by Kayla Vanover (WBKO) ... "Ethanol being 105-octane, you can blend it was 84-octane base gasoline and get your 87-octane. That is going to make gasoline cheaper because ethanol is cheaper than gas," said Mick Henderson, General Manager (Commonwealth Agri-Energy). Although the ethanol
corn ethanol
Back TO HOMEToolkit For Ethanol's Next Stage
by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Forward-thinking producers will build on technological improvements implemented in recent years. There are multiple options in the ethanol producer’s toolkit in the ongoing quest to improve efficiency and yield. They can be as basic as
July 24, 2014 Read Full Article
The Economic Competitiveness of U.S. Ethanol
by John M. Urbanchuk (ABF Economics/Renewable Fuels Association) ... Reflecting this enhanced competitiveness and maturation, ethanol prices (both FOB plant and delivered at key U.S. markets) have declined, while crude oil and conventional gasoline prices remained stable or increased. Consequently: 1. U.S.-produced ethanol continues to improve
July 23, 2014 Read Full Article
Low Corn Prices Favor New Type of Ethanol in Brazil
by Gustavo Bonato and Caroline Stauffer (Reuters) Low corn prices in Brazil following a bumper crop are worrying farmers but providing favorable margins for an incipient corn-ethanol industry, said the manager of Usimat, the first Brazilian mill to produce the corn-based
July 22, 2014 Read Full Article
Mascoma Confirms Strategy Shift, Outlines Plans for Technology
by Holly Jessen (Ethanol Producer Magazine) ... Larry Klein and the Sierra Club sued Frontier and the DOE after the DOE issued a finding of “no significant impact” and granted a Frontier funding application which pledged about $100 million, or about
July 22, 2014 Read Full Article
Syngenta Donates $108K for Flex Fuel Infrastructure
by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com) During the American Ethanol 200 presented by Enogen taking place at the Iowa Speedway today, Syngenta announced that they are donating $108,000 to the renewable fuels industry to make flex fuels more widely available. The funds
July 18, 2014 Read Full Article
Corn Ethanol Benefits Farmers, Community, Industry
by Heather Meade (Daily Advocate) There are seven operational ethanol plants in Ohio, one of which is located just outside of Greenville - The Andersons, Inc., which was opened in conjunction with the Marathon Petroleum Company out of Toledo, in
July 11, 2014 Read Full Article
American Ethanol Weekend Preview
by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com) American Ethanol is racing into Newton, Iowa for an exciting weekend at the Iowa Speedway. It’s an ethanol-powered packed event for American Ethanol. This weekend features the American Ethanol 200 presented by Enogen on Friday July 11th
July 10, 2014 Read Full Article
25x'25 Statement on CBO Renewable Fuel Standard Report
(25 x '25/Biofuels Journal) How the Congressional Budget Office reached the conclusion in a report released Thursday that the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) will raise gas and biodiesel prices is a mystery, given the deep price discount advantages biofuels offer in the
June 27, 2014 Read Full Article
Lankford Introduces Bill to Repeal RFS Ethanol Mandates
(Representative James Lankford (R-Okla.)) Provides common-sense solution for American-made energy Representative James Lankford (R-Okla.), Chairman of the House Oversight Committee’s Subcommittee on Energy Policy, Health Care and Entitlements, today introduced H.R. 4849, the Phantom Fuels Elimination Act. The legislation would repeal
June 17, 2014 Read Full Article
Time Has Come Today
by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine) The synergies between co-located ethanol and biodiesel production have been discussed for a decade. The existing infrastructure to share process essentials, an in-house feedstock in distillers corn oil (DCO), and use of ethanol rather than methanol for
June 17, 2014 Read Full Article
Edeniq Validates Ethanol Yield Increases
(Edeniq/Ethanol Producer Magazine) Edeniq Inc., a biomaterials and sustainable fuels company, has announced the successful performance of its Pathway Validation Facility. Edeniq’s Pathway Platform is a proprietary, integrated platform that produces cellulosic ethanol inside existing corn ethanol plants. The pilot
June 10, 2014 Read Full Article
Trade Focus: China
by Bob Dinneen (Renewable Fuels Association/Ethanol Producer Magazine) RFA joined Growth Energy and others on a USDA trip to China, where signs of rapid growth were everywhere, writes Bob Dinneen. The goal was to develop additional markets for DDGS. ... (T)he
June 04, 2014 Read Full Article
Study finds that increased corn yields and more efficient use of corn ethanol co-products will greatly decrease land needed for ethanol production
(PR NewsWire/Illinois Corn Marketing Board) Land attributable to ethanol will drop from current 25% to as little as 11% of U.S. corn acres A too common error made in reporting the amount of land used for U.S. ethanol production is to measure
June 04, 2014 Read Full Article
Using Less Corn Ethanol Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(Environmental Working Group) The Environmental Protection Agency’s pending proposal to cut the amount of corn ethanol that must be blended into gasoline in 2014 by 1.39 billion gallons would lower U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of 3 million
May 29, 2014 Read Full Article
Don’t Ignore Contribution of Distillers Grains
by Mike Bryan (Ethanol Producer Magazine) It's something that has been said over and over and, yet, it's worth repeating because so many people don't seem to get it. Distillers grains is an important part of the ethanol production and
May 13, 2014 Read Full Article
Industry Representatives Defend Corn Ethanol at State Hearing
by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Pending legislation in New Hampshire aims to limit corn ethanol in gasoline to 10 percent. The bill passed the New Hampshire House of Representatives on March 25 and was introduced in the state Senate
May 12, 2014 Read Full Article
Renewable Fuel Standard Benefits More than Farmers
by Chris Hausman (News-Gazette) ... The critics of renewable fuels fall into three groups — the oil industry, dyed-in-the wool environmentalists, and free market think tanks.Even the "unbiased" Associated Press (AP) has participated in ethanol bashing. While each of these
