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Casterra Announces a Key Milestone in its Operational Expansion Plan in Africa, with Completion of First Shipment of Castor Seeds Grown and Processed in Kenya

(Casterra Ag)  The shipment, comprising over 100 tons, was delivered to company's customer in Africa -- Casterra Ag Ltd. ("Casterra"), an integrated castor cultivation solution company for oil production for bio-based products and biofuel, and a subsidiary of Evogene Ltd. ("Evogene") (Nasdaq: EVGN) (TASE:

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Low-cost Biodiesel Can Help to Tackle Climate Change, Pollution

by Johra Said Ali (The Standard) ... Throughout its lifecycle, biodiesel can save CO2 emissions by up to 78 per cent when compared to petroleum fuel. Biodiesel not only reduces CO2 emissions but also the production of dangerous greenhouse gases such as

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Navigating Carbon Dioxide Removal: The Role of Policy, Regulation, and Value Chains

(International Biochar Initiative) This session explored the rapidly evolving landscape of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) with a focus on biochar, providing you with the insights needed to navigate the complex intersections of policy, compliance, and value chains. Our expert speakers, Jason Dodier

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KQ to Pioneer IATA Sustainable Fuel in Africa After October Trials

(Business Day Africa) Kenya Airways has been selected as the sole African airline to lead the International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Registry, a key milestone for Nairobi based carrier. The move follows Kenya Airways’ earlier trials in

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IFC, Italian Climate Fund Partner with ENI to Support Biofuel Production, Farmers in Kenya

(Indian Chemical News)  The investment consists of US$ 135 million from IFC and US$ 75 million mobilized from the Italian Climate Fund -- IFC (International Finance Corporation) and the Italian Climate Fund announced a US$ 210 million investment in Eni S.p.A.’s Kenya

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How Cow Manure Is Fueling a Biogas Revolution

byMax Perez (Impakter)  Pioneering a circular bioeconomy, Mexican startup Sistema.bio empowers farmers worldwide to transform manure into clean energy, biofertilizers, and a sustainable future -- The world’s overflowing landfills and mounting piles of organic waste pose a severe environmental threat. As food

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Global Biofuel Alliance Sets up Three-Pronged Work Plan, Says Govt

by Subhayan Chakraborty (Business Standard) While it remains without a charter, or a permanent secretariat, the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA) has adopted a work plan focused on assessing country landscapes, drafting policy frameworks, and conducting biofuel workshops, petroleum and natural gas ministry

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Biofuels Will Be a Key Part of the Net-Zero Solution

by Juergen Eckhardt (Forbes/Leaps by Bayer)  Imagine a world where jets fly around the planet on fuel sourced from plants, replacing fossil fuels at cost parity, all without displacing huge amounts of forest land and animal life. ... “If we’re going to replace petroleum

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17 New Partnerships Receive $6.5 Million in Funding from P4G for Innovative Climate Solutions

(World Resources Institute) WRI’s Partnering for Green Growth and the Global Goals (P4G) initiative will provide grant funding and technical assistance to help these partnerships become investment ready Washington, D.C. (March 28, 2024) — Today, Partnering for Green Growth and the Global Goals 2030

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The Digest’s Biofuels Mandates Around the World 2024

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Florida, the Daily Digest today released its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 65 countries. Get the latest up to the minute new

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BioLPG Production at Scale in Sub-Saharan Africa: Key Elements Needed for Its Development and Efficient Use as a Clean Cooking Fuel

(The Global LPG Partnership (GLPGP), Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS), Loughborough University)  ... The confluence of Global South development needs, inadequate progress on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the rapidly evolving “just transition” debate between Global North and Global South has

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Don’t Lose Hope, All Ye Ugandans Who Hope for a Future of Biofuel

by Joachim Buwembo (The East African)  Those who believe in a clean energy transition shouldn’t lose hope. Uganda is still committed to the transition, from the public investments we see going on, only we are not going into it full throttle 

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Uncovered: Italian Oil Giant’s African Biofuels Gamble Falls Short

(Transport & Environment/Clean Technica) Investigation into Eni’s projects in Kenya and the Republic of the Congo shows company is failing to produce “miracle” drought-resistant biofuels crops at scale. Italian oil giant Eni is failing to deliver on its promise to produce thousands

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Africa Can Use Its Idle, Arable Land for Biofuel and Save Earth

by Joachim Buwembo (The East African) ... Sceptics may argue that it will take a lot of land to produce the SAF (sustainable aviation fuel) required to fly all planes around the world. But sceptics are always there. At the start

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Instead of Bickering over Fossil Oil, Use the Energy to Make Biofuels

by Joachim Buwembo (The East African)  Rather than, or besides fighting over control of the poison being sold to them by rich international dealers, Uganda and Kenya could put the health of their people, vehicles and wallets first, and jointly develop better

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Entrepreneur Cultivates Seeds that Produce Biofuel

(GCIS Vuk’uzenzele/Sowetan Live) Business journey has not been a bed of roses - Ngidi -- A young, curious farmer’s quest to pivot from farming traditional crops has seen her become an environmental warrior.  Zinhle Ngidi from Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal, now cultivates seeds that produce

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U.S. Department of Energy Announces Clean Energy Achievements at COP28

(U.S. Department of Energy)  This week, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Energy David M. Turk traveled to Dubai, United Arab Emirates for the 28th Conference of the Parties to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP28), where he led the U.S.

