Additional Selections for Funding Opportunity Announcement 2400: Clean Hydrogen Production, Storage, Transport and Utilization to Enable a Net-Zero Carbon Economy (Round 3)

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August 28, 2023
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(U.S. Department of Energy)  AREA OF INTEREST 4 — ADVANCED AIR SEPARATION FOR LOW-COST H2 PRODUCTION VIA MODULAR GASIFICATION

An Advanced Modular Redox Air Separation System for Cost-Effective, Net-Zero Hydrogen Production — North Carolina State University (Raleigh, North Carolina) intends to develop a redox-based, radically engineered modular air separation unit (REM-ASU) with significant reductions in capital cost and energy consumption for oxygen generation when compared to state-of-the-art air separation technologies. The team proposes to: (1) develop advanced steam-resistant oxygen sorbents with greater than 2 wt.% oxygen capacity and high activity for efficient oxygen generation without a vacuum desorption step; (2) demonstrate the REM-ASU system in a 20 kilogram per day testbed to validate the sorbent robustness and process performance; and (3) design the REM-ASU for integration with a 5-10 megawatt  modular biomass gasifier with greater than 35% energy and cost reduction for greater than 98% oxygen generation compared to conventional ASUs.

DOE Funding: $1,249,960
Non-DOE Funding: $313,051
Total Value: $1,563,011
 

Optimization and Scale-up of Molecular-Sieve Membranes with Record Air Separation Performance — Osmoses Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts) plans to develop a novel membrane system from Osmoses’ proprietary polymer composition that can produce enriched oxygen from air for integration into modular gasification systems for low-cost hydrogen production. In addition to helping the nation meet ambitious carbon-neutral goals, the development and implementation of the proposed technology can help reduce the cost of and emissions from hydrogen production to mitigate the effects of climate change while creating new jobs and revitalizing our economy. By addressing a global challenge that disproportionately affects disadvantaged communities, the proposed project could have a positive impact on these communities.

DOE Funding: $1,249,997
Non-DOE Funding: $312,516
Total Value: $1,562,513
 

Oxygen Integrated Unit for Modular Biomass Conversion to Hydrogen— Palo Alto Research Center Inc. (Palo Alto, California), in collaboration with SIMACRO and PCI Gases, intends to develop a fast and high-capacity reversible oxygen sorbent that enables an Oxygen Integrated Unit for Modular Biomass Conversion to Hydrogen. If successful, this project will demonstrate the potential for a small-scale, modular ASU to produce clean, carbon-free energy from local biomass, providing communities with an alternative to trucks or pipelines transferring hydrogen. This success would also provide a route to fuel diversification and energy resiliency and bring the clean energy economy and jobs to rural and historically disadvantaged communities.

DOE Funding: $1,249,999
Non-DOE Funding: $312,500
Total Value: $1,562,499
 

Electrochemically Mediated Air Separation Modules — Raytheon Technologies Research Center (East Hartford, Connecticut), in collaboration with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of California Irvine, and the University of California Davis, plans to research, develop, and demonstrate a cost-effective, energy-efficient, clean, and scalable process for separating oxygen from air that relies on soluble redox species to capture oxygen and release it into a greater than 99% pure oxygen stream. The project will define key performance metrics for candidate electrochemically activated oxygen capture molecules, computationally assess approximately 106 transition metals complexes against these metrics, provide fundamental experimental data on a subset of materials, generate proof-of-concept subscale reactor data on at least one material set, provide design concepts appropriate for scale-up, and perform techno-economic analyses to assess the status and potential of this technology compared to conventional approaches to air separation.

DOE Funding: $1,249,958
Non-DOE Funding: $312,490
Total Value: $1,562,448
 

Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes with Hierarchical Chemistries and Structures for O2/N2 Separation — State University of New York on behalf of University at Buffalo (Amherst, New York) intends to develop carbon molecular sieve hollow fiber composite membranes with hierarchical chemistries and structures for oxygen production from the air, enabling low-cost modular hydrogen production from biomasses or wastes. The team intends to address the requirement of advancing modular air separation to support modular gasification-based hydrogen production. If successfully developed, the technology would produce oxygen at a lower cost than cryogenic-based air separation at small scales and benefit small modular energy systems. This would also drive a reduction in carbon dioxide  emissions and spur economic growth and domestic job creation.