May 12, 2014 Read Full Article
The American Ethanol Industry Needs to Innovate to Avoid Disaster
by Maxx Chatsko (Motley Fool) The United States is the world's leading ethanol producer, accounting for nearly 62% of world production. It holds down the top spot by sporting 211 ethanol production facilities with a combined nameplate capacity of 14.6
May 06, 2014 Read Full Article
Biofuels Discussions at Annual China International Bioenergy and Biomass Utilization Summit
by Stefaniya Becking* (Advanced Biofuels USA) Concerns about air pollution in China were voiced by a number of speakers at the 2nd International Bioenergy and Biomass Utilization Summit. The Summit that drew 500+ delegates took place in Shanghai, China, on
May 06, 2014 Read Full Article
The Renewable Fuel Standard and Consumer Food Prices
by John M. Urbanchuk (ABF Economics, Agriculture and Biofuels Consulting, LLP) The impact of biofuel production mandated by the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) on U.S. consumer food prices has once again emerged as an issue in public debate. The impact of
April 14, 2014 Read Full Article
25x'25, Energy Future Coalition Commend IPCC Work Group's Recognition of Bioenergy's Role in Mitigating Climate Change
(25 x '25 Alliance) The 25x'25 Alliance and the Energy Future Coalition applaud an International Panel on Climate Change work group for recognizing the valuable role that bioenergy, including biofuels, can play in addressing a changing climate. The second of
April 01, 2014 Read Full Article
Gevolution 2014: Gevo’s Forward Progress, and Some Side-by-Side
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) As Gevo reports its 4Q results and adds back some ethanol production, we look at the short-term gains and the long-term implications. Why ethanol, why now — what’s the latest news mean from this signature
March 28, 2014 Read Full Article
Council Considers Ethanol Plant Grant
by Caitlin Davis (The Hopewell News) A $250,000 grant to aid the Vireol ethanol plant in Hopewell has reached a roadblock. The grant would help facilitate the opening of the plant, which currently has not begun operations. Vireol, a British company, purchased
March 25, 2014 Read Full Article
The Real Cost of Food
by Tom Buis (Growth Energy/Ethanol Producer Magazine) First-generation ethanol reduces our dependence on foreign oil, revitalizes our rural communities, improves our environment and employs nearly 400,000 workers while driving down fuel costs. The next generation will make an even greater
March 18, 2014 Read Full Article
Ethanol Backers Tout Fuel’s Many Benefits for Nebraska
by Jerry Oster (WNAX, Yankton/Nebraska Radio) ... Todd Becker, president of the Omaha-based Green Plains Renewable Energy, says corn-based ethanol is continuing to have an enormous impact on the state’s economy. Becker says the value-added by-products are of great value, too,
March 18, 2014 Read Full Article
Algae in Iowa
(Algae Industry Magazine) This American Land travels to Shenandoah, Iowa, to take a look at BioProcess Algae’s novel technology for recycling CO2 from corn ethanol production into algae production. WATCH VIDEO and Duke Power VIDEO
March 17, 2014 Read Full Article
Scientists Urge CARB to Revisit LCFS Land Use Change Penalties
by Geoff Cooper (Renewable Fuels Association) According to the Oil Price Information Service (OPIS) and other media organizations, 14 scientists and researchers submitted a letter to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) on March 6 urging the agency to meaningfully reduce its
March 11, 2014 Read Full Article
California to Consider Updating ILUC for Biofuels
by Cindy Zimmerman (DomesticFuel.com) The California Air Resources Board (ARB) is holding two public workshops regarding the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) this week – one to discuss general updates to the LCFS regulation, and the second to discuss updates to the
March 11, 2014 Read Full Article
It’s Time to Focus on the Elephant in the Corner
by Mike Bryan (Ethanol Producer Magazine) ... At some point in the future, the ethanol industry may even have to accept the eventual transition from corn-based ethanol to cellulosic ethanol and, eventually, to an entirely new type of fuel altogether. It’s natural
March 07, 2014 Read Full Article
Arming for a Fact-Based Fight Over Ethanol
by John Davis (DomesticFuel.com) It’s not always fact-based arguments proponents of ethanol are up against when battling Big Oil. But that’s why it’s all more important to make sure you have good facts on your side in the fight. Farmers
March 04, 2014 Read Full Article
CEO Todd Becker Has Faith in the Future of Ethanol Producer Green Plains
by John Lppert and Mario Parker (The Washington Post/Bloomberg) ... Political challenges are piling up, too. Big Oil lists minimum ethanol requirements as its top policy concern for 2014 and wants to eliminate them. Government officials are already backtracking. A week
March 03, 2014 Read Full Article
Ethanol Industry Enjoying Resurgence
(NACS) Higher corn prices in 2012 forced the industry to “discipline” itself, which led to strong earnings in last year’s final quarter. Biofuel producers reported strong earnings for last year’s final quarter, attributing the gains to lower corn prices, strong exports, and
February 28, 2014 Read Full Article
'There Needs to Be a Market'
by Donnelle Eller and Christopher Doering (Des Moines Register) The future of the cellulosic ethanol industry depends on convincing investors that the market for its product will grow. The EPA has proposed cutting separate requirements for how much renewable fuel, mostly
February 24, 2014 Read Full Article
Ethanol Industry Booming Again
by Nicholas Bergin (Lincoln Journal Star) ... Biofuel producers reported strong earnings for last year’s final quarter, thanks to lower corn prices, healthy ethanol exports and robust demand for byproducts like corn oil and livestock feed meal. It’s a drastic turnaround from
February 24, 2014 Read Full Article
Corn Growers Worry about Price Decline if RFS Is Reduced
by Mikkel Pates (Agweek) Crop farmers in the northern corn belt who have benefited from ethanol targets are putting on a push to save the current renewable fuel standard (RFS) from proposed cuts by the Environmental Protection Agency. The proposal would cut the
