Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint

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California Launches New Fuel Policies in 2016

by Graham Noyes (Biodiesel Magazine/ Keyes, Fox & Wiedman LLP)  California will be the biodiesel market to watch in 2016 as the state implements a diverse portfolio of policies that will directly impact the industry. The state’s landmark greenhouse gas

January 27, 2016 Read Full Article

Renewable Hydrogen From Tri-Generation Fuel Cells Included Under California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)

(Globe Newswire/FuelCell Energy)  Distributed renewable hydrogen solution receives contingent approval for Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) Credit Market to sell or trade credits; Using stationary fuel cells to convert biogas from wastewater treatment into renewable hydrogen, power, and heat (tri-generation), offsetting

January 22, 2016 Read Full Article

Tesoro Makes Its Move on Renewable Biocrude

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Texas, Tesoro has unveiled its plan to foster the development of biocrude made from renewable biomass, which can be co-processed in its existing refineries, along with traditional crude oil. And the company has identified three

January 22, 2016 Read Full Article

CARB Releases FAQ on New LCFS Regulations in Advance of Deadline

by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  ... CARB has said that those meeting the January deadline will be guaranteed a carbon intensity (CI) rating this year. Ethanol pathways will be processed in the first batch, scheduled to be completed by the

January 12, 2016 Read Full Article

California Sugarcane Ethanol Pathway Certified by CARB

(California Ethanol & Power LLC/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  California Ethanol & Power LLC (CE+P) recently announced the certification of the carbon intensity (CI) pathway for its anticipated sugarcane and sweet sorghum ethanol by the California’s Air Resources Board. CE+P’s sugarcane ethanol will

January 11, 2016 Read Full Article

California LCFS Presents Opportunities for Ethanol Producers

By John Sens (EcoEngineers/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  CARB readopts standards, and sets time lines and treatment for legacy pathways.  --  In the first three quarters of 2015, California Low Carbon Fuel Standard credits increased in price by 212 percent. October saw

December 21, 2015 Read Full Article

Hydrogen from Biomethane; Gasoline & Diesel from Tree Residue; Cellulosic Ethanol among New Proposed California LCFS Fuel Pathways

(Green Car Congress)  California Air Resources Board (ARB) staff posted 32 new Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) fuel pathway applications for comments at the LCFS website. Among the multiple applications for different processing pathways of corn or sorghum ethanol are

December 18, 2015 Read Full Article

DEQ Proposes Last Minute Clean Fuels Tweaks

by Taylor W. Anderson (The Bulletin)  Environmental panel votes today on break for oil companies through 2018, new ethanol models  --  Top environmental regulators are slated to finish rules today that include big changes for Oregon’s Clean Fuels program, three weeks

December 09, 2015 Read Full Article

Alberta Should Adopt Low-Carbon Fuel Standard: Bennett

(Business in Vancouver)  With world’s focus on Paris, energy minister challenges other provinces to follow B.C.’s lead  ---  ... Alberta’s NDP government has pledged to introduce a $30 per tonne carbon tax, phase out coal power and cap oilsands emissions. But there’s

December 09, 2015 Read Full Article

Biofuel Groups Call for 15% Biofuel in Transportation Fuel

(ePURE/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The global biofuels and industrial biotechnology sectors have united to call on world leaders attending the COP21 in Paris to support a global commitment to replace at least 15 percent of the world’s total oil use in

December 07, 2015 Read Full Article

University OF Illinois Research: Study Shows How Crop Prices and Climate Variables Affect Yield and Acreage

(University of Illinois/AgriMarketing)  When corn prices increase farmers reap higher yields by making changes. According to a recent University of Illinois study, about one-third of the yield increase derives from more intensive management practices and two-thirds from cropping additional acreage.

