ethanol Producer Magazine) In September, Isabelle Ausdal, U.S. Grains Council manager of global ethanol policy and economics, traveled to Sweden to attend the International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 39 “Biofuels to Decarbonize Transport” fourth business meeting and Advanced Biofuels

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PNNL Team Recognized with ACS Award for Affordable Green Chemistry

by Mary Ann Showalter (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) The American Chemical Society (ACS) has announced that development of a catalytic process and catalyst to create sustainable aviation fuel is receiving the 2023 ACS Award for Affordable Green Chemistry. The team named in the

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Guidance on Qualifying an Analytical Method for Determining the Cellulosic Converted Fraction of Corn Kernel Fiber Co-Processed with Starch

(Environmental Protection Agency)  This document provides updated guidance on qualifying an analytical method for determining the cellulosic converted fraction of corn kernel fiber co-processed with starch in order to demonstrate compliance with the regulatory requirements in 40 CFR 80.1450(b)(1)(xiii)(B)(3). 1 Public confidence in

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Electrocatalytic CO2 Utilization

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) CO2 is the ubiquitous feedstock, available from a range of point sources, as well as in the atmosphere. It’s the only feedstock measured in gigatons. Domestic biorefineries emit a very pure CO2 wastestream, and represent

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Raven SR and Emerging Fuels Technology to Collaborate on Syngas Upgrading for SAF and Renewable Diesel

(Raven SR/PR Newswire)  • Emerging Fuels Technology (EFT) to provide technology and engineering support for at least 10 Raven SR liquid fuels production projects Collaboration to pursue higher quality, higher volume output of Fischer-Tropsch fuels, including sustainable aviation fuels (SAF),

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Fulcrum’s Near, Ensyn’s Back: Hopeful Hours in the Big Heavy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... Fulcrum: Fuels before Christmas, maybe by Hallowe’en -- When we last touched on the Fulcrum story in depth, in May, the company had commenced syngas production, but we had not yet heard that the intrepid Fulcrumites

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eFuels, by Land and Sea, Get Their Grips on the Ships, Road Trips

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  For more than a decade we have been covering the emergence of e-Fuels — renewable fuels made from (usually waste) CO2 and green hydrogen, the latter conventionally obtained by splitting water using spare, intermittent renewable power. It’s

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Sustainable Aviation Fuel Grand Challenge Roadmap: Flight Plan for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Report

(U.S. Department of Energy) The Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Grand Challenge is the result of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and other federal government agencies working together to develop a

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to the State of Renewable Diesel and DME

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) What’s up with the most exciting molecule in the bioeconomy as measured by capacity building? There are greenfield projects, refinery conversions, new technologies headed toward commercial, and the exciting arrival of DME at scale. What

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Barbarians at the Gate: WasteFuel Offers New Methanol Tech to Ward off the New Barbarians of Industrial Emission

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) From New York and the stages of ClimateWeek therein arrives news that WasteFuel, which would not surprise you to learn makes fuel from waste, has developed and is offering a new technology, their Methanol Module. We’ve

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Directional Aviation Invests in Alder Fuels

(Directional Aviation/Biobased Diesel Daily)  Private aviation investment firm Directional Aviation announced Sept. 15 that it is making a financial investment in Alder Fuels, a clean-tech developer and green-crude producer. As part of the agreement, the two companies also will pilot a

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to the Upgrading of C2 Intermediates

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Ethanol is an attractive feedstock for middle distillate fuels and chemical products. How do we unlock the potential not only for ethanol-to-jet, but for C3+olefin (ETO) opportunities, and more. Dehydrate, oligomerize, hydrogenate – the path

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Advanced Catalyst Synthesis and Characterization

by Jim Lane (Biofuel Digest)  Accelerated catalyst and process development cycle enabling demonstrated performance enhancements in half the time. That’s the bold goal of a DOE project aimed at providing a fundamental insight leading to actionable recommendations for critical catalysis challenges by

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Fuels Biointermediate Compliance Workshop --- September 29, 2022 --- ONLINE Presentations Available

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is announcing a virtual public workshop on the new biointermediates provisions of the Renewable Fuel Standard program. EPA is hosting a virtual public workshop to discuss the implementation of the new biointermediate provisions promulgated as a