February 14, 2014 Read Full Article
Ethanol’s Story
by Cindy Zimmerman (DomesticFuel.com) The Missouri Corn Growers Association has produced a video that tells “the greatest story never told” – Quiet Revolution: The Ethanol Story. READ MORE WATCH VIDEO
January 02, 2014 Read Full Article
GTL Resources, QTI Partner to Develop NextGen Frac Technology
(GTL Resources/Ethanol Producer Magazine) GTL Resources USA Inc., owner of Illinois River Energy LLC, and Quality Technology International Inc., through its subsidiary, QTI-AMG LLC, announced that they have formed a partnership to collaborate on a new, transformative hybrid fractionation technology
December 30, 2013 Read Full Article
Ethanol is a Win for Illinois, A Win for Agriculture
by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com) Illinois State Representative Donald Moffitt knows agriculture. He grew up on a family farm, on which his son still farms (and Don occasionally helps). This has been a huge asset for him in his role as
December 26, 2013 Read Full Article
Analyst Offers Sobering Ethanol Outlook
by Cindy Zimmerman (DomesticFuel.com) AgResource Company president Dan Basse looked at the year in review for grain markets and gave his outlook for the future at the American Seed Trade Association (ASTA) CSS 2013 and Seed Expo last week in
December 17, 2013 Read Full Article
A Tale of Two Californians
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) As Senator Barbara Boxer nixes action on Renewable Fuel Standard reform legislation through the Environment and Public Works committee, Senator Dianne Feinstein co-sponsors a bill to strip corn ethanol out of the RFS altogether. Just
December 13, 2013 Read Full Article
Senators Could Dethrone King Corn in Ethanol Standards
by Clare Foran (National Journal) Senators are working on separate bills to aggressively reduce the amount of corn-based ethanol required under the renewable-fuel standard. Sen. Ben Cardin, D-Md., and Senate Environment and Public Works Committee ranking member David Vitter, R-La., touted legislation
December 12, 2013 Read Full Article
Low Corn Prices Predicted to Push Ethanol Demand
(UPI) Corn used for ethanol production could exceed the U.S. Department of Agriculture estimate this year due to low prices, a University of Purdue economist said. The department has set a target of 4.9 billion bushels of corn for ethanol production. The
December 12, 2013 Read Full Article
Dinneen: RFS Not for Big Oil’s Convenience
by John Davis (DomesticFuel.com) The case for keeping the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) as-is is being made today at an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hearing in Arlington, Va. Our friends from the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) have shown up in
December 06, 2013 Read Full Article
Brazil Considers Corn Ethanol as Grain Prices Decline
by Lucia Kassai (Bloomberg) Brazil, the world’s largest producer of ethanol from sugarcane, may start producing the biofuel from corn after a record crop prompted domestic prices to slump below costs, the country’s agriculture policy secretary said. “We’re studying to provide
December 04, 2013 Read Full Article
Iowans Worry about Ethanol's Lost Political Clout
by Thomas Beaumont (Associated Press) ... Now, Iowa's senior political leaders are pondering how to shore up political support for the corn-based fuel at a time when its economic and environmental benefits are under attack . The latest blow came this month,
November 25, 2013 Read Full Article
Lewinsky’s Dress Syndrome and the EPA Biofuels Debacle
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) So, the EPA hands down cruel cutbacks in renewable fuel targets as the Administration reels under Obamacare pressure. What happened to biofuels, why is “everyone’s friend” biodiesel getting the shaft, what’s next? And what is
November 25, 2013 Read Full Article
Ethanol Industry Examines Implications of Record Corn Crop
by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The record corn supply has multiple implications for the ethanol industry. The USDA’s Nov. 8 supply/demand report pegged the 2013 corn crop at 13.989 billion bushels, a new record at more than 700
November 21, 2013 Read Full Article
AP Investigation: Obama's Green Energy Drive Comes with an Unadvertised Environmental Cost
By Dina Cappiello (Associated Press/StarTribune) The hills of southern Iowa bear the scars of America's push for green energy: The brown gashes where rain has washed away the soil. The polluted streams that dump fertilizer into the water supply. Even the
November 12, 2013 Read Full Article
Iowa Farmers Blast AP Ethanol Story, Allege Bias, Misrepresentation
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Iowa, the Iowa Renewable Fuels Association responded to an Associated Press ethanol story that’s set to be published in news outlets around the country tomorrow. The IRFA was able to view an early version of
November 12, 2013 Read Full Article
Legislation to Eliminate Corn Ethanol A “Killer”
by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com) Senator Feinstein (D-CA) and Senator Coburn (R-OK) are introducing legislation to eliminate conventional biofuels from the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). According to a story first published by Greenwire, the impending bill would leave the advanced biofuel targets
October 31, 2013 Read Full Article
Ethanol Here to Stay, MFA Marketing Head Says
by Randy Kirby (Sedalia News Journal) Tom May, head of marketing for MFA’s fuel program, delivered a speech to the Sedalia Rotary Club on Monday at Best Western State Fair Motor Inn, 32nd and Limit, focusing on ethanol. May is
October 22, 2013 Read Full Article
National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center Celebrates 10 Years, Biofuel Industry Growth, Development
by Holly Jessen (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The National Corn-to-Ethanol Center opened its doors for tours, lunch and demonstrations during a recent open house celebration. “We’re not only celebrating our 10 year anniversary but we are really celebrating the biofuels
October 22, 2013 Read Full Article
The Biofuels Benchmarking Annual Report Is Available for Purchase.