November 18, 2015 Read Full Article

UK Study Shows Greater GHG Benefits from Biofuels

(Renewable Energy Association/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The conclusions of five years of field research in the UK show that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by the UK’s arable sector are significantly lower than previously thought. The report is positive news

November 04, 2015 Read Full Article

Better Biofuels Ahead: The Road to Low-Carbon Fuels

by Emily Cassidy (Environmental Working Group)  Biofuels produced from switchgrass and post-harvest corn waste could significantly reduce the emissions that contribute to climate change, according to an analysis by EWG and University of California biofuels experts. EWG’s analysis found that the life

November 03, 2015 Read Full Article

RFA: Oregon DEQ Shouldn’t Single out Ethanol

by Ann Bailey (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The Renewable Fuel Association has written the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality a letter expressing displeasure with the state’s proposed amendments for its Oregon Clean Fuels Program. The association has been an enthusiastic supporter of

October 22, 2015 Read Full Article

CARB Re-Adopts State’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard

by Ann Bailey (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The California Air Resources Board has re-adopted a Low Carbon Fuel Standard requiring a 10 percent reduction in the carbon intensity of transportation fuels by 2020. “Unlike the EPA, California's Air Resources Board has consistently

September 30, 2015 Read Full Article

California Air Regulators Readopt Fuel Standard to Fight Climate Change

by Tony Barboza (Los Angeles Times)  Clifornia air quality officials on Friday approved updates to a key climate change rule that will force reductions in carbon pollution from gasoline and diesel fuel over the next five years. The vote Friday by

September 28, 2015 Read Full Article

Nation's Strictest Regulatory Board Affirms Biodiesel as Lowest-Carbon Fuel

(National Biodiesel Board)   In a fight to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, California's Air Resources Board has spent years looking for the cleanest, most efficient ways to cut carbon. Turns out, biodiesel is at the top of the list. Friday the board

September 28, 2015 Read Full Article

Oregon's Clean Fuels Law Ignites More Political Wrangling

by Ian K. Kullgren  (The Oregonian/Oregon Live)  ... One of the law's biggest advocates threatened to join forces with opponents this week over proposed changes. A new environmental coalition launched ads attacking proposed ballot measures. Lawsuits are pending in state and

September 21, 2015 Read Full Article

Delivering Low Carbon Transport Fuels post 2020

(Institute for European Environmental Policy)  How should EU policy support the transition to low carbon transport fuels post 2020? IEEP’s recent report for the NGO Transport and Environment argues that future policies should be differentiated to tailor support towards specific

August 11, 2015 Read Full Article

Ethanol Working to Benefit Brazil, America, the World

by Leticia Phillips (UNICA/Ethanol Producer Magazine)    Brazil and the U.S. have a responsibility to collaboratively build a global biofuels market, writes Leticia Phillips of UNICA, following a visit between Brazilian President and President Obama. In late June, Brazilian President Dilma

July 20, 2015 Read Full Article

Gauging The Carbon Cost Of Fuel From Canadian Oil Sands

By Deirdre Lockwood (Chemical and Engineering News)  Environment: New study finds that greenhouse gas emissions associated with fuel from Alberta oil sands are about 20% greater than those for U.S. crude oil The oil sands of Canada’s Alberta province are one

July 07, 2015 Read Full Article

Oregon Lawmakers Look to Swap LCFS for Fuel Tax

(Argus Media)  Oregon governor Kate Brown (D) and a group of eight legislators have negotiated a proposal to kill the state's new low-carbon fuel standard (LCFS) in return for a 4¢/USG rise in the gasoline tax that would pay for

June 26, 2015 Read Full Article

Meeting the Energy and Climate Challenge in California: FOCUS: Can Biofuels Save the Day?