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Car Electrification Unlikely to Erase Market for Ethanol, Says Producer

by Marcelo Teixeira (Reuters)  The global movement by governments and automakers to boost electrification of cars does not mean ethanol will be dead as a product, according to an executive of one of the world's largest producers of the biofuel. Beyond the

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Vapors

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Catalytic fast pyrolysis is a versatile technology pathway for the direct liquefaction of biomass and waste carbon sources. In this slide deck from NREL’s Mike Griffin, we explore the Potential for high carbon yields to

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SAF: We Should, We Could, and We’ll Need the Wood: the Alder Fuels, Enviva Partnership Story

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  We’ll keep warning the industries of the bioeconomy until we get the message through so clearly that no one is left in any doubt: The grand journey, the quest for sustainable fuels, chemicals and materials, will

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Paving the Way for Solar Fuels: Synhelion Produces Solar Syngas on an Industrial Scale for the First Time

(Synhelion)  Synhelion has become the first company in the world to succeed in producing syngas on an industrial scale using only solar heat as an energy source. The Swiss solar fuel pioneer successfully demonstrated this on the multifocus solar tower of

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Utilizing Electricity to Produce Intermediates from CO2 and Biomass

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) This project funded by the US Department of Energy and led by NREL’s Josh Schaidle aims to Guide existing and future research and development efforts by defining key technical challenges, risks, cost/carbon intensity drivers, and

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4H Club, Methane to the Rescue: The Calysta, Mango Materials, Industrial Microbes, T2C Energy Stories

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Biogas is an ancient thing, organisms have been making it for millenia – only in recent decades have we learned to capture and use it to generate on-site heat and power. ... ... This is the supply

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Integration of CO2 Electrolysis with Microbial Syngas

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  By producing valuable products out of CO2, this project will incentivize CCU to realize carbon circular economy opportunities. That’s the promise of this project funded by the BETO Office at the US Department of Energy

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5 Minutes with Thomas Hoppe, Clariant’s Head of Operations Business Line Biofuels & Derivatives

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Clariant has built the first commercial sunliquid® plant for the production of 50,000 t 2G cellulosic ethanol per year in Romania, which started production a few weeks ago. What have been the main hurdles in reaching this milestone? We are extremely

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Alder Fuels and Enviva Partner to Further Scale and Commercialize Sustainable Aviation Fuel Supply Chains

(Alder Fuels/Enviva/Business Wire)  Partnership aims to accelerate the decarbonization of aviation and to scale access to renewable fuels to power the clean energy transition -- Enviva Inc. (NYSE: EVA), the world’s leading producer of sustainably sourced woody biomass, and Alder Fuels,

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Shell Announces Partnership to Convert Ethanol into Hydrogen

(Shell Brazil/Biomass Magazine)  Shell Brazil, Raízen, Hytron, University of São Paulo (USP) and SENAI CETIQT signed a cooperation agreement for the construction of two plants to produce renewable hydrogen (H2) from ethanol. The partnership aims to validate the production technology through

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The Digest’s 2022 State of Advanced Ethanol

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) This week on ABLC CONNECT, we looked at the world of Advanced ethanol – markets, players, technologies, policy. 2G ethanol, sugarcane, ethanol as an intermediate, and advanced yield opportunities. We were fortunate to be joined

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The Secrets of Sagoib: Raizen’s Betting Big on 2G Ethanol, Here’s the Story

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  We reported last week that “UAE state investor Mubadala Investment Co and Raizen are the final bidders in the sale of BP Bunge Bioenergia, with no bidders in the second round and the other potential buyers

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to NextantECA’s Key Trends in Green Hydrogen

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Hydrogen it’s humming, and NexantECA has the scoop. They’ve been advising companies for eons on how to address trends, here’s a big one, and they have not disappointed, What are hydrogen’s prospects in stationary power,

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2021 Project Peer Review Report

(U.S. Department of Energy) The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) hosted its virtual 2021 Project Peer Review on March 8‒12, 15‒16, and 22‒26, 2021. During the event, 271 projects in BETO’s research portfolio were presented, representing a total

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Blue Biofuels Reports Successful Volume Testing of Its Cellulose-to-Sugar Process on Latest Reactor System; 2.5t/Day

(Blue Biofuels)  Blue Biofuels has reached a significant milestone in the scaling of its proprietary Cellulose-to-Sugar (CTS) reactor system. Testing results on a custom modified reactorsystem demonstrate the ability to convert cellulosic material into sugars with high conversion at a throughput