(Christianson & Associates) The latest annual ethanol industry report, compiled by Christianson & Associates, PLLP (C&A), has been released. The Biofuels Benchmarking 2012-13 Annual Industry Report provides analysis of changes and trends for a broad cross-section of the ethanol industry
October 21, 2013 Read Full Article
Corn Prices Pressured by Both Supply and Demand Factors
by Darrel Good and Scott Irwin (University of Illinois/FarmDocDaily) Corn prices continue the long retreat from the peak of September 2012, declining to the lowest level since late August 2010. The most recent price weakness reflects both supply and demand
October 15, 2013 Read Full Article
Letters to the Editor: Supporting Ethanol; Bumper Corn Crop; Corn for Feed
(Chicago Tribune) by Martin Barbre (National Corn Growers Association) Your Oct. 5 editorial "Crop politics; Government subsidies promote corn over common sense" reflects several things: The Tribune is not the pro-business/jobs advocate you pretend to be, you have no grasp of
October 15, 2013 Read Full Article
RFA, Growth Energy Speak out against API Poll Results
by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The Renewable Fuels Association and Growth Energy are disputing the results of a new poll released by the American Petroleum Institute, calling the data biased and deceptive. The RFA noted that two polls performed
October 03, 2013 Read Full Article
Tulare County Farmers Hear about Raising Sorghum for Biofuel
by David Castellon (Visalia Times Delta) When the subject of biofuel comes up, chances are you’ll think of corn converted to ethanol. But on Wednesday, representatives from a Chicago-based seed manufacturer tried to change that way of thinking by inviting Valley farmers
October 02, 2013 Read Full Article
Tides of Prosperity, Past and Present
by Chris Hanson (Ethanol Producer Magazine) ... Similar to the 1970s period of prosperity, Zulauf (Carl Zulauf, economics professor at Ohio State University) says that in 2012 crop prices increased by roughly 200 percent, which he attributes to China’s growing demand for
September 25, 2013 Read Full Article
Ethanol Requirements Good, Not Bad, for America's Economy, Energy Security
by Pam Johnson (Fox News) Opinion: ...That critique has been around for years. But it doesn't jibe with the facts. Indeed, Big Oil's call to loosen the nation's ethanol requirements is misguided. Corn-based fuel has proven to be a clean-burning
September 23, 2013 Read Full Article
Analyst Says Ethanol Rush Is Over, Corn May Drop to $3.25
by Brett Wessler (Ag Professional) Livestock producers are likely to see shrinking feed costs ahead with one market analyst forecasting lower corn prices as ethanol demand will be “flat-lining” into 2022. Dan Basse, AgResource Company, told the good news to cattle producers
September 12, 2013 Read Full Article
Kansas Ethanol Future at Crossroads
(Seattle PI/Associated Press) Ethanol producers say they are running up against market and regulatory pressures that are putting a crimp on the industry's future, despite lower prices for a key commodity to produce the fuel. The ethanol industry is distilling enough product
September 09, 2013 Read Full Article
Corn Growers Place Policy Priorities On Legislators' Desks
by Janell Baum (Farm Futures) National Corn Growers President Pam Johnson says NCGA membership ready to move forward on the farm bill; reinforces stance on Renewable Fuel Standard It's a common refrain at the 2013 Farm Progress Show – what will
August 29, 2013 Read Full Article
Ethanol Production Benefits Farmers' Wallets, Officials Say
by Erik Tyger (KTIV.com) ...Ethanol plants tend to offer farmers a better price for their corn and use more of the plant, putting corn at a constant state of high demand. Once the alcohol has been removed from the corn
August 23, 2013 Read Full Article
Ethanol Plant Tour
by Kevin Flanigan (WeAreCentralPA.com) The huge ethanol plant in Clearfield County is currently running near capacity. A number of farmers who help supply the plant with all of the corn it uses got an up close look at the operation. Farm
August 23, 2013 Read Full Article
Is 2014 the Year of E85?
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) As a Perfect Storm of price problems ends, will E85 finally find its market and help end a divisive debate over ethanol distribution? 2014 is the year of E85, if there ever was one. Or will
August 16, 2013 Read Full Article
Shimkus: Corn Growers Probably Won't Be Hurt by Fuel Bill
by Tom Kacich (News-Gazette) Corn growers should be OK when renewable-fuel standards are updated by Congress, U.S. Rep. John Shimkus, R-Collinsville, told Champaign County farmers Tuesday. ... "It is our corn growers who were promised a ceiling of 15 billion (gallons of
August 14, 2013 Read Full Article
Green Plains CEO Challenges Environmentalists on Corn Ethanol
by Herman K. Trabish (GreenTechMedia) “I invite anyone here, anytime. We’ll show them what we do.” Attention, Union of Concerned Scientists, Sierra Club and other environmental advocates: Green Plains Renewable Energy (GPRE) CEO Todd Becker wants you to come to his Iowa corn
August 14, 2013 Read Full Article
ADM Optimistic About Ethanol Ahead of Record Corn Crop
by Shruti Date Singh (Bloomberg) Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. (ADM), the world’s largest corn processor, sees ethanol demand rising and is “optimistic” about margins for 2014 and 2015 as the coming U.S. harvest increases supplies. Corn futures in Chicago have dropped 43 percent from
August 07, 2013 Read Full Article
EWG Has No Love for Corn Ethanol
by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com) During the recent Subcommittee on Energy and Power’s hearing to review the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) as well as during a recent RFS briefing sponsored by the Advanced Biofuels Association last week in D.C., the Environmental Working Group (EWG) made it very
July 26, 2013 Read Full Article
Corn Ethanol Use in Gasoline under Review
by Jim Landers (Dallas News) ...If many refiners had their way, the law would disappear. Ethanol is the primary octane booster for gasoline, but that market is worth only about 4 billion gallons a year. ... Heather White of the Environmental Working
July 22, 2013 Read Full Article
Understanding the Pricing of Distillers' Grain Solubles
by Scott Irwin and Darrel Good (FarmDocDaily) Distillers' grain solubles (DGS) are a co-product of ethanol production from corn and have become an important feed source for the domestic livestock industry in the U.S. While it is widely known that the
July 17, 2013 Read Full Article
Ethanol Trade Undermines U.S. Biofuels Policy
by Ali Morrow and Alex Plough (Thomas Reuters Foundation) U.S. policy to boost the use of fuel from renewable sources is generating additional greenhouse gas emissions due to rising trade in ethanol between the United States and Brazil, rather than lowering emissions
July 09, 2013 Read Full Article
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol Fuel?
(WiseGEEK) In an effort to find a viable alternative to foreign oil, many politicians and environmental groups have been heavily promoting the advantages of ethanol fuel. Ethanol is a primarily plant-based fuel which can be produced from such sources as sugar
June 06, 2013 Read Full Article
Busting Big Oil Myths on the RFS and Ethanol, Part II: Food Prices
by Geoff Cooper (Renewable Fuels Association/The Energy Collective) ...Big Oil’s PR machine regurgitates these myths via conference calls with reporters, meetings with editorial boards, sham studies, paid advertising, social media and many other channels. Their goal, of course, is to
June 06, 2013 Read Full Article
Out of the Shell: Oil Giant’s Big Biofuels Ambitions
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... In an exclusive Digest interview, Shell’s VP for Alternative Energy, Matthew Tipper, reveals the company’s thinking about RFS2, their increasing re-focus on North America and the EU. Plus, Shell’s ambition to “build, own and operate”
May 14, 2013 Read Full Article
UC-Davis Publishes Status Update of Calif. LCFS
by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The University of California-Davis Institute of Transportation Studies has published a new status review of the state’s low carbon fuel standard (LCFS). The review is the second in a series of periodic status reports.