(Diesel Technology Forum)  Public funding provided over many years to incentivize the purchase of alternatives to diesel for heavy-duty trucks has barely made a small dent in introducing these alternatives into the vehicle population. Yet one alternative fuel is making

June 04, 2015 Read Full Article

Kansas Plant Maximizes Value of Inputs by Adding Diesel Production

by Loretta Sorensen (Midwest Producer)  ... But one Kansas ethanol company, East Kansas Agri-Energy LLC (EKAE), is taking steps to stabilize its business with diversified income streams generated from the same corn source used to make ethanol. For EKAE, that means

May 14, 2015 Read Full Article

The LCFS Re-Adoption and Its Possible Repercussions

by John Sens (Biodiesel Magazine/EcoEngineers)  ... Some important items that have resulted from this re-adoption process are: -Setting compliance curve to meet 10 percent GHG reduction by 2020. -Cost containment measures, including a price ceiling of $200 per CI credit. -A two-tiered system for

April 08, 2015 Read Full Article

Know Your Oil: Creating a Global Oil-Climate Index

by Deborah Gordon, Adam Brandt, Joule Bergerson, Jonathan Koomey  (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)  Oil is changing. Conventional oil resources are dwindling as tight oil, oil sands, heavy oils, and others emerge. Oil is changing. Conventional oil resources are dwindling and technological

March 30, 2015 Read Full Article

California Demo Produces First Low-Carbon, Whole-Beet Ethanol

by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Results from Mendota Bioenergy LLC’s Phase I demonstration plant in Fresno County, California, arrived last week, and were quite favorable, reported project manager, Jim Tischer. “We’ve made the first whole-beet, low-carbon ethanol in

March 26, 2015 Read Full Article

California's Revised LCFS Challenged: Biofuel Industry Questions Standard's Lack of Real-World Data

by Todd Neeley (DTN Progressive Farmer)  Though real-world data suggest biofuel production has not led to so-called indirect land-use change, the California Air Resources Board, or CARB, continues to see ILUC as a vital part of its low-carbon fuel standard. The state's

February 18, 2015 Read Full Article

4 Things You Should Know about Oregon's Low-Carbon Fuel Standard

by Ian K. Kullgren (The Oregonian/OregonLive)  ... The law aims to position Oregon as a leader in the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by setting an increasingly cleaner standard for gasoline distributors over the next decade. ... 1) The low-carbon fuel standard

February 18, 2015 Read Full Article

CARB Issues First-Of-Its-Kind LCFS Pathway for Sustainable Oils' Patented Camelina

(Globe Newswire/Sustainable Oils, Inc.)  Sustainable Oils Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Global Clean Energy Holdings, Inc. (OTCBB:GCEH), has been issued a first-of-its-kind feedstock-only pathway by the California Air Resources Board for the production of Camelina-based fuels under the Low

February 09, 2015 Read Full Article

Clean Fuel Availability, for the Pacific Coast

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In California, the International Council on Clean Transportation and E4Tech released a comprehensive study of clean fuel availability for the Pacific Coast.  The report is available here. ... There are four key original findings: (1) low-carbon fuels could replace over

February 06, 2015 Read Full Article

Time For a Reality Check On Computer Models

by Bob Dinneen (Renewable Fuels Association/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Predictive computer models have their place, writes Bob Dinneen of the RFA, but where concrete real-world data and observations exist, they should take precedence. Sound policymaking and regulation must be grounded in

January 20, 2015 Read Full Article

White Paper Highlights Corn Ethanol’s Decreasing Carbon Intensity

(Governors' Biofuels Coalition/Ethanol Across America)  Innovations in conversion technology and energy use at ethanol facilities, coupled with enhanced efficiency fertilizers and corn production management have resulted in corn ethanol being significantly shortchanged in its value to reduce carbon emissions, according

January 09, 2015 Read Full Article

State Panel OKs Rules for Alternative Motor Vehicle Fuels

by Steve Law (Portland Tribune)  The Oregon Environmental Quality Commission voted Wednesday to approve operating rules for the state’s Clean Fuels Program, which mandates an overall 10 percent reduction in carbon emissions from gasoline and diesel fuel over the next

