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Making Big Oil Pay for Climate Change May Be Impossible

by Erik Larson (Bloomberg)  Across America, cities and states are using the courts to force energy companies to address the damage done by fossil fuels. It’s not going well. —

January 24, 2020 Read Full Article

The New Science Fossil Fuel Companies Fear

by Zack Coleman (Politico)  Researchers can now link weather events to emissions – and to the companies responsible. A string of lawsuits is about to give “attribution science” a real-life

November 6, 2019 Read Full Article

Tesoro Fined $1.36 million for Low Carbon Fuel Standard Violations

(California Air Resources Board)  Company misreported 1.9 billion gallons of fuel — The California Air Resources Board today (May 30, 2019) announced a $1.36 million settlement with Tesoro Refining & Marketing,

June 3, 2019 Read Full Article

SoCalGas Leak Settlement Includes Biomethane-to-Fuel Efforts

by Betsy Lillian (NGT News)  The Los Angeles Superior Court has approved a settlement in a lawsuit against Southern California Gas Co. (SoCalGas) resulting from the 2015-2016 Aliso Canyon natural gas leak,

February 28, 2019 Read Full Article

California Fueling Files Suit over Biodiesel NOx Additive

(California Fueling/Biodiesel Magazine)  California Fueling LLC filed suit Dec. 10 in the Los Angeles Superior Court against Best Energy Solutions and Technology Corp., doing business as “Best Corp.,” asserting claims for,

January 4, 2019 Read Full Article

DuPont Will Repay $10.5 Million in State Incentives, under Approved Settlement

by Donnelle Eller (Des Moines Register) DuPont will give Iowa a big check — $10.5 million — after closing and selling the world’s largest cellulosic ethanol plant in Nevada. Iowa economic

November 16, 2018 Read Full Article

Hiring an Expert Witness in Bioeconomy Litigation

by Wayne Lee (Lee Enterprises Consulting/Biofuels Digest)  In August 2017, I published an articlewhich focused on important things that attorneys involved in biofuels or biochemical litigation should look for when choosing

November 12, 2018 Read Full Article

Bankruptcy Judge Lets Refiner off the RFS Hook

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico’s Morning Energy)  A Delaware Bankruptcy judge approved a consent decree between EPA and bankrupt refiner Philadelphia Energy Solutions, allowing PES to get out of much of its

April 5, 2018 Read Full Article

Big Oil Faces Big Test in Climate-Change Court Showdown with SF, Oakland

by Kurtis Alexander (San Francisco Chronicle)  A San Francisco judge who must decide whether to hold the world’s largest oil companies responsible for global warming is ordering up what many are

March 20, 2018 Read Full Article

First U.S. City to Ban Fossil Fuel Expansion Offers Roadmap for Others

by Kevon Paynter (Yes! Magazine)  Portland, Ore., climate activists celebrate a win against Big Oil as city- and state-level initiatives gain momentum across the country.  —  … A key piece of Shell’s

February 28, 2018 0 comment Read Full Article

Court Rules against Delaware City Refinery in Ethanol Appeal

by Scott Goss (The News Journal/Delaware Online) A judge has breathed new life into a two-year effort to block a major expansion of the Delaware City Refinery’s biofuel operations. Superior Court Judge Diane Clarke

January 23, 2018 Read Full Article

Meet the Lawyer Trying to Make Big Oil Pay for Climate Change

by Geoff Dembicki (Vice.com)    The attorney who won a $200 billion settlement from tobacco companies in the 90s has set his sights on an even bigger target. When you want

January 2, 2018 Read Full Article

CARB Working to Address Biodiesel NOx Emissions: Court Filing

by Josh Pedrick (Platts)  Ongoing legal challenges to the way California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard deals with nitrogen oxide emissions from biodiesel could continue to hamper the state’s efforts to meet carbon

December 26, 2017 Read Full Article

Judge Rules State Can’t Enforce Inslee Order to Cut Greenhouse-Gas Emissions

by Jim Brunner (News Tribune)  Dealing a setback to Gov. Jay Inslee’s climate agenda, a judge has invalidated major portions of a state rule requiring greenhouse-gas cuts by refineries, fuel distributors

December 20, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

Embattled Utah Biofuel Company with Polygamous Ties Should Pay Millions for Breach of Contract, Jury Says

by Paighten Harkins (Salt Lake Tribune)  A Box Elder County biofuel company fined for exploiting federal tax credits by importing fuels they claimed they produced may pay millions to one