May 08, 2013 Read Full Article
Study Shows Ethanol Reducing Footprint
by Cindy Zimmerman (DomesticFuel.com) A new study indicates that ethanol production is continuing to reduce its energy and environmental footprint. The study, entitled “2012 Corn Ethanol: Emerging Plant Energy and Environmental Technologies”, found that recent innovations in corn ethanol production have resulted
May 02, 2013 Read Full Article
Industry Reacts to RFS Reform Act Introduced in House
by Holly Jessen (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The ethanol industry reacted swiftly to the so-called RFS Reform Act, legislation introduced April 10 in the U.S. House of Representatives, which they said would gut the renewable fuel standard (RFS). The bill, introduced by
April 11, 2013 Read Full Article
CHMC Seeks Farmers to Back $20 Million Brazil Corn-Ethanol Plant
by Stephan Nielsen (Bloomberg) China National Heavy Machinery Corp., the Beijing-based developer of industrial facilities and warehouses, is asking Brazilian farmers to invest 40 million reais ($20 million) in a corn-ethanol plant that will help diversify their revenue. CHMC, as the
April 05, 2013 Read Full Article
Ethanol vs. Petroleum – NCGA Adds Facts to the Debate
by Gary Truitt (Hoosier Ag Today) Ethanol debates are heating up again on Capitol Hill – so the National Corn Growers Association is comparing the environmental impacts from ethanol and petroleum as transportation fuels. Ethanol – which is primarily made
April 02, 2013 Read Full Article
Fix the Broken Biofuels Mandate
by Scott Faber (Environmental Working Group/The Hill E2Wire) It’s time to face facts: the biofuels mandate Congress established in 2005 is creating too much bad biofuel and not enough good biofuel. This year, that mandate requires American refiners to use 13.8
March 13, 2013 Read Full Article
Clean Fuel From Trash, Crop Waste to Match Corn-Ethanol by 2016
by Louise Downing (Bloomberg) Ethanol made from inedible matter such as crop waste and household trash will match the price of corn-based ethanol by 2016, potentially spurring output of the motor fuel, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Cellulosic ethanol costs about
March 13, 2013 Read Full Article
Glencore Director Says Corn Use in Biofuel Questionable
by David Brough (Reuters) A director of commodity trading giant Glencore on Sunday questioned the conversion of corn into ethanol biofuel, saying it can contribute to higher prices. Critics of using foodstuffs to make fuel say the process can drive up food
February 10, 2013 Read Full Article
Well-to-Wheels Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Ethanol from Corn, Sugarcane and Cellulosic Biomass for US Use
by Michael Wang, Jeongwoo Han, Jennifer B Dunn, Hao Cai and Amgad Elgowainy (US Department of Energy/IOP Science) corn-based ethanol production occurring mostly in the US and sugarcane-based ethanol production occurring mostly in Brazil. Advances in technology and the resulting
February 08, 2013 Read Full Article
Doing Corn Better and Doing Better than Corn for Biofuels: Recent Developments in the Field
by Ned Stowe (Environmental and Energy Study Institute) Like it or not, corn and corn ethanol production are large, established industries in the U.S. While they provide significant economic, energy, and environmental benefits for our society, they also come with
February 01, 2013 Read Full Article
The 2013 Renewable Fuel Standard: Biofuels Digest’s 10-Minute Guide
by Jim Lane ( Biofuels Digest) ...In Washington, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued its proposed 2013 Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS2). The proposal will be open for a 45-day public comment period and EPA will consider feedback from a range
February 01, 2013 Read Full Article
Sneller: Increased Domestic Oil Production Could Limit Growth of Renewable Fuels
by Robert Pore (The Independent) ...According to another speaker at the Agriculture Outlook Conference 2013, David Hightower, president of Hightower Report, ethanol has increased corn demand and added value to corn that wasn't there prior to the Renewable Fuels Standard, when
January 25, 2013 Read Full Article
Evolving Ethanol to Meet Challenges
by Emily Bruns (Ashton Gasette) In an effort to evolve with the constant changes and challenges within a $50 billion industry, Rochelle’s Illinois River Energy ethanol plant began producing and industrial corn oil on Nov. 27. This corn oil byproduct, which
December 27, 2012 Read Full Article
15 Burning Questions (and Answers) for Biofuels in 2013
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Policy, finance, technology, feedstocks, markets, prices, opposition. Here’s what’s on your mind, as the critical 2013 deployment year for biofuels looms. So here are 15 burning questions as suggested by various Digesterati — divided for convenience
December 14, 2012 Read Full Article
Use of Corn Fiber Could Increase Ethanol Production
by Nat Williams (AgriNewsOnline) Ethanol production could be increased by as much as 5 percent from the same kernel of corn already being used, research has shown. And the only hurdle preventing it from being a commercial reality may be
November 29, 2012 Read Full Article
Ethanol Going Ugly Turns Bush Plan Into Obama Test
by Mario Parker (Bloomberg BusinessWeek) U.S. ethanol production is headed for the first decline in 16 years, jeopardizing the nation’s drive to boost alternative fuels, as higher costs and lower demand close plants. Shrinking distilling margins have resulted in a 14
November 08, 2012 Read Full Article
Students Rock Ethanol
