D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs

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RFA: Proposed RVOs Provide ‘Crucial Growth Opportunities’ Public Comment DEADLINE August 8, 2025 Public Hearing July 8-9, 2025

(Renewable Fuels Association) The Renewable Fuels Association today welcomed the release of proposed renewable volume obligations (RVOs) for 2026 and 2027, calling the Environmental Protection Agency’s draft rule a “very positive signal” for America’s ethanol industry and farmers. By prioritizing domestically produced renewable fuels

June 13, 2025 Read Full Article

Optimizing Biogas Revenue At Codigestion Facilities

by Brad Pleima (BioCycle) The federal Renewable Fuel Standard’s Set Rule allows codigestion of feedstocks such as food waste and manure to generate both D3 and D5 RIN values. -- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) 2023-2025 Set

April 16, 2025 Read Full Article

US Oil, Farm Groups Push EPA for Steep Biofuel Mandate

by Cole Martin (Argus Media)  The American Petroleum Institute and biofuel-supporting groups told Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officials at a meeting today (April 1, 2025) that the agency should sharply raise advanced biofuel blend mandates for 2026. The coalition told EPA that

April 02, 2025 Read Full Article

The Digest’s 2025 Multi-Slide Guide to Oberon Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Oberon Fuels is focused on converting waste to renewable natural gas (RNG), methanol, and dimethyl ether (DME). They aim to produce over 200 million gallons per year by 2030. Their process involves anaerobic digestion of waste

March 31, 2025 Read Full Article

Clean Fuels Asks EPA to Pause 2024 Cellulosic Waiver Proposal

(Clean Fuels Alliance America)  EPA should first evaluate possible small refinery exemptions and their market impact -- Today, Clean Fuels Alliance America filed written comments on the Environmental Protection Agency’s proposed Partial Waiver of 2024 Cellulosic Biofuel Volumes. Clean Fuels asks EPA

January 18, 2025 Read Full Article

Lupton Petroleum, Brad Hall Associates Retire 273,519 RINs as Part of EPA Settlement Agreement

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The U.S. EPA on July 18 announced it has reached a settlement with Lupton Petroleum Products Inc., and its affiliate Brad Hall Associates Inc., for violations of the Clean Air Act’s conventional and renewable fuel

July 23, 2024 Read Full Article

Colonial Oil Industries to Purchase and Retire 9 Million RINs Due to RFS Violations

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Colonial Oil Industries Inc. must pay a $2.8 million civil penalty and purchase and retire more than 9 million renewable identification numbers (RINs) at an estimated price of $12.2 million under a settlement agreement reached

April 11, 2024 Read Full Article

A Tale of Two RINs – Digging Deeper

by Adam Shubert (Stillwater Associates) In our recent article, “A Tale of Two RINs,” we reviewed current conditions driving the price of D3 renewable identification numbers (RINs) upwards while the price of D4 RINs is falling. This article drew considerable interest. With respect

January 19, 2024 Read Full Article

As 40B GREET Deadline Looms, RFA Offers Recommendations for SAF Emissions Modeling

(Renewable Fuels Association) In a letter submitted  to the Biden administration today, the Renewable Fuels Association laid out recommendations for ensuring that the best available science and data are used in determining eligibility for the sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) tax credit established in

January 16, 2024 Read Full Article

RFA: Final RVO Rule Fails to Deliver on Promise of Original Proposal Public Comment DEADLINE July 5, 2023

(Renewable Fuels Association) The 2023-2025 Renewable Fuel Standard volumes finalized today by the Environmental Protection Agency mark an unfortunate step backward from the volumes that were originally proposed, according to the Renewable Fuels Association. EPA’s final rule includes conventional renewable fuel requirements of 15

July 11, 2023 Read Full Article

Renewable Natural Gas From Corn Stover

by Chris Clayton (DTN Progressive Farmer) Failed Cellulosic Ethanol Plant Became North America's Largest RNG Producer -- When DuPont shut down its cellulosic ethanol plant in 2017 after years of effort and $225 million in investment, it looked like the process

June 20, 2023 Read Full Article

Is the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard in Danger of Going Over a RIN Cliff?

by Maria Gerveni and Scott Irwin (University of Illinois) and Todd Hubbs (U.S. Department of Agriculture) (farmdocdaily) ... What has received far less attention is what happens when the supply of biofuel exceeds the mandate.  Given the scale of the renewable diesel

June 01, 2023 Read Full Article

Clean Fuels Applauds Governors’ Letter on RFS BBD Volumes

(Clean Fuels Alliance America)  Letter calls proposed RVOs “exactly the wrong signal to send right now”  --  Today, Clean Fuels Alliance America welcomed a letter sent by Govs. Kim Reynolds (R-IA), Mike Parson (R-MO), and Jim Pillen (R-NE) to EPA Administrator