DOE Funding: $1,250,000
Non-DOE Funding: $500,000
Total Value: $1,750,000
 

High Purity Oxygen Generation through Modular Structured RPSA — Susteon Inc. (Cary, North Carolina) plans to develop a process that produces high-purity oxygen from air at significantly lower cost than state-of-the-art commercial technologies. The proposed process technology can produce oxygen with purity greater than 95% and power consumption less than 230 kilowatt hours per ton of oxygen — using only 11.5 megawatt hours to form 50 metric tons of oxygen. The team plans to demonstrate continuous oxygen production at 10 kg per day; scale up fiber adsorbent materials for rapid pressure swing adsorption module fabrication; complete more than 100 hours of process cyclic testing, including mild pressured-adsorption followed by light vacuum-regeneration, to prove multicycle stability with low energy requirement. Additionally, the awardee intends to perform a high-fidelity techno-economic analysis and life-cycle analysis to develop a technology commercialization plan, which would involve obtaining an accurate price estimate for the high-purity oxygen for related biomass gasification.

DOE Funding: $1,250,000
Non-DOE Funding: $312,500
Total Value: $1,562,500
 

Advanced Air Separation Unit (ASU) for Low-Cost H2 Production Via Modular Gasification — TDA Research Inc. (Wheat Ridge, Colorado) intends to develop a modular, sorbent-based air separation unit (ASU) for oxygen production to support low-cost hydrogen production from gasification of biomass and/or wastes. The team intends to demonstrate high-purity (greater than 98% by volume, preferably above 99.5% by volume) oxygen generation from ambient air using a process that is more compact, more affordable, and more efficient than comparable cryogenic-based ASUs. The new oxygen production system will be sized to support 5-50 megawatt gasification systems (30-300 tonne per day of oxygen flow) for zero-carbon hydrogen production — a scale where the modular sorbent-based system provides significant capital and operating cost reductions compared with commercial/conventional cryogenic distillation-based oxygen generation technologies.

DOE Funding: $1,250,000
Non-DOE Funding: $312,500
Total Value: $1,562,500

 

AREA OF INTEREST 14a — METHANE PYROLYSIS/DECOMPOSITION, IN SITU CONVERSION, OR CYCLICAL CHEMICAL LOOPING REFORMING

Bench-Scale Testing and Development of Fixed Bed Chemical Looping Reactor for Hydrogen Generation from Natural Gas with CO2 Capture — The Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio), teaming with Babcock and Wilcox, plans to develop a fixed bed chemical looping process to produce hydrogen from natural gas with in-situ carbon dioxide capture using an iron-based mixed metal oxide composite (MMOC) with the overall goal to validate and scale up the MMOC-based fixed bed technology for hydrogen production and analyze its techno-economic impact. The fixed bed chemical looping system has been designed to operate in three reaction modes that can occur simultaneously for continuous hydrogen production: natural gas utilization through the reduction of MMOC, steam oxidation and air regeneration.

DOE Funding: $1,499,238
Non-DOE Funding: $375,000
Total Value: $1,874,238
 

Lower-Cost, CO2-Free H2 Production via CH4 Pyrolysis in Molten Tin — Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Massachusetts) researchers intend to employ a novel methane pyrolysis approach to produce low-cost hydrogen that does not producecarbon dioxide as a byproduct. The approach leverages a key technological innovation: the ability to pump and contain liquid metals such as liquid tin at temperatures greater than 1400 °C. Since tin is inert with respect to both carbon and hydrogen, it can be used as a heat transfer fluid in a high-temperature bubble column reactor that does not need a catalyst, since it can operate at high enough temperatures to ensure complete conversion (i.e., approximately 1400 °C). The liquid tin can be used to facilitate continuous removal of the solid carbon byproduct and can be used to facilitate an innovative heat recovery technique that renders the entire process energy efficient.