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Kenyan Maasai Women Turn Harmful Cactus Species into Bio-gas and Food

(Rédaction Africanews and AP)  A group of women in central Kenya are on their way to harvest prickly pear that will be turned into biogas. The cactus is an invasive species which is disturbing the ecosystem. Its encroachment hinders wildlife navigation as well

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UN Aviation Meeting Agrees to Goal of 5% Lower Emissions by 2030

by Allison Lampert and Tim Hepher (Reuters) A meeting of more than 100 countries on Friday agreed to an interim goal for emissions reductions from global aviation by 2030 by using less-polluting fuels, but China, Russia and some others aired concerns

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IFC Invests Sh32 Billion in Kenya’s Biofuel Project

by Allan Odhiambo (Business Daily)  The International Finance Corporation(IFC) is set to invest Sh31.96 billion ($210 million) in an agribusiness project by Italian firm, Eni Kenya. The IFC said the investment in the form of a senior loan will support capital requirements

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FUELPHORIA Project to Establish Sustainable Value Chains for Renewable Fuels

(eta florence)  Multi-disciplinary consortium launches EU-funded project that will set up and test value chains for advanced biofuels and renewable non-biological fuels in four demos in Europe.  --  23 partners from the EU, Kenya and the UK met yesterday (October 11, 2023)

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Kenya Airways Wins 'Best Innovation’ and ‘Most Impactful Breakthrough’ Awards for Piloting Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

(Kenya Airways)   Kenya's national carrier, Kenya Airways (KQ), has been awarded the Best Innovation and the Most Impactful Breakthrough awards for being the first African carrier to pioneer use of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) from Africa to Europe. The awards were presented

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Eni’s Africa Biofuel Feedstock Plan to Cost €700 Million

(BNN Bloomberg)  Eni SpA’s plan to set up plants to source approximately 700,000 tons of biofuel feedstock from Africa by 2026 will cost as much as €700 million ($735 million), according to a senior company official.  The plan has already received its

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African Nations Set to Visit India for Ethanol Blending, Biogas Studies

by Subhayan Chakraborty (Business Standard)  Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda keen to replicate India's ethanol blending, biogas initiatives -- Close on the heels of its historic outreach to African nations and the successful launch of the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA), India will soon welcome

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EU Infrastructure Fund Eyes African Clean Jet Fuel Projects

by Wendell Roelf (Reuters) EU to weigh co-financing, guarantees of proposed plants; Africa has 'great potential' to produce SAF - EU official -- The European Union is scouting Africa to back clean jet fuel projects under its Global Gateway infrastructure fund, an

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Direct Air Capture in the Global South: Octavia Carbon --- August 21, 2023 --- ONLINE

Join the Institute for Carbon Removal Law and Policy for the next event in its webinar series, “Scrubbing the Skies: The Role of Carbon Dioxide Removal in Combating Climate Change.” The series focuses on scientific, technological, legal, political, and justice-focused issues associated

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Cooking in Toxic Smoke: The Bioethanol Solution to Replace Polluting Fuels

(Pivot Clean Energy) ... This article outlines the health and environmental risks posed by the usage of solid fuels as energy sources in cooking applications, and explores the viability of bioethanol-based alternatives. Solid & Fossil Fuels: The Hazards ... The Health and Environmental Toll  ... Additionally,

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Pivot Clean Energy: Accelerating Household Transitions to Bioethanol

(Ethanol Producer Magazine) Produced by Ethanol Producer Magazine, Pivot’s Alicia ElMamouni discusses the movement to increase access to bioethanol for the billions of people currently lacking access to modern, clean household energy. Recorded live at the 2023 FEW in Omaha, Nebraska.

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The Urgent Need for Ethanol Cooking in Africa

by Douglas L. Faulkner (“The Cleantech Conservative”) and Gerard J. Ostheimer (Clean Energy Ministerial Biofuture Campaign) (Biofuels Digest) We have argued in the Digest that bio-based fuels, chemicals, and materials ought to be a cornerstone of the modern African economy.   In

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European Commission to Support SAF Development around the World

(International Civil Air Organization/Biobased Diesel Daily)  The European Commission announced May 24 support for the development of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) under the International Civil Aviation Organization’s Capacity-building and Training for Sustainable Aviation Fuels program (ACT-SAF). In line with the European Green

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Eni Bets on Agri-business in Africa to Expand Biofuel Production

by Francesca Landini (Reuters) Eni aims to develop farming ventures in at least 9 countries; Eni replicates upstream-downstream model with agri-business; Eni to decide over new bio-refinery in Livorno by year-end -- Italy's Eni (ENI.MI) is investing in farming in several African

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to Takachar

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Takachar is on a mission to fight climate change by transforming massive amounts of waste biomass into marketable products around the world. Takachar has developed and patented the design of small-scale, low-cost, portable equipment to

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Kenya Airways : KQ to Pilot Use of Sustainable Aviation Fuel During the Sustainable Flight Challenge

(Kenya Airways/Market Screener)  Kenya's national carrier, Kenya Airways (KQ), has announced participation in the second edition of the Sustainable Flight Challenge (TSFC), an initiative of SkyTeam. The initiative is a friendly competition between SkyTeam member airlines. This year, TSFC has

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Makueni’s Castor Beans Feeding Italian Biofuel Firm

by Pius Maundu (Nation Media Group) Castor beans are the raw material for jet fuel; Its production nosedived over the years due to the vagaries of climate change and lack of a steady market -- As a little girl growing

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BP Targets Farms and Feedstock as Biofuel Race Gathers Pace

by Ron Bousso (Reuters) BP considers investing in feedstock producers; BP could invest directly in feedstock crop farming; BP aims to triple biofuel output by 2030  --... BP said it will increase biofuel output three-fold by 2030 to 100,000 bpd, or

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The Digest’s 2023 Multi-Slide Guide to BioLPG and the Global LPG Partnership

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The Global LPG Partnership is a United Nations-backed, non-profit Public-Private Partnership formed in 2012, under the UN Sustainable Energy for All initiative. Its remit is to assist developing countries and their stakeholders to plan, finance

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How the Biomass Pellet Industry Could Grow 10-Fold, and Help Save the Planet

by Michael Shepard (Bioenergy International)  ... The opportunity lies in the kitchens of the nearly four billion people who cook some or all of their food with smoky fires burning wood, charcoal, or dung. The costs of this problem are well

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Everything, Everywhere, All At Once: The African Bio-Economy Story

by Douglas L. Faulkner and Gerard J. Ostheimer (Biofuels Digest) With a nod to the Oscar winning movie of the same name, we want to convey a sense of where the African Bioeconomy is now, where it could be headed, and

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Kenya: EIB and Kenya Strengthen Green Hydrogen Cooperation

(European Investment Bank)  EIB Vice President confirms EIB support for green hydrogen engagement with President Ruto; New agreement to develop and unlock investment to produce green hydrogen using renewable energy; EIB and Kenya to identify potential green hydrogen investment projects;

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The Daily Digest’s Biofuels Mandates around the World 2023

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Florida, the Daily Digest today released its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 65 countries. Get the latest up to the minute

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A Visit from St. Nicholas: The UK Grants $99M to Five Commercial-Scale SAF Projects, Just in Time for Christmas

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... The UK took a giant leap towards net zero carbon emissions and helping its sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) industry to take flight as government awarded 5 projects a share of the $198M Advanced Fuels Fund.