May 25, 2023 Read Full Article

Overview of the RIN Compliance System and Pricing of RINs for the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard

Maria Gerveni and Scott Irwin (University of Illinois) and Todd Hubbs (U.S. Department of Agriculture)    ... A RIN represents biofuel that has been produced and blended into transportation fuel.  RINs are tradeable, and the market price of RINs plays

May 25, 2023 Read Full Article

US Lawmakers Want to Boost Ethanol’s Green Appeal as EVs Threaten Fuel Use

by Kim Chipman and Jennifer A Dlouhy (Bloomberg) Bill brings together lawmakers from corn and oil states; Growth of EVs is threatening demand for liquid fuels US representatives from Iowa, Illinois, Texas and Oklahoma are introducing a bill that would allow

May 16, 2023 Read Full Article

EPA Takes Next Steps in Renewable Fuel Standard Program for 2023-25 -- Proposal Seeks Public Input on Program’s Role in U.S. Energy Security, Economy and Environment DEADLINE February 10, 2023

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Today, EPA issued a multi-part proposal that will build on the strong foundation for the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program started in the Biden-Harris Administration and seeks to advance the priorities of energy security, less pollution, and

December 01, 2022 Read Full Article

EPA Approves RFS Fuel Pathway for Chevron Refinery

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) The U.S. EPA has approved a fuel pathway that allows Chevron U.S.A. Inc. to generate D6 renewable fuel renewable identification numbers (RINs) under the Renewable Fuel Standard for several biofuels produced from soybean oil via coprocessing

November 30, 2022 Read Full Article

Biointermediates: Production Opportunities and Regulatory Challenges

by Sara M. Herman (Biodiesel Magazine/Christianson) While biointermediates present opportunities for biofuel producers, close attention should be paid to regulatory requirements. --  ... Within the proposed rules, EPA included a section on biointermediates—feedstocks that are partially processed at one location

July 27, 2022 Read Full Article

Exploding Acreage

by Susanne Retka Schill (Biodiesel Magazine) Three developers take different approaches to filling the expected surge for demand in oilseeds with crops that promise low GHG scores. -- Remember the parable of the mustard seed? Developers of three oilseed crops—relatives

July 22, 2022 Read Full Article

AD Biogas To RNG Update

(BioCycle Magazine) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released the final Renewable Volume Obligations (RVOs) for the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) for 2020, 2021 and 2022 in early June. ... Biogas generated by anaerobic digestion qualifies as either a cellulosic biofuel (D3) or a

July 20, 2022 Read Full Article

EPA Approves Carinata Fuel Pathway for REG’s Geismar Facility

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) The U.S. EPA on June 30 approved a Renewable Fuel Standard fuel pathway filed by Renewable Energy Group Inc. that will allow the company’s biorefinery in Geismar, Louisiana, to generate D4 biomass-based diesel renewable identification numbers

July 20, 2022 Read Full Article

Canola Oil Pathways Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Public Comment DEADLINE: May 18, 2022

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to approve Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) pathways for certain biofuels that are produced from canola/rapeseed oil and is providing an opportunity for comment on the Agency’s lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG)

April 21, 2022 Read Full Article

EPA Proposes to Approve Canola Oil Fuel Pathways under RFS

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) The U.S. EPA on April 12 published a proposed rule approve Renewable Fuel Standard pathways for renewable diesel, jet fuel, heating oil, naphtha, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) produced from canola/rapeseed oil via a hydrotreating process. EPA’s

April 14, 2022 Read Full Article

RNG, Renewable Fuels from Solar, Waste Wood & Carbon: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Aemetis

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Third generation tech is what Aemetis calls it – using renewable fuels for carbon capture & sequestration siphons carbon from the atmosphere into crops which are converted into renewable fuels, then the solar energy is

March 28, 2022 Read Full Article

ABFA Calls on EPA to Recognize Advance Biofuels in RVO Proposal

(Advanced Biofuels Association/Biomass Magazine)  The Advanced Biofuels Association (ABFA), the leading voice of energy innovators working to decarbonize transportation fuel, released comments calling on the U.S. EPA to restore regulatory certainty in their proposed renewable volume obligation (RVO) under the Renewable Fuel Standard. ABFA's comments

February 23, 2022 Read Full Article

The Next Big Step for Algae and Sustainable Aviation Fuels

by Rebecca White, Lieve Laurens, Nate Kommers (Algae Biomass Organization/Biofuels Diges) Among the dozens of policy innovations that Congress must consider in climate change legislation is a tool that could help trigger the next stage in decarbonizing one of the most