January 08, 2015 Read Full Article

U.S. Ethanol Industry Frets over Washington Green Fuels Study

by Don Jenkins (Capitol Press)  A consultant says ethanol made from Brazilian sugarcane could help Washington reduce carbon emissions. Midwest ethanol producers are lobbying Washington Gov. Jay Inslee to not adopt a low carbon fuels standard. An industry advocacy group, Growth Energy,

November 21, 2014 Read Full Article

EU Transport: Emission Savings of Biofuels 80% Better than Thought, New Calculations Show

(Ecofys)  European calculation rules substantially underestimate the climate benefit of biofuels in the transport sector. Their greenhouse gas emissions should be compared with the emissions of the fossil fuels that they replace in the market. These ‘marginally’ replaced fossil fuels

November 14, 2014 Read Full Article

Growth Energy Submits Comments to Washington State on LCFS Draft Report

(Growth Energy)  Today, Growth Energy submitted initial comments to the state of Washington on their draft report regarding the potential implementation of a Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS). Growth Energy’s comments outline how an implementation of a LCFS could potentially

November 12, 2014 Read Full Article

Rich Countries Subsidising Oil, Gas and Coal Companies by $88bn a Year

(The Guardian) US, UK, Australia giving tax breaks to explore new reserves despite climate advice that fossil fuels should be left buried Rich countries are subsidising oil, gas and coal companies by about $88bn (£55.4bn) a year to explore for new reserves,

November 11, 2014 Read Full Article

California Soliciting Comments on LCFS Rule Overhaul

by Isabel Lane (Biofuels Digest) In California, the Low Carbon Fuels Standard (LCFS) is being overhauled, and the California Air Resources Board (ARB) is requesting input during the rulemaking comment period by November 17th. Two of the issues most important

November 10, 2014 Read Full Article

EU: Reducing the Carbon Content of Transport Fuels

(Balkans News)  The European Commission has adopted a proposal to implement existing obligations in the 2009 amendment of the Fuel Quality Directive. Article 7a of the Fuel Quality Directive obliges suppliers to reduce by 6% the life cycle greenhouse gas

November 03, 2014 Read Full Article

Capturing the California 'Golden Gallon'

by Geoff Cooper (Renewable Fuels Association/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Biodiesel produced from corn distillers oil (CDO) is assigned an extremely low carbon intensity (CI) score under the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard, making it a tremendously attractive compliance option for regulated

October 01, 2014 Read Full Article

GranBio Starts Cellulosic Ethanol Production at 21 Million Gallon Plant in Alagoas, Brazil

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  World’s largest-known cellulosic ethanol project to date comes online in Brazil in record time. In Brazil, GranBio has initiated production at the first commercial-scale plant for second-generation ethanol in the Southern Hemisphere.  The Bioflex 1, unit

September 25, 2014 Read Full Article

Rethinking the Future of Biofuels: Leveraging Three Routes Forward

by Dr. Lew Fulton (University of California-Davis Institute of Transportation Studies)   ... In a new white paper released this week by the Institute of Transportation Studies at UC Davis (ITS-Davis), we measure the incremental changes that are occurring in the U.S.

July 25, 2014 Read Full Article

The Economic Competitiveness of U.S. Ethanol

by John M. Urbanchuk  (ABF Economics/Renewable Fuels Association)  ... Reflecting this enhanced competitiveness and maturation, ethanol prices (both FOB plant and delivered at key U.S. markets) have declined, while crude oil and conventional gasoline prices remained stable or increased. Consequently: 1. U.S.-produced ethanol continues to improve

July 23, 2014 Read Full Article

LCFS Developments: Proposal to Simplify Application Process

by John Sens (EcoEngineers/Biodiesel Magazine)  On May 31, the California Air Resources Board held a workshop outlining some of its proposed changes to the low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) program. Among the changes proposed were those related to the new

July 02, 2014 Read Full Article

California Low-Carbon Rule Survives Big Legal Challenge

By Dale Kasler (Sacramento Bee)  California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, one of the centerpieces of the state’s fight against global warming, survived a significant legal challenge Monday when the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a lawsuit brought by oil-industry and out-of-state farm