DOE Funding: $1,500,000
Non-DOE Funding: $375,048
Total Value: $1,875,048
 

Thermo-Catalytic Co-Production of Hydrogen and High-Value Carbon Products from Natural Gas Using Structured Materials — Susteon Inc. (Carey, North Carolina), in collaboration with Stanford University and Rice University, intends to develop and demonstrate a novel thermocatalytic methane pyrolysis process that utilizes a structured catalyst to produce high-value carbon and hydrogen. The structured catalyst consists of a supported active metal and provides the ability to utilize low-carbon renewable electricity to supply the endothermic heat required for methane pyrolysis. Extensive experimental work has been performed to identify a catalyst composition and process design capable of achieving greater than 90% single pass conversion of methane into hydrogen at temperatures below 850 °C, which significantly lowers the downstream purification costs. The process simultaneously produces high-quality carbon, primarily carbon nanotubes, which sequesters the carbon as a solid, avoids gaseous emissions, and creates a high-value, salable product. The process enables efficient separation of solid carbon particles, which is a key challenge of methane pyrolysis, and can help significantly offset the cost of hydrogen production.

DOE Funding: $1,500,000
Non-DOE Funding: $375,000
Total Value: $1,875,000
 

Direct Solar Self-Catalyzing Pyrolysis of Natural Gas to Hydrogen and High-Quality Graphite — University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (Los Angeles, California), in collaboration with the Southwest Solar Technology LLC and SolGrapH Inc., plans to advance a novel technology discovered by UCLA researchers that uses concentrated solar energy to convert methane into green hydrogen and a high-value form of solid carbon. In lieu of ventingcarbon dioxide to the atmosphere, the process transforms natural gas-derived carbon into stable graphitic carbon that can be used to produce batteries or other high-value end products. This first-of-its-kind process releases zero direct carbon dioxide emissions by capturing the carbon that is typically released and sequester it into a valuable commodity for use in the renewable energy ecosystem. The team will conduct a series of scale-up experiments to achieve high yields of hydrogen and graphitic carbon in a representative solar environment with 40–50 kilowatt insolation to produce greater than 5 kilograms of hydrogen per day. UCLA’s team will quantify the benefits and outcomes of these efforts through a combination of detailed instrumentation and internal as well as third-party verification.

DOE Funding: $1,461,772
Non-DOE Funding: $377,848
Total Value: $1,839,620

 

AREA OF INTEREST 14b — HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM PRODUCED WATER

HALO: Hydrogen-Recovery Using an AI-Arc-Plasma Learning Operational System for Produced Water — Oceanit Laboratories, Inc. (Honolulu, Hawaii) plans to develop a modular, mobile hydrogen production system that uses plasma technology to provide the operational flexibility needed to dissociate toxic produced water into valuable end products. The HALO (Hydrogen-recovery using AI-arc-plasma Learning Operational) system provides a modular and scalable solution to achieve the simultaneous goals of fuel recovery and disposal of toxic wastewater from oil and natural gas production. Oceanit will also apply advanced artificial intelligence to optimize the hydrogen production process to increase efficiency and reduce operating costs by utilizing toxic wastewater as fuel to power HALO. For this project, a pilot-scale HALO system will be designed, fabricated, and integrated into an active wastewater treatment facility unit to measure its performance and identify other valuable end products.

DOE Funding: $5,000,000
Non-DOE Funding: $5,000,000
Total Value: $10,000,000
 

Integration of Produced Water Thermal Desalination and Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) for Efficient Hydrogen Production — University of Wyoming (Laramie, Wyoming), with partners Los Alamos National Laboratory and Engineering, Procurement & Construction LLC, plan to demonstrate hydrogen production using water produced during oil and gas extraction by integrating supercritical water desalination and oxidation (SCWDO) with steam methane reforming (SMR). SCWDO uses heat to remove salts, metals and organic molecules from water and SMR then combines this pure water with methane to produce hydrogen. The team has previously shown that the heat intensive SCWDO process can be coupled to the front of an SMR process. Both SCWDO and SMR are hot processes, and the project will show how they can be integrated at large scale to conserve heat energy, enabling field demonstration of a 15% cost reduction over existing SMR technologies at approximately one ton of hydrogen per day.

DOE Funding: $4,997,749
Non-DOE Funding: $4,999,387
Total Value: $9,997,136

 

AREA OF INTEREST 15 — TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENABLING THE SAFE AND EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION OF HYDROGEN WITHIN THE U.S. NATURAL GAS PIPELINE SYSTEM

Assessment of Toughness in H-Containing Blended Gas Environments in High Strength Pipeline Steels — Colorado School of Mines (Golden, Colorado) intends to determine the influence of microstructure on steel lined pipe mechanical property qualification metrics for blended gas environments containing hydrogen. The investigation will be performed on steels with a range of strength levels (e.g., X52 to X80 steels) to inform potential modification of these standards to incorporate use of higher strength grades at higher hydrogen pressures. If successful, this modification would enable significant cost savings and increase hydrogen carrying capacity while maintaining reliability. The project could also produce a ranked list of critical alloy and microstructure features that correlate to enhanced hydrogen embrittlement resistance in pipeline steels at strength levels up to those comparable to an X80 pipeline steel.