December 4, 2017 Read Full Article

Court Fight Begins over Delaware City Refinery’s Ethanol Project

by Scott Goss (The News Journal/DelawareOnline)  A court battle over the Delaware City Refinery’s plans to significantly expand its biofuel operations is now officially underway – nearly a year after state

November 10, 2017 Read Full Article

Okla. Supreme Court Rules Electric Vehicle Fee Unconstitutional

by Joseph Bebon (NGT News)  On Tuesday, the Oklahoma Supreme Court struck down H.B.1449, a bill that sought to implement an annual fee on electric vehicles (EVs), ruling the tax unconstitutional because the

October 26, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

Stanfield Biodiesel Plant Was a Scam

(My Columbia Basin)  The Oregon Department of Consumer and Business Services is fining Robert D. “Bob” Doughty and his companies for bilking investors of $250,000. Officials say the Ontario man with

October 4, 2017 Read Full Article

Oakland and San Francisco Lawsuits to Hold Fossil Fuel Companies Accountable for Their Contributions to Sea Level Rise a ‘Bold and Necessary Step to Protect Their Communities,’ Says Science Group

by Ken Kimmell (Union of Concerned Scientists)  Oakland and San Francisco today (September 20, 2017) announced lawsuits against fossil fuel companies seeking compensation for current and future costs of adapting

September 21, 2017 Read Full Article

California’s Supreme Court Denies ARB Petition To Review LCFS Case

By Joshua T. Bledsoe and Kimberly Farbota (Latham’s Clean Energy Law Report) In a previous post, we described how potential delays in the resolution of the case commonly known as POET I could create

September 1, 2017 Read Full Article

Delaware City Refinery Ethanol Project Heading to Court

by Scott Goss  (The News Journal/DelawareOnline.com)  The battle over Delaware City Refinery’s planned expansion of its ethanol operations has been renewed. Two civic groups that unsuccessfully challenged the state’s approval of the

April 3, 2017 Read Full Article

Smoking Gun Found in Biofuels’ Billion Dollar Baby Brawl?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  …  But almost nothing about the Billion Dollar Baby Brawl has been standard fare as Aemetis, Edeniq, a string of investors and more lawyers than

April 3, 2017 Read Full Article

Court Upholds State Environmental Permits for Controversial Fiberight Waste Plant

by Madeline St. Amour (CentralMaine.com)  The decision by a Superior Court justice marks the end of the Fiberight project’s last legal battle and one of its major hurdles.  —  A

March 28, 2017 Read Full Article

Twin Challenges to LCFS Advance in California Courts

by Joshua T. Bledsoe and Max Friedman (Latham & Watkins LLP/Biodiesel Magazine)  Two related cases, advancing in parallel, have the potential to upend California’s low carbon fuel standard (LCFS), whether

March 8, 2017 Read Full Article

Refinery, DNREC Seek Dismissal of Ethanol Challenges

by Scott Goss (The News Journal)  The legal battle over Delaware City Refinery’s plans to expand its ethanol operations is heating up, days before a state board will hear the

February 21, 2017 Read Full Article

Senate Republicans Suspend Committee Rules to Approve Scott Pruitt, Trump’s EPA Nominee

by Brady Dennis and Chris Mooney (The Washington Post)  Senate Republicans on Thursday again used their majority to suspend committee rules and push through another Trump administration nominee, Scott Pruitt to

February 3, 2017 Read Full Article

Environmentalists Appeal PBF Ethanol Permit

by Scott Goss (News Journal/Delaware Online)  A legal fight over Delaware City Refinery’s plans to expand its ethanol operations officially began this week. Two groups filed fundamental challenges Friday to a recently

January 17, 2017 Read Full Article

Volkswagen to Recall 83,000 3.0 Liter Diesel Vehicles and Fund Mitigation Projects to Settle Allegations of Cheating Emissions Tests on Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche Vehicles

(Environmental Protection Agency)  Settlement requires Volkswagen to offer to buy back older vehicles, and spend $225 million to mitigate NOx pollution. Volkswagen will also repair newer vehicles to comply with

December 20, 2016 Read Full Article

KiOR: The Inside True Story of a Company Gone Wrong. Part 5, The Collapse

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In 2011, KiOR raised $150 million in its June IPO, claiming that it was generating yields of 67 gallons per ton in its Demo unit