February 15, 2022 Read Full Article

ABFA: Data Suggests a Gulf between RFS Proposal and Available Feedstocks, Production Capacity

by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily) The Advanced Biofuels Association (ABFA) released comments it submitted to U.S. EPA on the proposed Renewable Fuel Standard rule. The comments support a higher standard for the advanced biofuel (D5) pool, referencing data on available

February 15, 2022 Read Full Article

UGI and Vertimass Enter Agreement to Produce Renewable Fuels in the U.S. and Europe

(UGI Corporation) UGI Corporation (NYSE: UGI) announced today that it has entered into a 15-year agreement with California-based technology developer, Vertimass, to utilize their catalytic technology to produce renewable fuels from renewable-ethanol in the U.S. and Europe. The agreement centers on the development of production facilities using Vertimass’

January 06, 2022 Read Full Article

Regulatory and Policy Analysis of Production, Development and Use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in the United States

Ekrem Korkut and Lara B. Fowler (Frontiers in Energy Research)  The United States, spurred in part by international developments, is expanding its law and policy to incentivize the use of sustainable aviation fuels. While the U.S. has agreed to participate

January 03, 2022 Read Full Article

S&P Global Platts to Publish Prices Showing Cost to Reduce Carbon Emissions Using Biofuels

(S&P Global Platts/PR Newswire)  New prices offer granular look at actual costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions with biofuels --  S&P Global Platts, the leading independent provider of information and benchmark prices for the commodities and energy markets, today announced it

September 08, 2021 Read Full Article

Waste to Biogas and RNG: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to Ag-Grid Energy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Ag-Grid Energy is working on not letting waste go to waste. Find out how in this slide guide on their latest projects in Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York, where they see the RNG industry going

August 19, 2021 Read Full Article

Hydrocarbon Fuels from Industrial Off Gas: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to LanzaTech

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  LanzaTech’s Dr. Laurel Harmon shared this illuminating slide guide at the BETO Peer Review on jet and diesel fuel production from industrial waste gases, commercialization of ethanol-to-jet technology by building a standalone Alcohol-to-Jet pre-commercial demonstration

July 27, 2021 Read Full Article

New RIN Futures Launch Nodal, IncubEx to Launch 8 New Physically Delivered RIN Futures

(DTN Progressive Farmer) Nodal Exchange, a derivatives exchange, and IncubEx on Friday, Oct. 9, announced the upcoming launch of eight new Renewable Identification Number futures and options contracts. Pending regulatory review, Nodal will launch the first-ever physically delivered futures contracts on

October 09, 2020 Read Full Article

Monster on the Big Muddy: REG Geismar to Expand Renewable Hydrocarbon Production to 340 Million Gallons

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) In Louisiana, Renewable Energy Group said it will undertake a capacity expansion of its Geismar, Louisiana biorefinery by 250 million gallons annually to 340 million gallons per year. This announcement follows a thorough review and

October 07, 2020 Read Full Article

Massive Refiners Are Turning into Biofuel Plants in the West

by Robert Tuttle (Bloomberg) The latest sign of a worldwide energy transition: Massive oil refineries across the western U.S. are being converted into biofuel plants. Phillips 66 on Wednesday became the latest in a string of U.S. refiners to say it’s converting

September 07, 2020 Read Full Article

Anaerobic Digestion and Farm Powered RNG: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Vanguard’s Renewable Natural Gas

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Cow poop. It’s a problem for farmers across the country, something that has to be dealt with, something that environmentalists and vegetarians often cite as a reason to cut your steak intake, but Vanguard Renewables

April 28, 2020 Read Full Article

The Crisis Dashboard – Health, Economy, Climate, Energy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Using the latest data available, The Digest published this “Crisis Dashboard” visual guide showing what’s going on with ethanol retail prices, liquid energy commodity prices, biodiesel operating margins, ethanol operating margins, retail fuel prices, RIN

April 01, 2020 Read Full Article

Red River Biorefinery Gearing up for Production

by Matt Thompson (Ethanol Producer Magazine) According to Keshav Rajpal, BioMass Solution principal, the industry’s newest ethanol plant - Red River Biorefinery - is still on track to start operations at the beginning of the year. The plant, developed by BioMass

December 16, 2019 Read Full Article

North American Outlook on Biofuels Challenges and Opportunities

by Steve Hartig (Biofuels Digest) The North American biofuels market can be split into three main segments all of which have major dynamics.  What I would like to do is give a high-level overview of what I see as some of both