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Anaergia’s Tønder Plant Will Supply CO2 to European Energy A/S for Green E-Methanol Production as Fuel for Container Ships

(Anaergia/Business Wire)  Anaergia Inc. (“Anaergia” or the “Company”) (TSX:ANRG) today announced it has signed an agreement with European Energy A/S (“European Energy”). Under the terms of this agreement Anaergia is to supply European Energy with up to 60,000 tonnes per year of liquefied

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The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Gevo

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Net Zer0 1 – sound exciting., And it is! A company that remade itself as it saw the decisive shift in biofuels from lower carbon light duty to super low carbon heavy duty. They’re thought

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Heliogen and Dimensional Energy Announce First-of-its-Kind Collaboration to Produce Carbon-Free Sustainable Aviation Fuel from Concentrated Sunlight and Green Hydrogen

(Heliogen)  Initiative to demonstrate technology and produce jet fuel reserves for commercially viable carbon neutral flight -- Heliogen, Inc. (NYSE: HLGN), a leading provider of AI-enabled concentrated solar energy technology, today announced it has entered into a letter of intent (“LOI”)

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Comstock Cellulosic Ethanol Technology Ready for Commercial Deployment

(Comstock Mining/Globe Newswire)  Targets First Generation Corn Ethanol Facilities For Commercialization --  Comstock Inc. (NYSE: LODE) (“Comstock” and the “Company”) today announced that it is marketing its cellulosic ethanol production technology for construction of commercial scale facilities, with a focus on

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Quest for Feedstock: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to the State of SAF

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) This week on ABLC CONNECT, we networked and exchanged information about the world of Sustainable Aviation Fuel, and as part of the proceedings, we had the State of Sustainable Aviation Fuel presentation. The slides are

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Three-Part Co-Processing Series to Lower Carbon Footprint of Transportation Fuels

(U.S. Department of Energy) Upgrading bio-oils with petroleum feedstocks at existing refineries—known as “co-processing”—could offer a fast pathway for lowering the carbon footprint of today’s transportation fuels. In this three-part blog series, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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Eco Clarity Works with UK Biodiesel Producer to Harvest FOG from Wastewater

(Argent Energy/Biobased Diesel Daily) The latest Eco Clarity Waste Conversion Hub has been set up in the U.K., at Argent Energy’s site in Stanlow, Ellesmere Port.  Eco Clarity is focused on revolutionizing the way wastewater is handled by turning the process from

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En Route to Market: Alder Fuels and NREL Partner to Scale Sustainable Aviation Fuel Technology for Commercial Use

by Erik F. Ringle (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)  A critical pathway for producing large quantities of low- to negative-carbon sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is en route to market following a collaborative research and development agreement between the National Renewable Energy Laboratory

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Re-N-Vision Awarded Department of Energy Grant to Test and Develop Blue Biofuels’ CTS Technology in Equitable Energy Transition

(Blue BiofuelsGlobe Newswire)  Blue Biofuels, Inc. announces that Re-N-Vision, LLC, based out of St. Louis, MO, has received a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I Department of Energy grant for $199,902 with the title “Disadvantaged Community Bioenergy Feedstock Consortium

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National Energy Solution: Pt 1: Methane, Methanogens, Methanotrophs

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Last week we reported that T2C Energy in partnership with the US Department of Energy had developed at pilot-scale a technology that makes drop-in transportation fuel for $2.91 a gallon, excluding any help from carbon prices

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Launch of Joint Study on the Establishment of a Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Manufacturing Business in Japan Using Alcohol to Jet (ATJ) Technology

(Mitsui & Co.) Mitsui & Co., Ltd. ("Mitsui", Head Office: Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, President and CEO: Kenichi Hori) and Cosmo Oil Co., Ltd. ("Cosmo", President, Representative Director and CEO: Yasuhiro Suzuki, Head Office: Minato-ku, Tokyo) have agreed to carry out a

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#Welcome To EartH2, with NextChem: The Digest’s Multi Slide Guide to Green and Low Carbon Hydrogen

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The world is short on hydrogen for all its ambitions in renewable energy and transformative chemicals and materials — and especially in green and low carbon hydrogen. Fortunately, new technology and carbon strategies have emerged

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Infinium and Electrofuels: They Might Be Giants

