US Funding Bill Includes Plan to Allow Year-Round E15 Gasoline Sales

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December 18, 2024
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Stephanie Kelly and Jarrett Renshaw (Reuters)  A U.S. government funding bill released on Tuesday included a plan that would allow year-round sales of gasoline with a higher ethanol blend, a major win for the corn and ethanol lobbies.

The inclusion would mark a hard-fought victory for the ethanol industry, which has wanted year-round E15 sales as a way to boost demand for its products.

Reuters reported earlier on Tuesday that the plan was expected to make it into the bill.

The plan would also provide credits to some refiners that prove compliance with the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), which mandates that refiners blend billions of gallons of biofuels into the nation's fuel mix or buy credits from those that do, the sources said.

Those credits would be given to small refiners who had petitioned the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which administers the RFS, for an exemption from the mandates during compliance years 2016-2018 but either had been denied or had an outstanding petition as of Dec. 1, 2022, one of the sources said.

The language in the provision follows a bill sponsored by U.S. Senator Deb Fischer from Nebraska, the third biggest corn-producing state.

"My bill puts an end to years of patchwork regulations and uncertainty - year-round, nationwide E15 will now be a reality," Fischer said in a statement after the funding bill text was released.

The biofuels industry welcomed the provision.

"We are very pleased to see that the long-awaited fix allowing year-round E15 is included in this package," said Geoff Cooper, president of the Renewable Fuels Association. "We remain hopeful that the continuing resolution will move swiftly through Congress and to the President’s desk for signature."

The plan also includes language that the EPA and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission would review all applicable fuel blending credits, known as RINs, and submit to Congress a report to reduce manipulation of the renewable fuel market.

Currently, sales of E15 are effectively blocked from June to September. Adding ethanol to gasoline is known to increase smog pollution in hot weather, but research has shown little difference between E15 and the more-widely available E10 blends. READ MORE

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Excerpt from Argus Media: The 1,547-page bill, which is set for a vote in the coming days, is needed to avoid a government shutdown that would otherwise begin on Saturday. The bill would fund the government through 14 March and extend key expiring programs, such as agricultural support from the farm bill. It would also provide billions of dollars in disaster relief and pay the full cost of rebuilding the Francis Scott Key bridge in Maryland, which collapsed earlier this year after being hit by a containership.

The inclusion of the E15 language, based on a bill by US senator Deb Fischer (R-Nebraska), marks a major win for ethanol producers and farm state lawmakers who have spent years lobbying to permanently allow year-round E15 sales. The bill would also provide short-term relief to some small refiners under the Renewable Fuel Standard that retired renewable identification numbers (RINs) in 2016-18 in cases when their requests for "hardship" waivers remained pending for years. The bill would return some of those RINs to the small refiners and make them eligible for compliance in future years.

E15 was historically unavailable year-round because of language in the Clean Air Act that imposes more stringent fuel volatility requirements during summer months. In president-elect Donald Trump's first term, regulators began to allow year-round E15 sales by extending a waiver available for 10pc ethanol gasoline (E10), but a federal court in 2021 struck that down. Federal regulators have issued emergency waivers retaining year-round E15 sales over the last three summers.

Enacting the stopgap funding bill would also make it unnecessary for eight states to follow through with a costly gasoline blendstock reformulation — set to begin as early as next summer — they had requested as a way to retain year-round E15 sales in the midcontinent. Oil industry groups last month petitioned EPA to delay the fuel reformulation until after the 2025 summer driving season, citing concerns about inadequate fuel supply and the prospects that a legislative fix would make required infrastructure changes unnecessary.

Ethanol groups say the E15 legislative change could pave the way for retailers to more widely offer the high-ethanol fuel blend, which is currently available at 3,400 retail stations and last summer was about 10-30¢/USG cheaper than 10pc ethanol gasoline (E10). Offering the fuel year-round would be "an early Christmas present to American drivers," ethanol industry group Growth Energy chief executive Emily Skor said.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Ethanol Producer Magazine: The Renewable Fuels Association has applauded the E15 provisions of the bill. “We are very pleased to see that the long-awaited fix allowing year-round E15 is included in this package,” said Geoff Cooper, president and CEO of the RFA. “This language would finally remove an outdated, red-tape regulatory barrier, and we remain hopeful that the continuing resolution will move swiftly through Congress and to the president’s desk for signature. Allowing year-round sales of E15 will benefit farmers, fuel retailers, and—most importantly—consumers seeking lower-cost, cleaner fuel options at the pump.”