DOE Funding: $1,500,000
Non-DOE Funding: $375,000
Total Value: $1,875,000
 

Technologies for Enabling the Safe and Efficient Transportation of Hydrogen within the U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline System — Southwest Research Institute (San Antonio, Texas), the 20 natural gas pipeline operating companies, and 50 engineering and equipment manufacturing companies that are members of the Gas Machinery Research Council (GMRC) plan to develop and demonstrate a full-scale compression system blending hydrogen and natural gas through modification and operation of an existing reciprocating compressor piping loop. This effort aims to advance multiple technologies enabling near-term, safe transportation of hydrogen within the U.S. natural gas pipeline system by adapting and operating the closed-loop compression facility with hydrogen-natural gas blends up to 20% hydrogen by volume. If successful, this project will enable safe and efficient compression of hydrogen-natural gas blends by de-risking the application and adaptation of these components for hydrogen blending through detailed evaluation, modification, commissioning, and operation at full-scale conditions, including the design, construction, and integration of a blending skid and testing of a hydrogen separation system for high value end uses.

DOE Funding: $1,500,000
Non-DOE Funding: $375,000
Total Value: $1,875,000

 

AREA OF INTEREST 16 — FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH TO ENABLE HIGH VOLUME, LONG-TERM SUBSURFACE HYDROGEN STORAGE

Developing & Investigating Subsurface Storage Potential and Technical Challenges for Hydrogen  — Institute of Gas Technology dba GTI Energy (Des Plaines, Illinois) intends to determine the feasibility of using Oklahoma’s vast depleted oil and gas reservoirs to enable the transition to a carbon free energy infrastructure. A successful outcome of the project would provide: an affirmation of underground hydrogen storage feasibility in the depleted oil and gas reservoirs and potentially feasible volumes, timelines, and operational pathways; clarification of projects risks, mitigation/monitoring planning, hydrogen source and transport planning; analysis of contractual and regulatory requirements, technical and economic feasibility assessment, and field deployment planning; and an evaluation of commercial-scale storage feasibility in a geographic region and a geologic setting not previously achieved.

DOE Funding: $1,400,000
Non-DOE Funding: $350,000
Total Value: $1,750,000
 

Williston Basin Resource Study for Commercial-Scale Subsurface Hydrogen Storage — University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (Grand Forks, North Dakota) plans to support the future commercialization of hydrogen generation, storage, and use by assessing the potential for high-volume, secure subsurface hydrogen storage with high recovery from geologic complexes of the North Dakota portion of the Williston Basin. The team plans to assess saline, depleted oil and gas, and salt formations for hydrogen storage suitability; characterize and assess the effects of long-term hydrogen storage use and exposure on formation fluids, storage and confining unit rocks, and wellbore materials; and conduct a basin-wide estimate of geologic hydrogen storage potential, including factors that will inform storage and recovery performance. This project will build upon proof-of-concept validation regarding fundamental research to determine the hydrogen storage resource potential of the Williston Basin’s geologic formations and progress through the proposed assessment to support potential field-scale development in subsequent research phases.

DOE Funding: $1,500,000
Non-DOE Funding: $375,000
Total Value: $1,875,000
 

Hydrogen Storage in Salt Caverns in the Permian Basin: Seal Integrity Evaluation and Field Test — University of Texas at Austin (Austin, Texas) intends to determine the hydrogen sealing capacity of storage caverns in bedded salt within the Salado Formation in the Permian Basin, a major energy hub in the United States. The research project will investigate the physical properties of salt rocks in the presence of hydrogen, effects of long-term hydrogen exposure on rocks and cement, and the impact of coupled geochemically and microbially induced processes that might alter initial properties. The research approach combines advanced experimental techniques and numerical simulation for multiphase fluid flow and geomechanics from the pore to the core scale, geophysical methods for vertical heterogeneity characterization at the meso-scale, and validation through a full-scale test with a hydrogen injection borehole and monitoring wells in DOE’s Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico.