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USGC Staff, Member-Leaders Participate in USDA ATM

(U.S. Grains Council/Ethanol Producer Magazine) U.S. Grains Council staff, alongside agribusiness and producer members, recently had the privilege of participating on the USDA agriculture trade mission (ATM) to East Africa. Held in both Nairobi, Kenya, and Zanzibar, Tanzania, the ATM is

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Hot Spots: The 50 Hottest Project Development & Deployment Spots in the Advanced Bioeconomy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Here are the 50 Hottest Project Development & Deployment Spots in the Advanced Bioeconomy for 2022, as selected by the Digest’s editors. READ MORE

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Eni: The Procurement of Palm Oil Has Come to an End

(Eni) Eni has definitively ended the procurement of palm oil for use at the Venice and Gela biorefineries for the production of hydrogenated biofuels. The last shipments arrived in the last few weeks, ahead of the declared goal of becoming 'palm

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Eni Starts Exporting Vegetable Oil for Biorefining from Kenya

(Eni)  The cargo that left the port of Mombasa is the first from Africa --  The first cargo of vegetable oil for biorefining produced by Eni in Kenya has left the port of Mombasa, on its way to Gela’s biorefinery. This

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Kiambu Dairy Farmers Embrace Biogas Installation

by Fridah Chomba and Victor Muchiri (Kenya News Agency) Kiambu is an agriculture-based County that has adopted Biogas as a renewable source of energy. Biogas is affordable, reliable and environmentally friendly. As one of the top five leading counties in dairy

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Africa Faces Rising Energy Demands

by Colin Ley (Biofuels International) Assessing the state on biofuels development across Africa with any degree of accuracy or fairness is always a challenge, given the vastness and diversity of the continent. The complexity of the task is even greater at

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#Welcome To EartH2, with NextChem: The Digest’s Multi Slide Guide to Green and Low Carbon Hydrogen

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The world is short on hydrogen for all its ambitions in renewable energy and transformative chemicals and materials — and especially in green and low carbon hydrogen. Fortunately, new technology and carbon strategies have emerged

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Eni Launches the First Production of Vegetable Oil for Biorefining in Kenya

(Eni) The initiative in Kenya represents the first integrated project in the world to bring Africa into the vertical bio-refinery supply chain by providing income opportunities and market access to thousands of farmers in degraded areas. --   Eni completed the construction

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ISU Team Receives XPRIZE Carbon Removal Milestone Award for Innovative Vision to Remove Carbon from the Atmosphere

(Iowa State University)  An Iowa State University research team that helped develop a demonstration-scale pyrolyzer capable of sequestering thousands of tons of carbon dioxide a year has received a prestigious milestone award from XPRIZE Carbon Removal, it was announced on

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Complete Global Guide: The Digest’s Biofuels Mandates Around the World 2022

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  65 countries have targets or mandates--how much, where, when and what?  READ MORE Commodities 2022: European biofuel mandates to structurally shift ethanol demand higher in the year (S&P Global Platts) European Biofuel Mandates to Structurally Shift Ethanol

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300,000 Kenyan Household Subscribers on KOKO's Clean Fuel Platform

(KOKO Networks) Team KOKO today celebrated the company's latest sales milestone, with more than 300,000 household subscribers on our clean fuel and carbon platform in Kenya. KOKO Fuel was launched to the market in late 2019, and has battled major supply-side and

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International Aviation Climate Ambition Coalition COP26 Declaration

(UN Climate Change Conference 2021 UK) We, the ministers and representatives of states, participating in the inaugural meeting of the International Aviation Climate Ambition Coalition at the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

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Italy’s Eni Works Sub-Saharan African Countries into Renewable Diesel Feedstock Supply Chain

by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily) The CEO of Italian energy and renewable diesel company Eni S.p.A., Claudio Descalzi, has signed two memorandums of understanding (MOU) in recent days with two Sub-Saharan African nations, the Congo and Angola, on joint development

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Transforming Collected Organic Waste into Insect Feed and Organic Fertilizer in Kenya: Impact Investing in Sanergy (Private Sector Investment Finance)

(Japan International Cooperation Agency)  On Oct. 8, JICA made an investment of $2.5 million in Sanergy, Inc., a US company which promotes an innovative circular-economy approach in the developing world, including Nairobi, Kenya. Sanergy collects human waste from sanitary toilets

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Nairobi's Fuel Dispensers Replace Charcoal, Kerosene with Biofuel

(Today/Reuters) In Kenya's capital Nairobi, restaurant owner Miriam Kamau lifts a steaming ladle of food from a stove burning locally produced ethanol - a fuel made from the byproducts of sugar production. She is one of about 200,000 customers of three-year-old Kenyan

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From a Nuisance to a Benefit, ‘World’s Worst Weed’ Finds New Use as Biofuel

(South Africa Today) • A startup in western Kenya has developed a process of making bioethanol from water hyacinths, addressing both the need for a clean fuel alternative to charcoal and fuelwood, and the spread of the invasive hyacinths. Proponents