“RFA thanks House leadership, the Energy and Commerce Committee leadership, and dozens of House members on both sides of the aisle who staunchly advocated for the inclusion of this long-overdue provision allowing year-round E15 nationwide,” Cooper continued. “We also thank the many bipartisan ethanol supporters in the Senate who have worked tirelessly on this issue over the past several years, and we look forward to them quickly taking up and passing the CR.”

Growth Energy is also speaking out in support of the legislation’s E15 provisions. "E15 lowers emissions, saves drivers money, and increases American energy dominance,” said Emily Skor, CEO of Growth Energy. “Giving consumers the chance to choose this fuel year-round would be an early Christmas present to American drivers, the nation's rural communities that depend on a strong renewable fuels sector, and to the environment.”

“We are grateful for the tireless work of our numerous Congressional champions to get this bill included, and that Congressional leadership has endorsed this commonsense, bipartisan, bicameral energy solution, and encourage Senators and Representatives to vote in favor of this package so that year-round E15 becomes the law of the land,” Skor continued. 

While the short-term spending bill may finally allow nationwide year-round sales of E15, use of E15 fuel is not new. The fuel blend has been available for use in many non-flex fuel vehicles for more than a decade. The EPA first granted a partial waiver allowing E15 to be used in model year (MY) 2007 and newer light-duty vehicles in 2010. The agency expanded that waiver to include MY 2001 and newer vehicles the following year. The fuel blend, however, could not be sold in most markets during the summer driving season, from June 1 through Sept. 15. A June 2019 rulemaking changed that, extending the 1-psi RVP waiver to E15 and allowing the fuel to be sold during the summer driving season. The EPA’s rule was challenged by oil groups and in June 2021 the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the portion of the June 2019 related to E15, overturning the ability of most fuel retailers to sell E15 during the summer driving season. Despite the vacated rule, E15 continued to remain available during the summer 2022, 2023 and 2024 driving seasons via emergency waivers issued by the EPA. 

In the absence of permanent national action on E15 availability, a coalition of Midwest governors in April 2022 petitioned the EPA to allow E15 to be sold year-round in their respective states. Following a lengthy rulemaking process, the agency in February 2024 finalized regulations that will allow E15 to be sold year-round in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin beginning in 2025. 

California is currently the only state that does not allow E15 to be sold for use in non-flex fuel vehicles, but that could soon change. State agencies in 2018 kicked off the required review process to approve the use of the fuel blend. That process typically takes two to five years to complete but has faced delays.  California Gov. Gavin Newsom on Oct. 25 issued a directive to the California Air Resources Board to accelerate efforts to approve E15 sales within the state to help lower gas prices without compromising environmental protections. 

In addition to E15, the short-term spending package also includes a one-year extension of the current Farm Bill.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Renewable Fuels Association:  At an average price of $2.62 per gallon nationwide, E15 is currently selling at an 8.7% discount to E10, saving drivers an average of 26 cents with each gallon.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Bloomberg: Environmental restrictions now preclude sales of the fuel containing 15% ethanol during the summer across much of the country. Without a nationwide law, refiners will face the costly problem of dealing with a two-tiered fuel system after eight Midwestern corn states were approved by federal regulators for year-round E15 sales last February.

“My bill puts an end to years of patchwork regulations and uncertainty,” said Senator Deb Fischer, a Nebraska Republican whose measure is part of the proposed funding legislation. “Not only will my bill lower gas prices and give consumers more choices, but it will also create new opportunity for American producers, who are especially hurting right now from lower prices.”

While E15 sales in the US have been steadily rising, ethanol supporters say year-round approval is crucial to future demand. Republican Senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa, the country’s largest corn producer, said in an interview that the switch to allow year-round sales nationwide could benefit the state by hundreds of millions of dollars.

...

The American Petroleum Institute — the powerful oil lobby — united this year with farm groups to support Fischer’s E15 bill, which also preserves access to lower-ethanol blends, such as the conventional 10% variety widely available across the US.

...

Most of the gasoline sold in the US contains 10% ethanol, while selling higher E15 through the summer months has been generally off limits without a waiver from the Environmental Protection Agency.

The US government began to encourage the use of ethanol in the late 1970s following the oil crisis. After the 2001 terrorist attacks intensified energy security concerns, Congress established a mandate compelling ethanol and other biofuels to be mixed into the national fuel supply each year.

That set off a debate, with oil producers arguing that blending brings higher refining costs and increased prices at the gas pump. It also has spurred clashes over pollution. A federal clean air law blocks E15 sales in most of the US from June through mid-September, when summer heat boosts evaporation.