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... “Major players in the fuels and chemicals industries have begun serious development of [new] processes that produce intermediates and finished products from carbon dioxide. One of the most interesting areas is in the many developments

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Virtuous Cycles: Breakthroughs in the Use of Bacteria Are Helping Us to Build a New Green Economy.

by Peter Forbes (New Humanist) ... Humans are finally learning from the original carbon cycle, which has governed Earth for 4 billion years. This natural cycle is regulated largely by bacteria and other microbes. Today, using what we know about the

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More Ways to Max Out DCO

by Katie Schroeder (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Record-high prices are motivating ethanol producers to explore all available options to maximize corn oil recovery. Advanced technology, specialized equipment and informed operational strategies are taking yields to new heights. Distillers corn oil prices have

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Sen. Cortez Masto Touts Clean Energy Accomplishments at Biofuel Plant East of Reno

by Eric Marks (This Is Reno)  fficials from Fulcrum BioEnergy hosted Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto and members of the press Friday at the company’s new plant east of Sparks off of USA Parkway.  The facility is part of a new generation of

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Sustainable Aviation Fuel from Solar Energy: Not a Dream Any More

by Tina Casey (Clean Technica) This “solar tower” deploys solar energy to convert water and carbon dioxide to produce non-fossil kerosene for sustainable jet fuel. ... (T)he Swiss institution ETH Zurich has just unveiled a new pilot-scale, all-in-one, solar powered process for

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Victor Tango Foxtrot – The Pursuit of Affordable Sustainable Aviation Fuels at Scale

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In aviation fuels as elsewhere in life, it’s sustainable, affordable, available, pick two out of three. You can find affordable SAF, but not in big volumes. You can find as much unaffordable SAF as you like. as

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Boeing and Alder Fuels Partner to Scale Sustainable Aviation Fuel Globally

(Boeing/CISION PR Newswire) - Conversion of sustainable forest and agricultural residues can displace the need for typical jet fuel by up to 75 percent in the U.S.; - Boeing will support testing and qualification of Alder Fuels' SAF on its airplanes  -- Boeing

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Utilizing Biorefinery Waste Gas: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to NREL

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) NREL’s waste gas researchers are rethinking industrial flue gas from a waste to a feedstock, with the help of LanzaTech. Find out how the integration of CO2 electrolysis with microbial syngas upgrading to utilize biorefinery

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Department of Energy Announces $137 Million for Small Business Research and Development Grants

(U.S. Department of Energy) The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced awards totaling $137 million for small businesses in 30 states.  The 120 projects include projects addressing multiple mission areas across the Department including clean energy, cybersecurity, high energy physics,

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Tüpraş Selects Honeywell Ecofining™ Technology For Biofuel Production In Türki̇ye

(Honeywell)  Tüpraş and Honeywell sign licensing agreement for the use of Honeywell UOP Ecofining™ technology; The Honeywell UOP Ecofining™ process has been used commercially to produce renewable diesel since 2013 and sustainable aviation fuel (“SAF”) since 2016 --  Honeywell announced today

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Hot Hydrofaction: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Steeper Energy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Steeper Energy’s President, Perry Toms, shared this illuminating slide guide at ABLC on how hydrofaction – a proven thermochemical is advancing biofuels commercial acceptance. From milestones to commercialization partners, get all the details on how

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Low Carbon Intensity Renewables: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to NexantECA

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Methanol, ammonia, hydrogen, ethylene, propylene – They can all be produced with low carbon intensity. Check out this illuminating slide guide from Steven Slome at NexantECA on how while methanol and ammonia have larger implications

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Petrobras and Vallourec Join to Invest in the Production of Bio-Oil from Eucalyptus Plantations

(PetroNotícias (Google Translation))  ... After trumpeting around the four corners that the company's focus would only be exploration and production, today (1st) it announces a partnership with Vallourec (one of the world leaders in premium tubular solutions) to evaluate opportunities

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Overcoming the Toughest Catalyst Challenges in the Bioeconomy: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to LEC

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Terry Mazanec from Lee Enterprises Consulting takes us on a journey through the toughest catalyst challenges in the bioeconomy and, most importantly, how to overcome them. From feedstock consistency and availability to substrate intransigence and

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Regional Sustainable Aviation Fuel/Renewable Diesel: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to NextChem