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Felix Leach and Kelly Senecal on Racing Toward Zero: The Untold Story of Driving Green

by Tammy Klein (Transport Energy Strategies)  For this video podcast, I spoke with Dr. Felix Leach, Associate Professor of Engineering Science at Oxford University and Dr. Peter Kelly Senecal, Co-Owner and Vice President, Convergent Science on their just-released book, Racing Toward Zero: The

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Global Initiative Aims to Bring Transparency to Voluntary Carbon Markets

by y Susanna Twidale (Reuters/London South East) A global initiative was launched on Thursday to bring transparency and rigour to the voluntary carbon market that is expected to grow rapidly over the next few years as countries and companies strive to

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Eni and the Nairobi Office of the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation Sign a Memorandum to Develop Joint Initiatives in Kenya

(Eni) Eni, through its subsidiary Eni Kenya, and the Nairobi Office of the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (AICS) signed today, at the presence of the Ambassador of Italy to Kenya Alberto Pieri, a Memorandum of Understanding to identify possible collaboration

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AFKLMP Welcomes Airpharm Logistics to Its SAF Programme

(Biofuels International)  Airpharm Logistics SAU is the first Spanish forwarder to join the Air France KLM Martinair Cargo (AFKLMP) Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) programme. SAF is a jet fuel made from renewable sources such as cooking oil and is a

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GreenVoyage2050: States Accelerate Action to Decarbonize Shipping

(International Maritime Shipping)  IMO-Norway project is supporting States to implement energy efficiency measures and explore opportunities for low carbon shipping. Eleven States from across the globe are partnering in the International Maritime Organization (IMO)-Norway GreenVoyage2050 Project, which is supporting the path

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Refugees in Sudan Reap Benefits of Clean Cooking Energy

by Sylvia Nabanoba and Vanessa Zola (UNHCR) A switch to ethanol reduces risky trips in search of firewood, slows reforestation and creates healthier home environments for refugees in White Nile state.  --  The glow from a matchstick lights up Alisa Deng’s

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New Report: 21st Century Agriculture Renaissance: Solutions from the Land

(Solutions from the Land) “There has never been a greater need for an Agricultural Renaissance. The many voices of farmers, echoing across centuries of scarcity and abundance, challenge us to find new ways forward, paths that produce abundance for expanding populations

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Mumias Sugar to Resume Ethanol Production

by Benson Amadala (Nation Media Group) The management of the financially struggling Mumias Sugar Company is planning to restart ethanol production which was disrupted in the last one month due to a shortage of raw material. The miller has started the process

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The Digest’s Biofuels Mandates Around the World 2021

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 65 countries. Get the latest up to the minute new information

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The President of Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta Meets Eni CEO Claudio Descalzi

(ENI)  The President of the Republic of Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta has met today in Nairobi the Chief Executive Officer of Eni Claudio Descalzi to discuss potential green initiatives to be developed in the country, in order to provide local communities with

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ATM-Style Machines Used to Dispense Bioethanol in Kenya

(Biofuels International) Vending machines are being used to dispense liquid bioethanol to customers across Nairobi in Kenya.  Designed and built by KOKO Networks, these machines are being installed inside local shops to provide fuel in small quantities for daily cooking. These

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The Killer Cactus

(KTN News) Laikipia residents decry of Opuntia Cactus that is slowly chocking livelihood. At 20:00  using destructive cactus to make biogas. WATCH VIDEO

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AD and Biogas Industry Awards 2020 Shortlist Revealed

(Bioenergy Insight) ... The awards, run by the Anaerobic Digestion and Bioresources Association (ADBA) and the World Biogas Association (WBA), recognise achievements in biogas innovation, clever use of outputs, international knowledge exchange and collaboration, financing and more. Originally launched by ADBA

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Bestseller Foundation in Collaboration with Intellecap Africa Launches the First of Its Kind Accelerator for Waste Value Enterprises

(Intellecap)  Based on the aspiration to support enterprises and build the waste sector in East Africa, BESTSELLER FOUNDATION in collaboration with Intellecap Africa launched the Waste to Value Challenge in December 2019. The Challenge was launched across four countries; Kenya, Uganda,

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50,000th Nairobi Household Switched on by IoT & KOKO Fuel

by Sid Chudasama (CIO East Africa)  The solution provides a safer, more eco-friendly alternative to domestic cooking, without the need for firewood or charcoal.  -- KOKO fuel from KOKO Networks Limited is one of the only, and most prominent, agrofuel in

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From Americas to EU, Asia, Africa, Who’s Got What?: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Biofuel Mandates Around the World 2020

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Today, biobased mandates around the world. Where are the markets you can count on, how much can you count on? 65 countries in all, We’ll be focusing especially on new information out of Argentina, Brazil,

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ICAO Receives Eight More Applications from Carbon Programmes Seeking Offset Eligibility under CORSIA

(GreenAir Online) ICAO has received eight applications from emissions unit programmes in the second round of assessments by its Technical Advisory Body (TAB), along with material updates to two applications in the first round. The public is invited to comment by

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In Kenya, Herders Turn an Invasive Cactus into Biofuel

by Robert Kibet (Deutsch Welle) The prickly pear cactus has taken over thousands of hectares of grazing land in arid parts of Kenya. Now herders, NGOs and scientists are teaming up to fight back against the prickly menance that's deadly

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Shunned Tree that Has Huge Biofuel Potential

by Tim Wanyonyi (Daily Nation) Croton megalocarpus grows naturally in various ecological zones — from the Coast to the highlands of central Kenya and the drylands of the North Rift. It is called Msenefu in Kiswahili, Mukinduri in Gikuyu and Kelelwet in

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JKUAT Alumni and Innovator Turns Water Hyacinth into Biofuel

by Patrick Amunavi (farmers.co.ke) Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology alumni, and Innovator, Erick Gathirwa Kariuki, has developed a biofuel innovation by harnessing the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) into a bioethanol product that can be used as cooking fuel in households. Erick