The biofuels industry has argued the summertime ban is based on flawed data, and higher gasoline-ethanol mixes are critically needed to help lower climate-harming greenhouse gases.

“E15 lowers emissions, saves drivers money, and increases American energy dominance,” said Emily Skor, CEO of ethanol lobbying group Growth Energy. “Giving consumers the chance to choose this fuel year-round would be an early Christmas present to American drivers.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from DTN Progressive Farmer: In addition, the continuing resolution includes relief for small refiners from their renewable identification numbers, or RINs, obligations in the Renewable Fuel Standard for 2018. That relief is for a handful of refiners that did not qualify for small-refinery exemptions.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Energy.AgWired.com: The measure also includes a provision for certain small refineries that submitted petitions for small refinery exemptions in 2016, 2017, and 2018 that would allow them to have their credits returned and would be eligible for future compliance years, similar to wording in the Nationwide Consumer and Fuel Retailer Choice Act proposed in Congress. That bill was sponsored in the Senate by Sen. Deb Fischer (R-NE).

“This will once and for all solidify President Trump’s pledge to allow the sale of year-round E15—giving America’s producers and consumers the certainty they deserve,” said Fischer. “This will put an end to years of patchwork regulations and finally make nationwide year-round E15 a reality.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Washington Post: Republicans scrapped House Speaker Mike Johnson’s bipartisan plan to avert a government shutdown, as President-elect Donald Trump and Elon Musk joined a broad swath of the House GOP on Wednesday to condemn a compromise bill full of Democratic policy priorities.

The rebuke, which built steadily through the day and culminated with a long written statement from Trump in the late afternoon, has forced Johnson back to the drawing board on a plan to prevent a Christmastime shutdown — and maintain the support of his chaotic conference to be reelected as speaker early next year.

“Your elected representatives have heard you and now the terrible bill is dead,” Musk boasted on X, the social media site he owns, after he spent the day blasting the legislation. “The voice of the people has triumphed!”

Johnson has not outlined a backup plan, and multiple people familiar with the real-time conversations said the next step remains unclear, as leaders would need significant support from both parties — and Trump — to pass a funding extension. If Congress doesn’t extend the deadline, most federal operations would shut down at 12:01 a.m. Saturday, though the effects of a shutdown wouldn’t fully kick in until Monday.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Washington Post: Hours into Musk’s campaign, Trump ordered Republicans to “GET SMART and TOUGH” or force a shutdown by walking away from a deal that the GOP’s top congressional official negotiated. The president-elect called for a CR that preserves certain items that Johnson supports — such as aid for farmers and disaster relief spending — but strips out Democratic priorities and pairs it with a suspension of the debt limit, which caps the amount the federal government can borrow to pay its bills. The current suspension is set to expire early in Trump’s term next year, under a bipartisan 2023 deal.

...

Schumer (Senate Majority Leader Charles E. Schumer (D-New York)) told Democrats, “We have a deal with Republicans and we’re sticking with it,” according to a person familiar with the Senate leader’s message, speaking on the condition of anonymity to describe private discussions.

“House Republicans have now unilaterally decided to break a bipartisan agreement that they made. House Republicans have been ordered to shut down the government and hurt everyday Americans all across this country,” Jeffries (House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries (D-New York 8th)) told reporters Wednesday night. “House Republicans will now own any harm that is visited upon the American people that results from a government shutdown, or worse; an agreement is an agreement.”   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from DTN Progressive Farmer:  House Agriculture Committee Republicans on X posted, "America's farmers aren't a political football -- they're the backbone of our nation. They feed, clothe, and fuel us every day."

House Agriculture Committee Democrats on X also posted, "President-elect Trump delivers on his promise to fight for rural America by undermining a CR that extends the farm bill and provides tens of billions of dollars to farmers struggling to stay afloat."

Without some of the provisions negotiated by Democrats, they are unlikely to back the bill. Johnson could not afford to lose any Republicans on a bill if Democrats balked at the unilateral changes.

...

While people clamored on social media, farm groups keep telling their members to back the bill. The National Corn Growers Association and American Soybean Association cited their support for the bill. The American Farm Bureau Federation stated that its members had sent nearly 13,000 messages to lawmakers, calling on them to pass a CR with economic aid to farmers.

"Congress must pass this CR to deliver assistance to America's farmers and ranchers at a time when they need it most," said Zippy Duvall, president of AFBF. "We are respectfully asking you to vote YEA on this CR to provide that assistance and pave the way for a new five-year farm bill that will have enhanced commodity and risk management programs to help farmers mitigate their risk in the future."