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) NextChem and Saola are working together to provide a sustainable aviation fuel/renewable diesel plant sized to regional feedstock supplies. Check out this illuminating slide guide on how their renewable diesel tech is tuned to

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VTT and Neste Agreed on Building an Integrated Power-to-Liquids Demonstration for CO2 Capture, Green Hydrogen and E-Fuels Production

(VTT) Power-to-liquids technologies are on their way to commercialisation in scale and production of synthetic e-fuels is no longer science fiction. E-fuels offer a way to expand the carbon-neutral transport fuel pool beyond biomass-based renewable fuels to replace fossil fuels

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BioFormate Bio-gasoline & SAF Blendstock: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Virent

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Virent, a subsidiary of Marathon Petroleum developed its BioForming technology to create fuels and chemicals from a wide range of naturally occurring, renewable resources. And now they teamed up with Johnson Matthey to bring to

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FEW Speakers Focus on Carbon, New Market Opportunities

by Tom Bryan and Katie Schroeder (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Hundreds gathered for the main session of 38th International Fuel Ethanol Workshop & Expo Tuesday in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as some of the biggest names in biofuels spoke at the largest ethanol conference

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Inside Charm Industrial’s Big Bet on Corn Stalks for Carbon Removal

by James Temple (MIT Technology Review) The startup used plant matter and bio-oil to sequester thousands of tons of carbon. The question now is how reliable, scalable, and economical this approach will prove. In recent weeks, a crew of staffers from

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Hydrothermal Platform for Recycling Carbon: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Licella

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Licella’s Cat-HTR decarbonization platform could help customers meet their net-zero carbon commitments, said Dr. Alan Del Paggio, Licella’s SVP Americas, at the recent ABLC. How do they use water as the agent of change and

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Southwest Airlines Invests in Sustainable Aviation Fuel Pilot Project Supported by the Department of Energy

(Southwest Airlines/PR Newswire) Carrier's first-of-its-kind investment supports the development of technology intended to commercialize sustainable aviation fuel --  Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV) ("Southwest" or the "Company") today announces an investment into SAFFiRE Renewables, LLC (SAFFiRE), a company formed by D3MAX, LLC

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Repsol, Aramco License Johnson Matthey, BP Technologies for eFuels Plant in Spain

(Johnson Matthey/Biobased Diesel Daily)  Johnson Matthey and BP announced May 25 that their codeveloped, groundbreaking Fischer Tropsch CANS™ technology and Johnson Matthey’s innovative reverse water gas shift technology, HyCOgen™, have been selected for use by Aramco and Repsol at a new

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SAF Production Expands for a Low-Carbon Future

by Scott Jenkins (Chemical Engineering Magazine)  ... The current environmental and geopolitical situation is prompting petroleum refiners across the globe to evaluate their assets and explore how to adapt to a carbon-constrained future, and one in which the negative climate effects

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Fulcrum BioEnergy Successfully Starts Operations of Its Sierra BioFuels Plant

(Fulcrum BioEnergy) World's first waste to fuels plant achieves major milestone with the production of syngas from landfill waste   --  Fulcrum BioEnergy, Inc., a pioneer in the creation of net-zero carbon, drop-in transportation fuels from landfill waste, today announced the completion

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Ethanol’s Own SAF Runway

by Luke Geiver (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The world’s major airlines are racing to decarbonize air travel by backing and using sustainable aviation fuel. Much of it is now being produced via plant-based oils in tandem with renewable diesel. Soon, it

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1 Billion Gallons Per Year by 2030: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Gevo Carbohydrates to SAF

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) In addition to new hot technologies, Gevo has a goal of 1 billion gallons per year of capacity or more by 2030. How can they achieve this? What is the status with Net-Zero 1

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Biofuels Producers Urge Changes to RFS Rule to Boost Aviation Fuel

(Inside EPA) Biofuels producers, airlines and others are urging changes to EPA’s proposed renewable fuel standard (RFS) rules to provide more flexibility to produce sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) that is the cornerstone of a Biden administration strategy to reduce carbon

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The “Green Crude” SAF Alternative: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Alder Fuels

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) Alder Fuels’ Chief Technology Officer, Derek Vardon, shared this illuminating slide guide at ABLC highlighting how they are seeing a future of gathering energy instead of drilling for it and how the solution for

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point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts 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Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis 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RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae 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