November 25, 2016 Read Full Article

PERC Sues Maine DEP over Fiberight Licensing

by Faith DeAmbrose (The Weekly Packet)  Owners of the Orrington-based trash-to-energy facility Penobscot Energy Recovery Company have filed suit in Kennebec County Superior Court against the Maine Department of Environmental

August 23, 2016 Read Full Article

Three U.S. States Plan Lawsuits over Volkswagen Diesel Pollution

by David Shepardson (Reuters)  Three U.S. states plan to unveil new lawsuits against Volkswagen AG (VOWG_p.DE) on Tuesday tied to the automaker’s sale of diesel vehicles with emissions-cheating software, even

July 19, 2016 Read Full Article

California’s Landmark Cap and Trade Program Faces Uncertain Future

by Rory Carroll (Reuters)  California’s greenhouse gas reduction program is in a battle for its life, and uncertainty about its future has spooked buyers of its carbon permits  —  California

June 16, 2016 Read Full Article

California Wants Back $1.7M From Biofuel Project

by Elizabeth Warmerdam (Courthouse News Service)  California sued a bioenergy company, claiming it improperly spent as much as $1.7 million in public money targeted for equipment purchases for a project

April 13, 2016 Read Full Article

CA Low-Carbon Fuel Standard Questioned: Study Raises Doubts About Long-Term Viability of Rule

by Todd Neeley (DTN/The Progressive Farmer)  California’s controversial low-carbon fuel standard may not be able to survive long term unless more biodiesel and corn-based ethanol are allowed into the state’s

April 6, 2016 Read Full Article

A.G. Schneiderman Reaches Agreement With Buffalo Biodiesel Over Lawsuits Targeting Small Businesses

(Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman)  Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman today announced an agreement with Buffalo Biodiesel, a company that collects cooking oil waste and converts it into biodiesel, over

February 22, 2016 Read Full Article

Biofuel Company with Polygamous Ties Spent Big on Utah Politicians even as Frauds Were Found

by Nate Carlisle and Brian Maffly (The Salt Lake Tribune)  Federal agents raided offices of Washakie and Kingstons amid claims the company hasn’t actually manufactured its own biofuels.  —  The

February 15, 2016 Read Full Article

L.A. County Files Criminal Charges over Porter Ranch Gas Leak

by Paige St. John and Alice Walton (Los Angeles Times)  Southern California Gas Co. on Tuesday was charged with failing to immediately notify state authorities about the natural gas leak in

February 8, 2016 Read Full Article

Air Regulator Sues California Utility over State’s Historic Methane Leak

by Alex Dobuzinskis (Reuters)  A California utility failed to protect residents from the largest methane leak in state history at its natural gas field near Los Angeles, a regional pollution watchdog

January 28, 2016 Read Full Article

California Launches New Fuel Policies in 2016

by Graham Noyes (Biodiesel Magazine/ Keyes, Fox & Wiedman LLP)  California will be the biodiesel market to watch in 2016 as the state implements a diverse portfolio of policies that

January 27, 2016 Read Full Article

Washington State Judge Rules that States Have a “Mandatory Duty” to “Preserve, Protect, and Enhance the Air Quality for the Current and Future Generations”

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Washington state, King County Superior Court Judge Hollis R. Hill issued a groundbreaking ruling that the “scientific evidence is clear that the current rates

November 23, 2015 Read Full Article

Judge Dismisses Challenge to Oregon Climate Change Program

by Jonathan J. Cooper (Associated Press/MMC News)  A federal judge on Thursday dismissed a lawsuit filed by oil companies challenging an Oregon carbon-reduction mandate.  U.S. District Judge Ann Aiken said

September 30, 2015 Read Full Article

Amyris and Solazyme at Risk of Taint from Volkswagen NOx Scandal, Says Website; Solazyme Says “Heck No!”