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Mumias Sugar Set to Revive Ethanol Factory Friday

by Benson Amadala (Business Daily Africa) The cash-strapped Mumias Sugar Company is expected to resume ethanol production Friday after reconnection of power supply to the factory. Mr Ponangipalli Venkata Ramana Rao, the receiver-manager appointed by Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB) to oversee

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The Digest’s Biofuels Mandates Around the World 2020

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) 64 countries have targets or mandates - but how much where, and when, and what?  Besides the EU, the major blending mandates that will drive global demand are those set in the US, China and Brazil

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International Leaders Tour the State's Ethanol Production Chain

by Noah Fish (Post Bulletin/AgriNews) High-level officials from Middle Eastern and African countries were in Minnesota this week to learn more about the U.S. ethanol production process. The state tour, which kicked off in Eyota at the Kwik Trip fuel blending

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Kenya Farmers Fight Drought with Biofuel from Cotton Waste

(Voice of America/Reuters)   Kenyan farmer Abel Mutie Mathoka thought it must be a joke when he was told he could irrigate his drought-hit crops more cheaply, cleanly and efficiently using a pump fueled by cotton waste. “Who could believe it’s possible

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KOKO Sets up 700 Smart Fuel ATMs across Nairobi

(Business Today)  KOKO Networks has announced the installation of 700 ethanol fuel ATMs across the Nairobi. The company also unveiled its new 2-burner cooker at an event attended by Dr Joseph Njoroge, Principal Secretary in the ministry of Energy. Speaking at the launch,

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Kenya’s Farmers Battle Drought through Biodiesel Made from Cotton Waste

by  Sanjoy Sanyal and Esther Kahinga (World Resources Institute)  ... While irrigation systems could help provide a more stable source of water, they currently cover only six to eight percent of Kenya’s land. Some farmers, though, are gaining access to them through a

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System Is Abetting Ethanol Smuggling in Kenya

by Moses Michira (Standard Digital)  Kenya’s illegal ethanol importation scam is turning to be a deadly business that enjoys protection from the high and mighty, multiple interviews with people involved have revealed. So daring are the players in the scam that even

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KOKO’S Technology Production Facility Inaugurated in Nairobi

(KOKO Networks)  Ahead of the Go-Live of KOKO’s Greater Nairobi Network, the company officially inaugurates 17,500 sq.ft facility that is the beating heart of its Nairobi operations  --  KOKO Networks (“KOKO”) today cut the ribbon on its state-of-the-art technology production facility in

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Ethanol Stoves Maker’s App Ropes in Customers as Marketers

(Business Daily Africa)  Low income households using KOKO Networks’ ethanol stoves can now earn commissions by marketing the cooker through a new app. myKOKO allows users to earn up to Sh250 per sale of the special cookers that currently retail at

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New 'Architecture' Discovered in Corn: Scientists' Findings May Improve Biofuel Production

(Louisiana State University/Science Daily)  New research on the United States' most economically important agricultural plant -- corn -- has revealed a different internal structure of the plant than previously thought, which can help optimize how corn is converted into ethanol.  --  It

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So You Want to Turn Used Cooking Oil into Biodiesel?

by Vivianne Wandera  (Standard Media/Standard Digital)  ... The technical term for this process is transesterification. ... Biodiesel is said to degrade as fast as sugar and is less toxic than table salt. It can be used by itself or blended with petroleum for a

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Biofuels Mandates around the World 2019

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Florida, the Digest today (January 1, 2019) releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 65 countries. The bulk of mandates continue to come

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The Tiny Money App Running ahead of M-Pesa in Ethiopia

(Standard Media)  ... Part of the reforms involve opening up the telecommunications sector to limited private investment through floating shares in the State-owned monopoly Ethio Telecom and granting licences to new service providers. One of these providers slowly building traction in Ethiopia is

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Investors Turn Kenya’s Troublesome Invasive Water Hyacinth into Cheap Fuel

by Benson Rioba (Inter Press Service) Water hyacinth is a weed and if not controlled on Lake Victoria, experts are concerned that the lake’s water levels might drop by 60 percent. -- Currently 30 square kilometres of Lake Victoria, which stretches to

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Kenyan Teacher Uses Water Hyacinths for Biofuel

by Hassan Lali (BBC) A Kenyan teacher Richard Awra uses water hyacinths in a new biofuel to combat both problems of energy poverty and plant over-growth. The Kenya Marine institute estimates has covered about 10,360 hectares of Lake Victoria. Richard hopes to continue

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Agri-Tech Can Turn African Savannah into Global Food Basket – African Development Bank

(African Development Bank Group)  The African Development Bank is championing a new regional and global effort to transform the African Savannah from a “Sleeping Giant” to the cradle of the continent’s green revolution. “This sleeping giant needs to wake up,” the Bank’s

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If Fossil Fuel Is Too Expensive, Go for Biodiesel to Fuel Cars

by Dan Odido (Daily Nation)  Popularising the use of renewable energy has several benefits to the economy. It enhances energy independence; develops non-traditional industries, broadening the manufacturing base; and provides employment. The policy framework is, largely, in place and it

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KOKO Networks Invests in Saarus to Commercially Roll Out Ethanol Cookstoves in India

by Meghan Sapp (Biofuels Digest)  In Kenya, KOKO Networks Ltd. announced a strategic investment in Saarus Innovations Pvt. Ltd., a product design and manufacturing company headquartered in Ahmedabad, India. KOKO and Saarus have collaborated closely in recent years. In particular, Saarus helped design,

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Biogas Projects Popping up Everywhere – Are They the Magical Solution We’ve Been Looking for?

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest)  ... Like a beautiful unicorn flying in the sky, biogas production is taking off in Denmark, accounting for almost 19% of the gas used in Denmark this July – an impressive 50% increase from last year!