November 06, 2019 Read Full Article

Market Outlook for Low Carbon Fuels

by Nora Goldstein (BioCycle Magazine)  Overall, demand for RNG is strong in spite of an oversupply of D3 RINs in 2018.  --  In 2018, cellulosic biofuel producers, including those making renewable natural gas (RNG), outperformed the annual Renewable Volume Obligation

September 19, 2019 Read Full Article

Biogas To RNG Projects: What, Why And How

by Brad Pleima (BioCycle Magazine/EcoEngineers)  With prices for renewable electricity low in many states, biogas producers are turning to the renewable natural gas marketplace. This road map is a valuable navigation tool.  --  There is a national trend to reposition biogas-producing assets

March 11, 2019 Read Full Article

RFS Power Coalition Launched by BPA, ABC, ERC

(Biomass Power Association, American Biogas Council and Energy Recovery Council/Biomass Magazine)  Three trade associations representing renewable electricity producers today announced the launch of the RFS Power Coalition. The coalition’s purpose is to get the EPA to implement a law passed by

February 13, 2019 Read Full Article

A Rightful Role in the RFS: The Electric Vehicle Market Is Predicted to Soar, and, Pending Overdue Action by the U.S. EPA, Biomass Power Producers Are Positioned to Help Meet Goals Set Forth in the Renewable Fuel Standard.

by Anna Simet (Biomass Magazine)  ... The vast complexities of the RFS extend far beyond these components, but a much lesser-known provision is beginning to attract attention—the role of renewable electricity in the program, and it’s abilities to fuel electric

January 08, 2019 Read Full Article

The Complex Dynamics of Coprocessing

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine)  While oil refiners adding a small percentage of renewable feedstock to their operations sounds simple, the political, economic, technical, societal and market consequences are anything but.  In 2007, at the height of the biodiesel boom, ConocoPhillips and

November 06, 2018 Read Full Article

Concept to Construction and Exports are Crucial

by Lisa Gibson (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  In the U.S. ethanol industry, three plants are under construction, while a fourth makes its way through the permitting process. -- In an industry with more than 200 existing plants, four new projects is a

October 24, 2018 Read Full Article

Diesel with 89% Lower GHGs: The Digest’s 2018 Multi-Slide Guide to Synpet Technologies

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Synpet was founded in 2014 as a developer of a synthetic petroleum (SYNPET) business using its Thermal Conversion Process. TCP breaks down organic waste materials by using heat, pressure and water to produce oil and other co-products. SYNPET uses

March 08, 2018 Read Full Article

That Was Then, This Is NOW! or The New Economics of Biogas Projects

by Scott Warfield (CERES Project Services/Lee Enterprises Consulting/Biofuels Digest)  ... The big game changer for financing, profitability and financial returns of anaerobic digester (AD) projects regardless of feedstock is carbon offset credits and specifically California’s low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) which provides

February 08, 2018 Read Full Article

Sweet Sorghum as an Ethanol Feedstock in Western Nebraska - Could It Happen?

by Richard Perrin, Lilyan Fulginiti, Subir Bairagi, Ismail Dweikat (KRVN)  It has been proposed that non-irrigated sweet sorghum might be grown in western Nebraska as a seasonal substitute for corn grain in corn ethanol plants. In the research summarized here1, we

January 20, 2018 Read Full Article

Renewable Fuel Standard Program: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for Grain Sorghum Oil Pathways

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)  This Notice of Proposed Rulemaking provides notice and an opportunity to comment on the lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with biofuels that are produced from grain sorghum oil extracted at dry mill ethanol plants. EPA's

December 26, 2017 Read Full Article

Renewable Fuel Standard Program: Standards for 2018 and Biomass-Based Diesel Volume for 2019; Availability of Supplemental Information and Request for Further Comment (Deadline October 19, 2017)

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Federal Register)  This document provides additional data and an opportunity to comment on that data and potential options for reductions in the 2018 biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and total renewable fuel volumes, and/or the 2019 biomass-based diesel volume

October 04, 2017 Read Full Article

OPIS Publishes White Paper: "Implications for Revitalized Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol and U.S.-Produced Corn Ethanol"

Brazil’s Ministry of Mines and Energy recently launched RenovaBio, a program poised to take a radically new approach to expanding the production and use of biofuels in Brazil.   Should Brazil’s RenovaBio program adopt a Carbon Intensity (CI) rating system similar to

July 24, 2017 Read Full Article

California LCFS Guides Advanced Biofuels Industry

by Heather Zhang (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Carbon credit prices recover and multiple new pathways are certified as the state’s program gets back on track.  --  California’s efforts to reduce carbon emissions from the transport sector are racing to make progress