DOE Funding: $1,483,488
Non-DOE Funding: $370,873
Total Value: $1,854,361
 

Assessment of Subsurface Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Gas Fields of Appalachia — Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, Virginia) plans to establish the subsurface hydrogen storage potential in the depleted gas fields of Appalachia, which include Berea, Big Lime, and fractured Marcellus. Subsurface hydrogen storage in depleted gas fields will provide large volumetric storage capacities for hydrogen, without the need for massive surface storage infrastructures. Such operations will allow clean energy to be made available, especially during periods of low-supply and high-demand. Developing this technology could increase energy democracy, provide access to low-cost capital, increase clean energy jobs, and decrease energy burden, especially in the disadvantaged Appalachian communities.

DOE Funding: $1,499,999
Non-DOE Funding: $375,000
Total Value: $1,874,999

READ MORE

 

Excerpt from National Renewable Energy Laboratory:  

An infographic showing Earth's hydrogen factories.

NREL is working with partners to explore the potential of geologic hydrogen. Graphic from Science

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) was recently selected as one of 16 teams to research enhanced production of geologic hydrogen by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) program.

Led by Texas Tech University with partners from NREL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Rio Tinto, and Lavoisier H2 Geoconsult, this project aims to stimulate hydrogen production from iron-rich mafic and ultramafic rocks via chemical, mechanical, and biological processes.

Changing the Game With Geologic Hydrogen

Geologic hydrogen is currently a poorly understood but potentially groundbreaking energy resource involving certain types of rocks and subsurface environments that produce natural hydrogen. ARPA-E is leading first-of-its-kind federal funding efforts to evaluate ways to stimulate hydrogen production (enhance or increase the natural rates) from geologic resources. Clean hydrogen, including naturally occurring subsurface hydrogen, can sustainably reduce harmful emissions from some of the most energy-intensive sectors of the economy, such as chemical and industrial processes and heavy-duty transportation.

The project will produce valuable scientific research to understand the opportunities this resource presents via a first-of-its-kind research grant on geologic hydrogen stimulation technologies.

"Natural hydrogen production is important because current methods for producing hydrogen are energy intensive, with hydrogen needing to be derived from other sources, like water or methane," said Dayo Akindipe, an NREL research scientist in the Center for Energy Conversion and Storage Systems. "This new process intends to accelerate the production of natural hydrogen by applying multiple stimulation methods to produce hydrogen that can be used for transportation, chemical and industrial processes, and other applications. This research will allow NREL to enable another clean hydrogen pathway."

Led by Akindipe, NREL will support this new project by implementing a microcosm experiment to characterize the rock, water, and hydrogen system. NREL researchers Katherine Chou and Jianping Yu will look at ways to inhibit the microbial uptake of the produced hydrogen and see how biocatalysts can help to increase the rate of hydrogen production. NREL's team will also assist in developing tech-to-market efforts once they have established the viability of the geologic hydrogen system.

Transforming Energy

Akindipe, who has a background in chemical and petroleum engineering, began his career working in the oil and gas industry before coming to NREL. For him, this project merges both his experience and his passion for sustainable energy.

"This ties into my own personal energy transition," he said. "I became even more active in the space of geologic hydrogen because I saw it was a niche area—not just at NREL, but for the entire country. It's an area that the U.S. can tap into that will positively transform the energy space and society."

The funding is part of ARPA-E's Exploratory Topics related to geologic hydrogen, which aim to explore early-stage research and development to advance low-cost, low-emissions hydrogen. This is the first time that the U.S. government has competitively selected teams to research this kind of technology. This energy resource would potentially produce no carbon emissions when burned or used in a fuel cell and will support efforts to reduce costs and enable commercial-scale deployment of clean hydrogen.

The teams selected will explore early-stage research and development to advance low-cost, low-emissions hydrogen, which will help create good-paying jobs and new economic opportunities in communities across the nation while also helping meet climate and decarbonization goals.

"This project is going to tell us a couple of things," Akindipe said. "Firstly, is geologic hydrogen production possible at scale? Secondly, will it be feasible economically and in terms of life cycle emissions? These are the questions this project will answer."

For NREL, this project establishes a first-of-its-kind research in geologic hydrogen—adding a new path toward clean and low-cost hydrogen.

Learn more about NREL geothermal and hydrogen research, as well as the ARPA-E program.

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cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Heat Standards Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts 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Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis 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RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae 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