July 01, 2014 Read Full Article

Oil Industry Kills California Assembly Bill to Support Biofuel Expansion

by Peter Waldman  (Bloomberg BusinessWeek)  The oil industry did some intellectual gymnastics last week over California’s low-carbon fuel standard, a 2007 mandate that gasoline refiners reduce the carbon intensity of their transportation fuels 10 percent by 2020. After arguing for

June 12, 2014 Read Full Article

Biofuels Forum Underscores Increased Emission Benefits from Ethanol

(25 x '25)  Ethanol’s role in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was underscored this week in a forum of biofuel value chain partners, conservation and greenhouse gas experts organized by the 25x’25 Alliance at the request of the

May 23, 2014 Read Full Article

21 States Ask Supreme Court to Review California’s LCFS

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Several states are joining the fight to take a legal dispute over California’s low carbon fuels standard (LCFS) to the U.S. Supreme Court. On April 21, a group of 21 states filed a brief

April 29, 2014 Read Full Article

Scientists Urge CARB to Revisit LCFS Land Use Change Penalties

by Geoff Cooper (Renewable Fuels Association)  According to the Oil Price Information Service (OPIS) and other media organizations, 14 scientists and researchers submitted a letter to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) on March 6 urging the agency to meaningfully reduce its

March 11, 2014 Read Full Article

California to Expand Low Carbon Fuel Standard to 2030 with More Stringent Targets

by Herman Wang  (Platts)  California plans to expand its first-in-the-nation Low Carbon Fuel Standard with more aggressive emissions-reduction rules through 2030, even as the current program faces a possible US Supreme Court challenge. ... In the scoping plan, which outlines how CARB

February 13, 2014 Read Full Article

Report Addresses Compliance Costs of California's LCFS

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine)  A recent report authored by two University of California, Davis researchers examines the economics of the California low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) program. According to information released by the UC Davis Institute of Transportation Studies,

December 27, 2013 Read Full Article

Company Hopes to Tap into Sugar Cane, Sorghum for Fuel-Grade Ethanol

by James Palen (The Daily Transcript/San Diego Source)  ... Brawley-based California Ethanol + Power is bringing the matter closer to home. The company has yet to build its first facility, but by possibly the first quarter of 2014, it looks to break ground on

November 27, 2013 Read Full Article

Big Changes in California LCFS Are Called for in a New Report

by John Kingston (Platts)  The University of California-Davis has a new study out about California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Once you get past the standard dry academic writing, much of it is fairly startling. We care about the source of the report

November 20, 2013 Read Full Article

Ninth Circuit Upholds California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard

by Dana Hull (San Jose Mercury News)  In a victory for environmentalists, clean energy advocates and state regulators, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld California's clean-fuel standards in a 2-1 decision Wednesday. The fuel standard is a cornerstone of

September 19, 2013 Read Full Article

California, Federal Methods to Push Renewable-Fuel Use Stir Conflict

by Evan Halper (Los Angeles Times)  It's even possible that conflicting state and federal policies on renewable fuels, both aimed at reducing global warming, could actually make things worse, some scientists say.   California and the federal government want drivers to use

August 29, 2013 Read Full Article

Brazil’s UNICA Welcomes Parts of European Parliament Biofuel Vote, Cautions about Threat to WTO Compliance

(UNICA)  The Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA) issued the following statement on the European Parliament Environment Committee’s vote Thursday on biofuels and the issue of indirect land use change, or ILUC: “UNICA welcomes European Union policymakers’ diligence and efforts in pushing

July 22, 2013 Read Full Article

Court Rules to Uphold California LCFS, but Requires Corrective Action

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  On July 15, California’s Fifth District Court of Appeal issued its opinion in the lawsuit filed by Poet LLC against the California Air Resources Board. The lawsuit, originally filed in November 2011, challenged the