by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com) High school senior Jason Girouard from Brimfield, Massachusetts has won the Ethanol Rocks video contest sponsored by the National Corn Growers Association. Girouard was awarded $1,500. Freshman Emily Yue from Gilford, Connecticut and senior Lewis Kloster of Minneapolis,
November 07, 2012 Read Full Article
Industry Improves as Indicators Stabilize, Diversification Expands
by Paula Emberland (Ethanol Producer Magazine/Christianson & Associates PLLP) Multiple revenue streams lessen impact of ethanol prices ...First, and perhaps most importantly, more plants are producing different types of coproducts, and they’re making more money from those coproducts, both in real
November 06, 2012 Read Full Article
Ethanol and the Journalism It Attracts
by Terry Daynard (The Record) Opinion pieces about fuel ethanol have been popular among national journalists this summer, most seem written quickly and researched poorly. The one published recently by news services columnist Carol Goar in The Record (Ethanol is
September 11, 2012 Read Full Article
Corn Growers Tout Ethanol Production Benefits
by Jenni Grubbs (The Fort Morgan Times) ...While most vehicles' engines cannot run on straight or even large percentages of ethanol, some of it is added to gasoline to add more oxygen, which helps the fuel burn more completely and
September 07, 2012 Read Full Article
Analysis: U.S. Bankers Say, Love or Hate It, Ethanol Here to Stay
by Christine Stebbins (Reuters) ..."Ethanol demand is the linchpin of the current pricing model that we have," said Michael Swanson, agricultural economist at Wells Fargo, the largest commercial bank lender to U.S. farmers. "It's a completely different question whether it's
September 06, 2012 Read Full Article
Bill to Eliminate Ethanol Funding Signed
(Hanford Sentinel) ... AB 523 eliminates all future state funding for the production of ethanol derived from corn after July 2013. Valadao’s office said about $6 million is provided to a very small group of corn ethanol producers. The new
September 05, 2012 Read Full Article
Minister: Ban Biofuel, It Boosts Famine
(The Local: German's News in English) Biofuel containing corn should be banned from German petrol pumps, a minister has demanded, as droughts and a dramatic rise in food prices mean more of the world population is going hungry. "Rising food prices mean that biofuel
August 21, 2012 Read Full Article
Updated Assessment of the Drought's Impacts on Crop Prices and Biofuel Production
by Bruce Babcock (Center for Agricultural and Rural Development) ...The sharply lowered production estimates suggest the preliminary assessment of the impact of the drought on crop prices and biofuel production that I conducted last month needs to be updated. 1 In the
August 17, 2012 Read Full Article
Lower U.S. Corn Crop Doesn’t Justify Ethanol Waiver, RFA Says
by (Bloomberg) ...Refiners can meet biofuel targets by drawing from ample stockpiles and utilizing excess credits, known as Renewable Identification Numbers, that can be submitted in lieu of physically blending a gallon of ethanol to meet the government’s mandate under
August 10, 2012 Read Full Article
COLUMN-U.S. Use of Corn for Ethanol Is High but Hyped: Wynn
by Gerard Wynn (Reuters) ...It has now become ubiquitous to quote the ethanol industry's corn consumption at 40 percent of the national crop. But the estimate is inaccurate, by assuming away ethanol co-products and in particular so-called "distillers grains" which substitute
August 09, 2012 Read Full Article
US Farmers Urge Obama Administration to Suspend Ethanol Quota Amid Drought
by Suzanne Goldenberg (The Guardian) The Obama administration was urged on Monday to stop diverting grain to gas amid warnings of an "imminent food crisis" caused by America's drought. US government forecasts of a 4% rise in food prices for US consumers because of the drought
July 31, 2012 Read Full Article
NCERC Converts Corn Bran to Fuel for First Time in History
by David Pruitt (The Alestle) On July 16 and 17, John Caupert, director of SIUE’s National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center, met with USDA officials about a new process the NCERC has discovered to use corn more efficiently in the production
July 26, 2012 Read Full Article
Groups Square off on RFS
by John Maday (Cattlenetwork.com) The renewable fuel standard, which mandates expanding use of ethanol for fuel, always has been a point of contention between grain producers and grain users such as livestock producers. This year’s shrinking corn crop has brought
July 25, 2012 Read Full Article
Ethanol Producers Share Strategies for Success in FEW Panel
by Holly Jessen (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Four executives of ethanol plants gathered on stage during the general session June 5 at the International Fuel Ethanol Workshop & Expo (FEW) to have a conversation about running successful companies. The executive of
June 11, 2012 Read Full Article
Congressmen Defend Ethanol
by Cindy Zimmerman (DomesticFuel.com) Members of Congress are exchanging dueling fact sheets about corn ethanol and the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2). Congressman Bob Goodlatte (R-VA) sent an email last month to members of the House Commerce, and Agriculture and Energy Committees
May 30, 2012 Read Full Article
Corn Ethanol Production Starts in Mato Grosso
(Agra-net.com) Usimat Destilaria de Alcohol said it has started ethanol production from corn during the intercrop season in Mato Grosso. In recent weeks, it produced 90,000 litres of ethanol from corn. It has invested BRL20 mln ($1=BRL1.75) in new equipment.