Brian Kuehl, director of government affairs for Pinion Global, said the package provides needed relief and disaster aid for farmers and includes a farm-bill extension, which is also needed. The CR was "pleasantly surprising" to see the support for agriculture in the bill.

"It just seems crazy. Here's a package that's really good for farmers," Kuehl said. "And to see the whole thing put into jeopardy by a tweet is just absurd."  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from E&E News:  “We should pass a streamlined spending bill that doesn’t give [Senate Majority Leader] Chuck Schumer [D-N.Y.] and the Democrats everything they want,” Trump and Vance said in a joint statement late Wednesday afternoon. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico: Musk didn’t seem to think a government shutdown would have significant consequences for the country. He responded “YES” to a post that read, “Just close down the govt until January 20th. Defund everything. We will be fine for 33 days.” Another Musk post said a shutdown “doesn’t actually shut down critical functions.”

But while essential functions would continue during a shutdown, there are significant real-world effects: Other government employees will halt their day-to-day work and miss paychecks. While Social Security checks will go out and mail will be delivered, agency shutdowns cause massive lost productivity. A five-week shutdown from 2018 to 2019 caused the economy to lose about $3 billion, according to estimates from the Congressional Budget Office.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Associated Press: A one-year extension of federal farm programs, around $30 billion in economic relief and an agreement that would increase sales of a higher blend of ethanol, called E15, were part of a bipartisan deal that collapsed Wednesday after President-elect Donald Trump and his allies denounced the overall package. But even as he rejected that deal, Trump signaled that he was at least aware of concerns in farm country, which voted heavily for him in the election.

A new House Republican version announced Thursday kept the one-year Farm Bill extension and the economic aid but dropped the ethanol provision.

...

“Pulling E15 out of the bill makes absolutely no sense and is an insult to America’s farmers and renewable fuel producers,” Renewable Fuels Association President and CEO Geoff Cooper said in a statement. “It’s a kick in the teeth to rural America, and we are urging members to vote ‘no’ on any package that doesn’t include this simple E15 fix.”

While the first Trump administration backed year-round sales, opposition by the oil industry, and concerns that the fuel could worsen smog during warm weather, made summertime E15 sales dependent on annual waivers during the Biden administration. The Environmental Protection Agency in February approved year-round E15 only for eight Midwestern states starting next year. That uncertainty has dissuaded many gas stations from carrying the fuel. The industry hopes year-round sales nationwide will increase its availability and support demand for corn.     READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico Pro E&E Daily:  In their scramble to appease Trump by rewriting a bill to prevent a partial government shutdown Friday, Republicans removed a provision to lift seasonal restrictions on 15 percent ethanol fuel. The bill failed, opening the possibility the ethanol provision could resurface in another revision.

Biofuel isn’t at the heart of the fight, but the E15 provision raised objections from some conservative lawmakers and became one of many casualties as Trump called on Republicans to rewrite the measure. The ethanol industry was left reeling.

Growth Energy, an ethanol trade group, likened the bill without E15 to a lump of coal for farmers for Christmas.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Energy.AgWired.com:  But the fuel remains highly popular among voters, according to a recent survey.

Recent nationwide polling conducted by Morning Consult for the Renewable Fuels Association shows that 69 percent of registered voters support increasing the availability of E15 (gasoline with 15 percent ethanol) to help lower fuel prices and support energy independence. Looking only at voters who expressed an opinion, more than four out of five (83 percent) support expanded access to E15.

Voters were specifically asked if they would support legislation to permanently allow E15 to be sold year-round and nationwide, like the language included in the continuing resolution bill released Tuesday by House leadership. Of those respondents with an opinion, 81 percent support adoption of the legislation.

The E15 provision was pulled from the re-crafted CR announced Thursday afternoon.  READ MORE

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Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Energy Council National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Native American/American Indian/First Nation Tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gas prices natural gas vehicles natural gasoline Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions NEN 7427-1 neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy 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orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical photolysis photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot pilot scale pine pine beetle pine needles pine nut pineapple Pineapple leaf pinion Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin (PHMSA) pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet platinum Plug-in Flex Fuel Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poand podcasts Poland poli Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyethylene polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter/waste power power-to-x/gas/liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD20 RD3 RD30 RD40 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing 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fuel solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solaris Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum price sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Southeast Asia Southern Africa Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soy meal soybean hulls soybean prices soybeans Spain spartina specifications Spekboom Spent Bleaching Earth Oil (SBEO) sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam methane reformation steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar Sugar Beets/Energy Beets Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugar 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