July 22, 2013 Read Full Article

Ethanol Trade Undermines U.S. Biofuels Policy

by Ali Morrow and Alex Plough (Thomas Reuters Foundation) U.S. policy to boost the use of fuel from renewable sources is generating additional greenhouse gas emissions due to rising trade in ethanol between the United States and Brazil, rather than lowering emissions

July 09, 2013 Read Full Article

Lowering Ethanol's Carbon Footprint with Energy Beets

by Keith Loria (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Mendota Bioenergy’s plan to turn energy beets to ethanol moves to demonstration scale in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The future of advanced biofuels is in beets. At least that’s the thinking of those behind Mendota Bioenergy

July 02, 2013 Read Full Article

UC-Davis Publishes Status Update of Calif. LCFS

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The University of California-Davis Institute of Transportation Studies has published a new status review of the state’s low carbon fuel standard (LCFS). The review is the second in a series of periodic status reports.

May 08, 2013 Read Full Article

International Energy Agency: Need Major Scale Up in Global Biofuels Production

by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com)  Today, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released their Tracking Clean Energy Progress report in New Delhi that details the increased role that biofuels will need to play in reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) as part of their Climate Change

April 18, 2013 Read Full Article

Chromatin Signs Sorghum Supply Deal with Aemetis

(Chromatin/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Chromatin Inc., a leading provider of innovative crop breeding technology, sorghum seed products and feedstocks, and Aemetis Inc., an advanced fuels and renewable chemicals company, have announced that they have entered into a multi-year agreement to source

February 25, 2013 Read Full Article

RFA Urges CARB to Revise Carbon Intensity Values under the LCFS

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The Renewable Fuels Association is urging the California Air Resources Board to revise indirect land use change (ILUC) penalties assigned to certain biofuels under the state’s low carbon fuel standard (LCFS). In a letter RFA President

January 24, 2013 Read Full Article

$1-2/gal Price Hikes, Refinery Closures Seen Under California LCFS

(Opisnet.com)  While already suffering through the highest pump prices in the continental U.S., Californians could face even higher gasoline and diesel costs when new low carbon fuel regulations gain traction Jan. 1, warn fuel experts. Price hikes of as much

October 03, 2012 Read Full Article

California Clean Fuel Standard Poised to Drive Growth in Biofuels Industry

(PR NewsWire)  E2 Report: Biofuel industry well positioned to meet demand under California standard Despite a challenging year, the advanced biofuels industry continues to grow, according to a new report from Environmental Entrepreneurs (E2). Biofuel production capacity has increased from 437 million gallons

September 06, 2012 Read Full Article

Biofuel Expansion in Central America and the Myth of Vacant Land

(World Watch Institute/Environmental News Network)  ...In response to global criticisms that biofuels drive deforestation and threaten food security, Central American governments and interest groups specify that biofuel expansion will occur on “tierras ociosas”�—or vacant, unproductive land. This may include land

July 25, 2012 Read Full Article

Researchers: LCFS Would Help America

by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com)  During a bipartisan briefing on Capitol Hill, researchers from six institutions advocated that adopting a national Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) would be a positive step for America. Renewable fuels, they said, will be cleaner, cheaper

July 20, 2012 Read Full Article

When, Where and How Wood Is Used Impact Carbon Emissions from Deforestation

(Environmental Research Web)  A new study from the University of California, Davis, provides a deeper understanding of the complex global impacts of deforestation on greenhouse gas emissions. The study, published May 13 in the advance online edition of the journal Nature

May 29, 2012 Read Full Article

CARB Releases 2011 LCFS Review Report

by Kris Bevill  (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  The California Air Resources Board has completed the first required formal review of the state’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, a regulatory program that requires stakeholders to reduce the carbon intensity (CI) of fuels sold

December 23, 2011 Read Full Article
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emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Heat Standards Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security 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drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric 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(FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum 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High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling 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