June 27, 2017 Read Full Article

As OPEC Falls, What Is the Liberated Market Signaling to Producers?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ...  There’s a theory going around that biofuels are “government fuels” — and prices are set around a table in Washington, DC. But if you visit the big biodiesel and ethanol firms, you’ll see right

March 22, 2017 Read Full Article

EPA Approves Pathway for Isobutanol as an Advanced Biofuel Provides Route for Gevo to Generate Potentially More Valuable D5 RINs at Luverne

(Gevo)  Gevo, Inc. (NASDAQ:GEVO), announced that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) has approved the pathway for isobutanol produced at Gevo’s Luverne, MN plant to be an advanced biofuel under the Renewable Fuel Standard Program (“RFS”). This is the first

January 18, 2017 Read Full Article

Biointermediates and U: A Potential Step Change in Advanced Biofuel Economics

by Antoine C. Schellinger (Biofuels Digest/ International Alliance Group)  ... The EPA has performed lifecycle analysis on certain pathways and published them in the CFR as approved pathways. They are labeled with sequential alphabetical characters and currently range from A to

November 22, 2016 Read Full Article

The RINferno, as It Burns up America’s Venture into Advanced Biofuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ... There’s a separate category of RINs for advanced biofuels. These are fuels that have at least a 50% reduction in fossil fuels compared to 2005 baseline gasoline. Overall, to qualify under the RFS, you need

August 19, 2016 Read Full Article

Major Regulatory Milestones in First Quarter Set Joule Up for Commercial Success

(Joule/BusinessWire)  EPA Qualifies Joule Ethanol Under Clean Air Act  --  Joule, the pioneer of drop-in liquid fuels from recycled CO2, today announced major accomplishments in the first quarter of 2016 that are accelerating the commercialization of environmentally sustainable ultra-low carbon

April 08, 2016 Read Full Article

RINs Behavior after EPA Rule Shows Ethanol-Biodiesel Relationship

by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The release of the U.S. EPA’s final rulemaking for the renewable fuel standard (RFS) was a shock to the RINs market—the renewable identification numbers used by obligated parties to demonstrate compliance. Biodiesel, D4

December 09, 2015 Read Full Article

RINs Gone Wild? (round 2)

by Scott Irwin and Darrel Good (FarmDocDaily)  The EPA released the final rulemaking for 2014-2016 RFS standards on Monday, November 30. This release follows preliminary rulemaking released on May 29 of this year. Figures 1 and 2 are based on

December 07, 2015 Read Full Article

EPA: Jatropha-Based Biofuels Could Qualify as Biomass-Based Diesel or Advanced Biodiesel under RFS

(Green Car Congress)  Based on its analysis of the production and transport components of the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of biofuel made from jatropha oil, the US EPA anticipates that biofuels produced from jatropha oil could qualify as biomass-based diesel

October 21, 2015 Read Full Article

Industry’s Withering Critique of EPA’s Renewable Fuel Standard Proposals for 2014, 2015, 2016: The Digested Version

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Heard dire comments like “POET expects to stop all future U.S. cellulosic investments if EPA’s proposed base renewable fuel requirements are not strengthened.”  Want to understand the substantive concerns on the Renewable Fuel Standard, but

July 31, 2015 Read Full Article

U.S. Buyers Scoop up Brazilian Ethanol Amid RIN Revival

by Chris Prentice (Reuters)  Oil traders are rushing to import ethanol from Brazil for the first time this year after U.S. regulators moved to increase use of advanced biofuel, opening a wide spread in the niche biofuel credits market. The premium

June 16, 2015 Read Full Article

Algenol Racks up $65M in New Algae-to-Fuels Investment, from Mexico’s BioFields

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Mexico’s BioFields pours in $65 million to commercialize next-gen algae-to-fuels venture -- In Florida, Algenol, a pioneer in turning CO2 emissions into fuels, announced that it has closed on a new $25 million investment from BioFields, a

February 11, 2015 Read Full Article

EPA: 2014 Cellulosic RIN Generation Tops 33 Million

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The U.S. EPA has released renewable identification number (RIN) generation data for December, reporting that more than 8.53 million cellulosic RINs were generated during the month. EIA data currently shows more than 33.01 million

January 16, 2015 Read Full Article

EPA Approves Algenol Fuels for Renewable Fuel Standard

(Algenol)  Algenol announced today the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved fuels made from Algenol’s process as an advanced biofuel, meeting the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction requirements under the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS). Fuels produced from Algenol are now eligible for a

January 14, 2015 Read Full Article
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cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Heat Standards Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/modern/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo 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