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In California, TheTruthAboutCars reported that Amyris and Solazyme risk being painted with the same tainted brush as Volkswagen due to the fact that both companies collaborated

September 30, 2015 Read Full Article

Oregon’s Clean Fuels Law Ignites More Political Wrangling

by Ian K. Kullgren  (The Oregonian/Oregon Live)  … One of the law’s biggest advocates threatened to join forces with opponents this week over proposed changes. A new environmental coalition launched ads

September 21, 2015 Read Full Article

Oil companies Can Be Sued by Earthquake Victim, Oklahoma Court Rules

(Thompson Reuters)  An Oklahoma woman who was injured when an earthquake rocked her home in 2011 can sue oil companies for damages, the state’s highest court ruled on Tuesday, opening

July 1, 2015 Read Full Article

Lawsuit Filed Challenging Minnesota’s Biodiesel Mandate

(Minnesota Trucking Association) A coalition of vehicle and fuel industry organizations have stood up for Minnesota consumers and small businesses by filing suit in federal court alleging that Minnesota’s Biodiesel Content

April 30, 2015 Read Full Article

Truckers Sue to End Biodiesel Mandate

by David Shaffer (Star Tribune)  Minnesota truckers and other interests sued Minnesota on Friday seeking to end the state’s requirement that diesel sold at the pump contain 10 percent biodiesel.

April 21, 2015 Read Full Article

Mississippi Files Fraud Lawsuit against Khosla over KiOR

by Jeff Amy  (The Dispatch/Associated Press)  The state of Mississippi has sued billionaire Vinod Khosla and others, saying they knew long ago that bankrupt biofuel firm KiOR had poor prospects

January 16, 2015 Read Full Article

How Two Small New York Towns Have Shaken up the National Fight over Fracking

by Steven Mufson (The Washington Post)  The multibillion-dollar Anschutz Exploration Corp., which helped make its founder, Philip Anschutz, one of the richest men in America, filed a lawsuit three years ago

July 3, 2014 Read Full Article

Court Rules to Uphold California LCFS, but Requires Corrective Action

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  On July 15, California’s Fifth District Court of Appeal issued its opinion in the lawsuit filed by Poet LLC against the California Air Resources

July 22, 2013 Read Full Article

AFPM, RFA Trade Charges after Verdict in MTBE Case

by Jordan Godwin  (Platts)  …(American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers President Charles T.) Drevna responded Wednesday to a New Hampshire verdict earlier that day in a case where ExxonMobil was found negligent for putting

April 12, 2013 Read Full Article

The Information Source for Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles

(US Department of Energy)  The Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) provides information, data, and tools to help fleets and other transportation decisions makers find ways to reduce petroleum consumption through

November 27, 2012 Read Full Article

Benishek under Pressure to Block Federal Funding for Ethanol ‘Boondoggle’

by Eartha Jane Melzer  (The Michigan Messenger)  Rep. Dan Benishek (R-Crystal Falls) campaigned on cutting federal spending. Now some of his constituents are asking him to keep the U.S. Dept.

March 29, 2011 Read Full Article

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heat of combustion heat of vaporization hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) HFS-SIP hibiscus High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway funds highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Honge tree nuts Hong Kong hops horse bedding horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrids hydrocarbon fuels hydrofaction Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen fuel cells hydrogenolysis hydrogen pumps hydropower hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois illuppai ILUC (Indirect Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indiana Indian beech tree Indian grass indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial ethanol industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insurance integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map internal combustion engine International international balance of payments International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isooctane isooctene Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 Jetfuel (Sustainable Alternative Jetfuel (SAJF)/Renewable Jetfuel (RJF) Jimmy Carter Jobs jojoba Jordan JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 JP-10 juniper jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kamani Kansas Kans grass Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa Kuwait Kygryzstan labels Labrador lactose Lake County lamp oil landfill methane Landfills land ownership land prices land rights landscape land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree Lebanon legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars Lipid liquefaction liquid liquidation liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M3 M15 M50 M100 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Biofuel marine algae Marine Corps Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane methane/biomethane methane leaks Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molybdenum Monaco mongongo Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol nahar Namibia nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Lab National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Transportation Safety Board Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gasoline natural gas prices natural gas vehicles Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick Newfoundland new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory North Korea Northwest Territories Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds NTSB nuclear Nunavut nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition nut shells oak oat hulls oats oat straw Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol off-take agreements Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement Oils oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes Oklahoma olefins olive cake olive pits olives olive water Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peaches peak oil peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot scale pine pineapple pine beetle pine nut pinion pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poland Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter power-to-gas 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and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC SAK sales Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy Scotland scum sea level rise seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed-to-wheel seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smokestack soap social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar-to-fuels solar biofuels solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solid oxide fuel cell Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota Southeast Asia Southern Africa South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soybean prices soybeans soy meal Spain spartina specifications sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve straw students sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel Sugar Beets/Energy Beets sugar cane sugar cane prices sugar cane straw Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugars sugars-to-fats sugar standards sulfur Sumatra sunflower 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