March 22, 2012 Read Full Article
US$ 40 Million to Be Invested in a Bio Ethanol and Balanced Food Factory
(Télam. National News Agency of Argentina.) Industry Minister Débora Giorgi met with Entre Ríos Production Minister, Roberto Schunk, who presented a US$ 40 million investment project from a local company that will open a factory for the production of bio
March 14, 2012 Read Full Article
Dollars and Sense: Analyses Vary, but Ethanol’s Economic Benefits Are Clear
by Kris Bevill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) ...Analysts may disagree on the exact indirect effects of ethanol production, but they agree that the industry has had a positive direct effect on jobs and GDP over the past year. Whether that same
March 14, 2012 Read Full Article
By the Numbers: Trends and Patterns in the Ethanol Industry
by Holly Jessen (Ethanol Producer Magazine) ...The arrival of the blend wall and expected increase in E85 prices due to the lapse of VEETC are two factors that have complicated the future outlook of ethanol use, (Bob) Wisner says. Analyzing
March 14, 2012 Read Full Article
Mascoma Gets Favorable FDA Review of Yeast Ethanol Product
by Lori Valigra (Mass High Tech) Renewable fuels company Mascoma Corp. of Lebanon, N.H., said Wednesday that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine has completed its scientific review of the company’s MGT yeast product and supports its use to produce
February 24, 2012 Read Full Article
California Bill Seeks to Eliminate Future Corn Ethanol Funding
by Kris Bevill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The California State Assembly is expected to vote soon on a watered-down version of a bill initially proposed last year, targeting corn ethanol production for elimination from a state subsidy program. AB 523
February 01, 2012 Read Full Article
Texas Farmer Wades into 'Feed versus Fuel' Battle
(National Corn Growers Association) Ongoing media coverage on corn usage tends to sensationalize trends by pitting demand from the ethanol industry against that from livestock, but Corn Board member Wesley Spurlock, a Texas farmer, has been speaking to groups across
January 24, 2012 Read Full Article
US a Cereal Offender on Ethanol, Says UN
by Rudy Ruitenberg (Sydney Morning Herald) The US policy to produce ethanol biofuel from corn is raising prices for the grain across the world, said Jose Graziano da Silva, the new director-general of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organisation. ''FAO
January 23, 2012 Read Full Article
Doing the Ethanol Shuffle
by Geoff Cooper (Renewable Fuels Association) There’s a hot new craze called the “Ethanol Shuffle” that’s sweeping seaports from Sao Paulo to Los Angeles. No, it’s not a new dance, this shuffle is all about the “confounded realignment of the
December 14, 2011 Read Full Article
Livestock, Poultry Groups Request Hearing to Evaluate RFS
by Kris Bevill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) A coalition of livestock and poultry lobby groups submitted a letter to the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee leaders on Dec. 7, requesting a hearing to evaluate the economic impact of the renewable
December 08, 2011 Read Full Article
Is U.S. Farm Boom Sitting on an Ethanol Bubble?
By Christine Stebbins (Reuters) Grain farmers in the Midwest may want to pinch themselves. In recent years they have been buoyed by a dream scenario. Record high prices. Record high profits. Record high farmland values. Near record production. Farm debts paid
November 21, 2011 Read Full Article
Environmental Outlook: Declining Political Support for Ethanol
host: Laura Knoy (NPR/The Diane Rhem Show) America’s ethanol industry is booming. The U.S. is projected to become the world’s biggest ethanol exporter by the end of the year. In the past, Congress has strongly supported the industry. Now it
November 11, 2011 Read Full Article
Betting on Biorefining
by Erin Voegele (Biorefining Magazine) Valero Energy Corp.’s investment in the advanced biofuels sector benefits startups and lends an increased aura of confidence to the industry ...One company that has traditionally been active in petroleum refining has been particularly supportive of
November 10, 2011 Read Full Article
City Might Phase Out Use of Corn-Based Ethanol Fuel
by Kevin Duggan (Coloradoan.com) The city of Fort Collins may phase out use of corn-based ethanol in its fleet vehicles out of concern for the environment. The majority of City Council members said Tuesday they would support gradually doing away with
November 10, 2011 Read Full Article
Q&A: Ethanol Plant Leader Has No Regrets in Picking Medina
by Tom Rivers (The Daily News) Michael Sawyer, 38, of Geneseo took a gamble in 2005. After eight years in corporate finance in Rochester, he left that career to join his father John Sawyer in establishing an ethanol plant in
November 07, 2011 Read Full Article
Edwardsville Ethanol Center Gets a Boost
by Terry Hillig (STLToday.com) The National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center has added $3.5 million in advanced corn fractionation technology, provided by Cereal Process Technologies LLC of Overland Park, Kan., with support from the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity. Located on
November 07, 2011 Read Full Article
Cropping Between the Lines
by Holly Jessen (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The bull’s-eye on corn ethanol could fade if the industry steps up and makes corn production and stover harvesting more environmentally friendly ...Today, no-till or strip-till farming is gaining ground, and researchers are examining systems
November 02, 2011 Read Full Article
Ethanol Firm’s Next Bet: Algae
by David Shaffer (Star Tribune) An emerging green industry aims to develop a new source of fuel to replace oil, but the quick money could be elsewhere. Green slime is growing in ponds next to an ethanol plant here, and Todd
October 31, 2011 Read Full Article
USDA Finds Distillers Grains Offer Greater Feed Value than Corn
by Kris Bevill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) A newly released report from the USDA appears to confirm what the ethanol industry has been claiming for years—distillers grains is a valuable feed source and can significantly reduce any impact of increased corn
October 27, 2011 Read Full Article
USDA Scientists Use Commercial Enzyme to Improve Grain Ethanol Production
by Ann Perry (US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service) A commercial enzyme could reduce overall costs linked with producing ethanol from grain, and also reduce associated emissions of greenhouse gases, according to a study by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
September 13, 2011 Read Full Article
Ethanol Remains a Sensible Alternative to Oil
by Stephanie Dreyer (Growth Energy/Baltimore Sun) Letter to Editor: Karen Hosler's recent opinion piece calling for an end to ethanol subsidies ("End the ethanol charade," Aug. 30) uses sweeping generalizations that distort the truth about grain ethanol's role in fostering
September 07, 2011 Read Full Article
End the Ethanol Charade
by Karen Hosler (The Baltimore Sun) Karen Hosler writes that the great environmental hope has been exposed as a hoax; conservation is a better bet than magic elixirs ...At best, ethanol enthusiasm has always been muted in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
August 30, 2011 Read Full Article