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Mechanisms and Indicators for Assessing the Impact of Biofuel Feedstock Production on Ecosystem Services

by Caroline Ochieng, Francis X. Johnson and Anne Nyambane (Stockholm Environment Institute)  This paper synthesizes the current knowledge about the impact of biofuels on ecosystem services.  -- Biofuel feedstock production can be a significant driver of landscape modification, ecosystem change and biodiversity

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Ethanol Fuel to Hit the Market

by Macharia Kamau (Standard Digital)  Oil marketing company Vivo Energy plans to scale up the sale of ethanol fuel for cooking to low-income households. Vivo Energy, which operates Shell-branded petrol stations, hopes to grow revenue in the wake of rising kerosene and

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Vivo Energy Kenya and Koko Networks Form Ethanol Cooking Fuel Partnership

(Koko Networks)  Vivo Energy becomes first multinational fuels company to enter Kenyan market for ethanol cooking fuel, using KOKO technology to enable affordable mass-market access.   Vivo Energy Kenya today announces a partnership with KOKO Networks (“KOKO”) that sees it enter the Kenyan

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New Research Shows the Health Benefits of Ethanol-Fueled Cookstoves

by Jieyi Lu (Environmental and Energy Study Institute)  Today, about three billion people still cook and heat their homes with traditional stoves and solid fuels worldwide. These fuels and stoves are major contributors to household air pollution in the developing world.

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Kenyan Cookstove Company Receives Global Energy Award

(Burn)  Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) announced Kenya-based BURN Manufacturing, makers of the JikokoaTM and KuniokoaTMcookstoves, has been awarded this year’s Bloomberg New Energy Pioneers Award. The annual award recognizes “game-changing companies” in the field of clean energy technology and innovation.  BURN’s Chief

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Commonwealth Countries Get Knocked Down, But Get Up Again

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest)  With 195 countries on the planet today, an impressive 53 countries are Commonwealth countries, including countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific. They include large, rich countries like Canada and Australia all

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Kenya: Mumias Sugar Suspends Cane Crushing

by Benson Amadala (Daily Nation/All Africa)  Mumias Sugar Company has temporarily stopped crushing of cane due to shortage of raw material. However, Chief Executive Officer Nashon Aseka on Monday said only the factory's sugar production line has been affected but other operations

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The Digest’s Top 10 Innovations, 3.28.18 Release

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  According to BIO, the global economic value today of the biobased economy – including industrial biotechnology, renewable chemicals and polymers, biofuels, enzymes and biobased materials – is $355.28 billion. And looking at the new USDA Indicators report

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In Kenya, An Entrepreneur Is Using Biodiesel To Fight Climate Change

by Sanjoy Sanyal (World Resources Institute/Clean Technica/The Beam)  ... Taher Zavery’s company, Kitui Industries, started experimenting with biodiesel in 2008, when oil prices were peaking. This alternative fuel produced from vegetable oil is obtained from crushing cotton seed, and can replace

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Agroforestry Systems May Play Vital Role in Mitigating Climate Change

by Jeff Mulhollem (Penn State News)  Agroforestry could play an important role in mitigating climate change because it sequesters more atmospheric carbon in plant parts and soil than conventional farming, according to Penn State researchers. An agricultural system that combines trees with crops

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Govt Roots for Ethanol Stove in Bid to Reduce Carbon Emissions

by Faith Nyamai  (Daily Nation)  The Ministry of Environment has pledged to support the use of ethanol stoves in both rural and urban areas in what is expected to play a major role in the reduction of carbon emissions in

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Biofuels Mandates Around the World 2018

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 65 countries. The bulk of mandates continue to come from the EU-27,

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Perspectives on Biofuels in Sub-Saharan Africa

by Susan van Dyk, Emile van Zyl, Brett Pletschke (International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 39)  This short contribution provides some perspectives on opportunities for biofuel production on the African continent. Africa has a large land base, with only 27% of its arable

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U.S. Ethanol Makers Call on Mexico, India to Reduce Biofuel Glut

by Michael Hirtzer (Reuters)  U.S. ethanol producers, looking to relieve a growing domestic glut, are hunting for new international fuel markets to replace China and Brazil after trade disputes slashed exports to those top buyers. ... Without new markets, U.S. producers may have

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Ending Food Waste Not Biofuels Should Be Food Security Priority

by Alex Brinkley (National Newswatch)  Groups concerned that using grains to make biofuels threatens food security should be paying more attention to the impact of waste on the food supply, says Andrea Kent, Vice-President of Government and Public Relations at Greenfields

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USGC Sets Sights on Kenya for Potential Ethanol Market

by Lisa Gibson (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The U.S. Grains Council is working to develop ethanol markets in east Africa, which are accessible through the Persian Gulf. Brian Healy, USGC’s vice president of ethanol market development, traveled to Kenya recently to speak

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Edmonton Biofuel Businessman Fined for Breaching Securities Laws

by Jonny Wakefield (Edmonton Journal)  An Edmonton businessman has settled with the province’s securities regulator after admitting to misleading investors.  On Thursday, the Alberta Securities Commission announced it concluded a settlement agreement with David Gregor McClure after he admitted to

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Senior Politicians under Probe for Illegal Ethanol Imports - Nkaissery

by Kurgat Marindany (The Star, Kenya)  Several senior politicians are being investigated for the illegal importation of ethanol, Interior CS Joseph Nkaissery has said. Nkaissery said on Saturday that security agencies have profiled several senior politicians alleged to be key players in

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Burn Better, Cook Faster, Save $$: The Quest for an Efficient African Cookstove

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ... In Africa, the overwhelming use is cookstoves, and for a generation now, companies and organizations have been handing out LPG or ethanol cookstoves trying to move Africa to a new energy source for cooking. There’s

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African Climate Technology Center (ACTC) Selects Nine Institutions to Develop Climate Mitigation and Adaptation Research Projects Across the Continent

(AllAfrica)  The African Climate Technology Center (ACTC) has the mission of supporting Sub-Saharan countries in scaling-up the adoption of clean technologies for adaptation and mitigation, through activities that include knowledge creation and dissemination, support to policies and enabling environment and