Valero: ‘Ethanol Has Been Successful for Us’
by Bill Shea (The Messenger) Company leaders visit Webster County plant Trucks loaded with corn line up every day at the front gate of the Valero Renewables ethanol plant west of Fort Dodge, while at the opposite end of the facility
August 27, 2011 Read Full Article
Improvements in Ethanol Process Result in Lower GHG Emissions
by Geoff Cooper (Renewable Fuels Association) America is home to the most innovative, productive and efficient ethanol and grain producers in the world. ...(T)he trend line for both industries is toward greater productivity utilizing fewer resources. When viewed as a
August 27, 2011 Read Full Article
A Decade of Ethanol
by John Maday (Drovers CattleNetwork) This probably doesn’t surprise you, but growth in ethanol production since the year 2000 contributed to dramatic shifts in U.S. agricultural production, according to a new report from USDA’s Economic Research Service. The report, titled “The ethanol
August 24, 2011 Read Full Article
Sweet Sorghum Boosts the Efficiency of Ethanol
by Benjamin Burroughs (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Ethanol has some distinct advantages as a fuel, and sweet sorghum promises even better input/output ratios ...In addition to having a higher ratio, the cost of production for sweet sorghum is lower than for corn. For
August 23, 2011 Read Full Article
A Constant in Changing Times: One Plant’s Success Story in an Ever-evolving Industry
by Kris Bevill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) ...Near Hastings, a community of about 25,000 people nestled amid the seemingly endless corn fields of south-central Nebraska, Chief Ethanol Fuels Inc. has been steadily churning out ethanol since late 1984. The oldest dry-mill
August 23, 2011 Read Full Article
POTUS Puts Focus on Agriculture and Biofuels
by Cindy (Corn Commentary) President Obama’s Midwest bus tour this week really put a spotlight on agriculture and biofuels. The POTUS visited three of the nation’s top four ethanol producing states,accounting for more than 42 percent of the country’s ethanol
August 22, 2011 Read Full Article
Increase in Demand from India, China to Drive up Food Prices: Obama
(The Economic Times of India) US President Barack Obama today highlighted the need to develop biofuels out of things that do not involve fuel chain, arguing that increase in demand from India and China would drive up the food prices. "As
August 18, 2011 Read Full Article
US Corn-Belt Farmers: 'The Country Has Turned on Us'
by Suzanne Goldenberg (The Guardian) As Congress reviews 30 years of corn ethanol subsidies, the global food crisis has shone a negative light on biofuel production There were times when Arlyn Schipper could almost feel heroic on his family farm in
August 16, 2011 Read Full Article
Cargill Blames Government Hoarding for Global Food Price Surge
by John Lippert (The Washington Post/Bloomberg Markets) Cargill chief Greg Page, who runs the largest U.S. agricultural company, has a good idea whom to blame for the global surge in food prices at the end of 2010: governments. ...He said government
August 15, 2011 Read Full Article
More Ethanol, Fewer Inputs, Increasing Benefits: More Corn on Fewer Acres, Less Water
by Geoff Cooper (Renewable Fuels Association) Over the past 30 years, and in particular in the past decade, ethanol production has quietly become increasingly efficient. From improvements in corn production to greater efficiencies at ethanol biorefineries, America’s leading renewable fuel
August 10, 2011 Read Full Article
Coal and Ethanol Are Not Alternative Energy Policy
by Andrew Smolski (OilPrice.com) ...(E)nergy policy is as defunct as ever and on most fronts the US is lagging far behind. ... (T)he US will need this Energy policy to spur growth, create jobs, and remain competitive going forward. Yet,
August 10, 2011 Read Full Article
3 Things You Need to Know about Biofuels
by Maggie Koerth-Baker (BoingBoing) ...In a nutshell, that’s why liquid fuel is so valuable. So far, it’s the clear winner when we need energy for transportation—especially air transportation and heavy, long-distance shipping—because it allows you to stuff a lot of
August 10, 2011 Read Full Article
Technique Measures Ethanol Isotopes from Vehicle, Plant Emissions
by Kris Bevill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Researchers at the University of Miami Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science recently developed a technique to measure ethanol isotopes and discovered that the ethanol found in urban air and vehicle exhaust has
August 09, 2011 Read Full Article
Debate over Corn Use Estimates Shows Need for Solid Ethanol Data
by Kris Bevill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The latest USDA World Agriculture Supply and Demand Estimates marked a milestone of sorts for the ethanol industry. For the first time, the USDA predicts that more corn will be used for ethanol production
July 15, 2011 Read Full Article
At the Capitol: Alternative Energy Can Be Found Right Here in Illinois
by Rep. Jim Sacia (Journal-Standard) ...Ethanol is another source of alternative energy that has established a foothold in America, and we can be very proud of our own Adkins Energy ethanol plant in Lena. One of the strongest lobbying groups in
July 12, 2011 Read Full Article
Remarks by President Obama in Twitter Town Hall
(CBS3Springfield.com/The White House) ...Q Our next response from southwest Ohio, Mostlymoderate: "Cut subsidies to industries which are no longer in crisis or are unsuccessful, cotton, oil, corn subsidies from ethanol." THE PRESIDENT: Well, there's been a interesting debate taking place
July 06, 2011 Read Full Article
GreenShift Licenses Its Patented Corn Oil Extraction Process to Sunoco
(BusinessWire/GreenShift) Technology Produces Feedstock for Biodiesel, Second Renewable Fuel from Sunoco's Green E15 Manufacturing Facility in Fulton, New York GreenShift Corporation announced today (June 24, 2011) that it has licensed its patented technology to Sunoco for extraction of corn oil from
June 24, 2011 Read Full Article
Analysis: U.S. Ethanol Plants Toy with Wheat, Committed to Corn
by Carey Gillam (Reuters) A rare inversion in prices of corn and wheat is prompting some ethanol plants to consider a previously unthinkable measure -- using wheat as their feedstock for producing the popular biofuel. With the price of Chicago corn surging 5
June 20, 2011 Read Full Article
US Official: Biofuels 'Scapegoat' for High Food Prices
by Steve Baragona (Voice of America) ...(Agriculture) Secretary (Tom)Vilsack told a luncheon gathering in Washington not to believe everything one hears about ethanol's role in today's high and volatile food prices. "The truth of the matter is that corn-based
June 15, 2011 Read Full Article
Ethanol Continues to Drive Indiana Economy
by Gary Truitt (Hoosier Ag Today) ...The facts show that ethanol continues to be a major economic driver in Indiana. The 13 ethanol plants in the state produce over 1 billion gallons annually and generate $3.2 billion in sales and
June 10, 2011 Read Full Article
Algae Included in Fuel Feedstock Freedom Act Introduced to Senate
(Algae Industry Magazine) ...The Fuel Feedstock Freedom Act (S. 1085), gives individual states the option not to participate in the corn ethanol portion of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). It also expands the cellulosic biofuel carve-out to include algae and