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Penn State Forest Economist Helping to Propel African Croton Biofuel Effort

by Jeff Mulhollem  (Penn State News)  Africa and agroforestry — defined as agriculture that incorporates the cultivation and conservation of trees — are in Penn State professor Michael Jacobson's blood, and the combination has helped shape his career. In turn, the

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Work Underway on Kenyan Biogas and Drinking Water Plant

(Bioenergy Insight)  Waste recycling company Asticom K reports that construction is underway on a biogas plant in Kenya on a five acre plot of land donated by a local housing co-operative. The plant is being built with $12.7 million (€11.9m) funding

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New Research: Forcing Local Peoples off Their Lands Drives Almost Two-Thirds of Conflicts Between Companies and Local Communities in Africa

(RightsAndResources.org)  Experts at Dakar event point to a significant cause of investment losses, work stoppages and violence across Africa: the failure of governments and companies to respect the land rights of indigenous and local communities Sixty-three percent of disputes related to

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Croton Nuts: Africa's New Biofuel that Literally Grows on Trees

by Kieron Monks (CNN)  Croton nut may be ideal fuel with high oil and protein concentration; Leading producers are expanding rapidly; Analysts say croton avoid ethical issues of other biofuels  --  The Croton megalocarpus tree is common throughout much of East and Central

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Mumias Sugar Steps up Regional Molasses Imports on Biting Cane Shortage

by Gerald Andae (Business Daily Africa)  Mumias has been importing molasses — the raw material used in ethanol production — from Uganda for over eight months now but, has now extended this to Tanzania. The loss-making sugar miller operates an ethanol

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Suds-Be-Gone: Novozymes Launches World-First Biological Foam Control for Sugarcane Ethanol

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Denmark, Novozymes launched Fermax, an enzyme protease that prevents foam development during the sugarcane ethanol fermentation process, while delivering improved control and replacing chemicals. In trials, partners also experienced a cost reduction of up

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East Africa: Lack of Common Policy Delays Use of Clean Fuel in East Africa

by Kennedy Senelwa  (AllAfrica)  Lack of common standards for blending ethanol with petrol is limiting East Africa's ability to use biofuels in reducing the carbon emissions from fossil fuels in the transport sector. The growing demand for petroleum products among the

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Mwatate Police Impound 180 Drums of Illegal Ethanol

by Renson Mnyamwezi  (Standard Digital)  Police in Mwatate have seized 45,000 litres of ethanol alleged to be imported from Tanzania. Acting on a tip, police at Mwatate Divisional Police Headquarters along the Taveta-Mwatate road flagged down two trucks and found 180

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EACC Detectives Unearth Fraud at Raila's Company

by Samuel Messo (Tuko)  Detectives have exposed details of an undercover operation that discovered fishy ethanol dealings associated with a company owned by Raila Odinga's company;  The EACC detectives followed vehicles that had left the company in Kisumu to a warehouse in

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Baseline Report of Clean Cooking Fuels in the East African Community

(Project Gaia)  Ethanol fuel production represents a significant opportunity for economic and social development in the East African Community (EAC) region. Ethanol can be produced locally using a variety of feedstocks that can be selected based on unique local conditions. Farmers can grow

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At the Eye of the Storm: Women and Climate Change

by Sharon Ji (Advanced Biofuels USA)  The UN Foundation, PCI, USAID and Tetra Tech sponsored a afternoon of stories and solutions from the sponsors' Women and Climate Change project which took place on June 23 in Washington, DC as part

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Study Helps Map Path to Improved Cassava Production

by  Robert Sanders (UC Berkeley/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  A new analysis of the genetic diversity of cassava will help improve strategies for breeding disease resistance and climate tolerance into the root crop, a staple and major source of calories for a

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EEP Southern and East Africa Issues Call for Project Proposals DEADLINE: April 25, 2016

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In South Africa, the Energy and Environment Partnership Programme with Southern and East Africa (EEP S&EA) is seeking high-quality applications for projects in the two regions that can contribute to the reduction of poverty by promoting

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Women Are Central to Africa's Energy Transformation

by Fiona Lambe and Marion Davis (Stockholm Environment Institute/Reuters)  ... The reality, of course, is that electricity will not reach all households in the immediate future – not to mention, power is so unreliable in much of sub-Saharan Africa, and so expensive,

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Bringing Clean, Safe, Affordable Cooking Energy to Kenyan Households: An Agenda for Action

(Stockholm Environment Institute)  This briefing note synthesizes the latest evidence on the impacts of traditional biomass cooking and discusses options for addressing these challenges, with recommendations for policy-makers in Kenya and across sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, 76% of the population relies

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Power to the Poop: One Colorado City Is Using Human Waste to Run Its Vehicles

Melanie Sevcenko  (The Guardian)  Renewable natural gas is a growing industry for fuel, electricity and heat, but advocates says it’s a largely untapped market in the US  --  No matter how you spin it, the business of raw sewage isn’t

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Sh288 Million Ethanol, Sh56 Million Contraband Sugar Seized in Mombasa

by Nancy Agutu and Elkana Jacob (The Star) Ethanol worth Sh288 million and contraband sugar valued at Sh56 million were seized in Mombasa between October and December 2015, the EACC has said. The ethanol in 64 containers had been imported by unlicensed

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Biofuels Mandates Around the World: 2016

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Who mandates what in biofuels? 64 countries have targets or mandates — but how much where, and when, and what? In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world,

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Hyacinths and Sawdust Used to Combat Africa’s Cooking Pollution

by Anna Hirtenstein (Bloomberg/The Washington Post)  A brew made from sawdust and water hyacinth flowers may help reduce the millions of lives lost across the developing world from the fumes of ramshackle cooking equipment. Those are the ingredients being used by Green

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Technology No Silver Bullet for Africa’s Farming Challenges, Says Entrepreneur

by Dinfin Mulupi (How We Made It in Africa)  Africa is seeing a surge in mobile phone-based solutions promising to revolutionise the agricultural industry. Technology entrepreneurs have developed mobile platforms offering a variety of solutions, including online livestock and produce

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THE CASE FOR BIOFUEL: The Magic Bullet for Energy Security and Rural Development in Africa

by Olatomiwa Bifarin* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  Around 770,000 BC, it was fire, at some point – wood, dung and coal, to the now-ominous fossil fuels. This is the evolution of energy, and today the evolution must be accelerated to save

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Leaked Tape Recordings Unearth the Depth of the New Scandal at Mumias Sugar Company

by Paul Wafula (Standard Digital News)  A sting operation conducted at Mumias Sugar Company premises has uncovered an elaborate network through which some of the firm’s employees have been colluding with rogue Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) officials to defraud the

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Stoves that Save: Poet Partners to Fight Pollution and Deforestation in Haiti with Ethanol Cookstoves

by Janna Farley (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Deforestation and pollution have distressed the country’s environment and beauty. The chronic effects of disease, economic instability and social unrest, coupled with the infrastructure devastation from the 2010 earthquake, have positioned Haiti among the

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Pew Report Tracks Bioenergy Investments in Emerging Markets

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine)  The Pew Charitable Trusts has released a report, titled “Power Shifts: Emerging Clean Energy Markets,” that shows clean energy investment in developing countries has grown in real and relative terms. The report addresses a wide variety

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How I Got Converted to G.M.O. Food

by Mark Lynas (The New York Times)    ... As we squatted in the muddy field, examining the lush green foliage and shiny purple fruits, he explained how, for the first time this season, he had been able to stop using pesticides. This

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Mumias Sugar to Take on Spectre in Ethanol Plant Strategy

(The Star) Mumias Sugar will start buying bagasse and molasses from rivals to feed its ethanol production plant, it said after reporting massive losses for the first half ended December 31.  Ethanol revenues decreased by 23 per cent in the six

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Alliance Congratulates Winners of Pilot Innovation Fund

(Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves)  This year marks the third round of the Pilot Innovation Fund (PIF), which provides funding and capacity building to organizations and entrepreneurs to develop and test game-changing ideas for the clean cooking sector, either through

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Biofuels Mandates Around the World: 2015

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Who mandates what in biofuels? 64 countries have targets or mandates — but how much where, and when, and what?  In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around

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Smokeless Biofuel Saves Lives in Africa

by Julie Fahnestock (Just Means)  ... In fact, traditional cooking methods—open fires of wood and chemically based charcoals—have been deemed “the silent killer.” According to the World Health Organization, more people in the developing world die each year from illness

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Biofuels Help Boost Sustainable Transport and Support Rural Development in Africa: GRFA

(Renewable Fuels Association)  Today, as the first African Sustainable Transport Forum gets under way in Nairobi, Kenya, the Global Renewable Fuels Alliance (GRFA) called on forum attendees to adopt biofuels friendly policies and regulations that would kick-start the increased use

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Is the Next “Green Revolution” Right Around the Corner?

by Caitlin Kennedy (Biotech NOW)  National Geographic’s October issue contains an in-depth article, “The Next Green Revolution” on how plant biotechnology will be one part of a multifaceted solution to feeding a rapidly growing population in the face of climate change. Climate change and population

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Don't Count It Out: Biofuels Industry Holds Much Promise

by Shankar Rampalli (Mordor Intelligence/Renewable Energy World)   The verdict on biofuels is in, and the catchphrase seems to be over-promised and under-delivered. Biofuels have been in public use in some form or the other for a long time (remember the

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Biofuels Mandates Around the World: 2014

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 62 countries. The bulk of mandates continue to come from the

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Project on Bioenergy in Africa Successfully Completed

(Netzwerk Biotriebstoffe)  The ERA-ARD project “Bioenergy in Africa: Opportunities and Risks of Jatropha and Related Crops” was officially closed at the end of March 2013. Within this project the coordinator published 5 Policy Briefs with the results of the project

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policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) 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(synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Native American/American Indian/First Nation Tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gas prices natural gas vehicles natural gasoline Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions NEN 7427-1 neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical photolysis photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot pilot scale pine pine beetle pine needles pine nut pineapple Pineapple leaf pinion Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin (PHMSA) pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet platinum Plug-in Flex Fuel Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poand podcasts Poland poli Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyethylene polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter/waste power power-to-x/gas/liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD20 RD3 RD30 RD40 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) Regulated Emissions regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit renewable diesel pipelines Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/HVO/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED/RED II/RED III) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) price Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) renewable volume obligation (RVO) REnova RenovaBio replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program Republic of Congo repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion resurrection grass retail retrofit return on investment Reverse Water-gas Shift RFI (Request for Information) RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island rhododendron Ricardo rice rice bran rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice price rice straw/paddy straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shellfish shipping shipping containers shipworm siam weed Sierra Leone silage silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore Singpore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration Small Business Innovatin Research (SBIR) small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap soapstock Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solar fuel solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solaris Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Southeast Asia Southern Africa Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soy meal soybean hulls soybean prices soybeans Spain spartina specifications Spekboom Spent Bleaching Earth Oil (SBEO) sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam methane reformation steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar Sugar Beets/Energy Beets Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugar standards sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel sugarcane sugarcane prices sugarcane straw sugars sugars-to-fats sulfur Sumatra sunflower sunflower stalks supercritical fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Surface Transportation Board Suriname Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum sweetgum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland sycamore syngas (synthesis gas) syngas/gas fermentation SYNHH synthesised aromatic kerosene (SAK) synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic kerosene synthetic liquified gas (SLG) synthetic methane/e-methane synthetic natural gas Syria Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall fescue tall oil tallow tallow tree tamanu/nyamplung Tamarix tank cars tank-to-wheel tanker trucks tankers Tanzania tar sands tariffs taro Tasmania tax benefit tax credits tax incentives tax parity tax policy taxes tea teach teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training tech transfer technical course Technical Readiness Levels techno-economic analysis technology transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics Thermal catalytic depolymerization (TCD) thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion thermochemical liquefaction Tibet 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