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Shell Aviation Inks Deal to Supply Sustainable Aviation Fuel to Lufthansa in US Airport

by Madeleine Cuff (Business Green) Firm promises to develop ‘scalable supply’ of sustainable aviation fuels under new multi-year partnership with World Energy  —  Shell Aviation, the jet fuel arm of

January 7, 2020 Read Full Article

JetBlue Prepares Its Business for a New Climate Reality

(JetBlue) JetBlue to Go Carbon Neutral on All Domestic Flights by Offsetting Emissions Starting in 2020, Ramping up to Offset more than 15-17 Billion Pounds of CO2 Emissions Per Year;  JetBlue

January 7, 2020 Read Full Article

Cutting Edge Funding: The Digest’s 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to Debt and Equity Financing Mechanisms for Bioeconomy Projects

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Money, money, money – a growing bioeconomy needs lots of it. But with so many challenges like a lack of certainty in government programs or a

January 2, 2020 Read Full Article

The Kodak Moment: The World’s Airlines Consider Their Low-Carbon Options in an Era of Flight-Shaming

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  … Now, the airlines were just about the first customers to clamor for advanced biofuels. In 2006, Richard Altman of the recently-formed Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels

December 14, 2019 Read Full Article

Qantas Group to Slash Carbon Emissions

(Qantas Group)  The Qantas Group will reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050 in a major expansion of the airline’s commitment to a more sustainable aviation industry.  With actions starting from

November 12, 2019 Read Full Article

Green Shoots: After a Sluggish Decade, Is the Bioenergy Tide Turning?

by Gerard J. Ostheimer, Ph.D. (below50) and Douglas L. Faulkner (“the Clean Tech Conservative” / Leatherstocking LLC) (Biofuels Digest)  …  On the left there is a surging sense of climate action

October 23, 2019 Read Full Article

VALCORA Bolsters Fuel Emission Offsetting in Collaboration with Shell Aviation

(Aviation Pros/VALCORA)  All Shell Aviation fuels sold through the VALCORA digital fuel purchasing platform will be carbon neutral1, meaning that emissions will be offset via carbon credits automatically included with

October 16, 2019 Read Full Article

The Market for Sustainable Kerosene Needs the Quota

(aireg e.V.)  On the occasion of the international aireg conference on sustainable aviation fuels in Berlin on October 17th and 18th 2019, aireg proposes the introduction of a GHG reduction

October 15, 2019 Read Full Article

Catch & Kill: The Velocys, Oxy, Cemvita, Carbon Engineering, BHP, Ginkgo Chase to Catch Waste, Kill Emissions, Armed with New Organisms to Liberate Value

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Mississippi, Velocys’ Bayou Fuels project has signed with Oxy Low Carbon Ventures to capture carbon dioxide from Velocys’ planned Bayou Fuels biomass-to-fuels project in

October 11, 2019 Read Full Article

Finnair’s Passenger Biofuel Purchase Initiative Takes off with First SAF Flights from San Francisco

(GreenAir Online) Following its ‘Push for change’ initiative launched earlier this year, Finnair has used sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) on two flights from San Francisco to Helsinki. The initiative encourages passengers

October 7, 2019 Read Full Article

Climate Change Measures Progress at ICAO Assembly

(Air Transport Action Group) Governments meeting at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 40th Assembly in Montreal have supported the prioritisation of work on developing a long-term goal for aviation CO2

October 7, 2019 Read Full Article

Over 200 European Airports to Deliver Net Zero CO2 Emissions by 2050

(Airports Council International)  On the occasion of the UN Global Climate Action Summit taking place in New York today, the trade association for Europe’s airports, ACI EUROPE provided an update

October 1, 2019 Read Full Article

Family Farming, Biofuels, CO2: The Digest’s 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to Climate Change and the U.S. Farm Economy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The National Farmers Union envisions a world where farm families and their communities are respected, valued and enjoy economic prosperity and social justice and climate

September 27, 2019 Read Full Article

Protests against International Aviation Emissions Strategy

(Stay Grounded Network/Biofuelwatch)   Planned protests in Montreal at International Aviation Assembly (24th of September to 4th of October) // New briefing exposes plans for palm oil in the airplane tank

September 25, 2019 Read Full Article

Aviation Industry Encourages Long-Term Climate Action from Governments

(Air Transport Action Group)  The aviation industry, alongside environmental groups, will request governments to set a timeframe for agreement on a long-term target to reduce CO2 emissions from air transport at

September 23, 2019 Read Full Article

SAS Offers Passengers Option to Purchase Biofuel

(Flight Global)  Scandinavian operator SAS is offering passengers the opportunity to purchase biofuel as part of the airline’s sustainability strategy. The initiative is a not-for-profit service, simply adding to biofuels already being

September 18, 2019 Read Full Article

Delta Invests $2 Million for Study of Potential Facility to Produce Biofuel from Forest Floor Debris

(Delta News Hub)  Commitment will fund exploration for the establishment of a sustainable biofuel refinery in Washington State. —  As part of its ongoing commitment to sustainability, Delta Air Lines is investing

September 18, 2019 Read Full Article

New Corporate Climate Commitment: Buying Negative Emissions

by Josh Siegel & Abby Smith (Washington Examiner’s Daily on Energy)   Companies are starting to include direct investments in carbon capture and sequestration in their climate and sustainability plans. Shopify, the

September 16, 2019 Read Full Article

Lufthansa Innovation Hub launches the “Compensaid” Sustainability Platform and Focuses on CO2 Neutral Aviation Fuels

(Lufthansa Group)  Travelers can use the new platform to replace the fossil fuel of their flights with Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF); Airline passengers can reduce up to 80 percent of

August 21, 2019 Read Full Article

Biofuels and Carbon Offsets Power Delta’s First Carbon-Neutral Flights

(Delta)  Delta to take 20 carbon-neutral new aircraft deliveries from the Airbus final assembly line in Mobile, Ala.; Using biofuels and carbon offsets in coordination with Air BP, this move is Delta’s latest

July 16, 2019 Read Full Article

United’s June 5 ‘Flight for the Planet’ Fueled with Biofuel Blend

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine)  United Airlines made history June 5 with the departure of the Flight for the Planet, the most eco-friendly commercial flight of its kind in the history

June 6, 2019 Read Full Article

Resolution: Airlines Call for Implementation of Global Carbon Offsetting Scheme

(International Air Transport Association) The International Air Transport Association (IATA) 75th Annual General Meeting (AGM) overwhelmingly approved a resolution calling on governments to continue important work for full implementation of the

June 4, 2019 Read Full Article

Fulfilling Climate Obligations Will Be Hard but We’re up to the Challenge, Promises Aviation Industry

(GreenAir Online)  Addressing aviation’s impact on climate change and meeting the challenge was a key theme at the industry’s recent Global Sustainable Aviation Forum (GSAF) in Montreal. While attention remains focused on ICAO’s

June 2, 2019 Read Full Article

Why Carbon Credits for Forest Preservation May Be Worse than Nothing–An (Even More) Inconvenient Truth

by Lisa Song, with additional reporting by Paula Moura (Pro Publica)  … If the carbon in these trees could be quantified, then Acre could sell credits to polluters emitting clouds of

May 23, 2019 Read Full Article

The Pressing Need for a Strategy to Ramp up Ambition on Mitigating Emissions from Aviation

by Chris Lyle (GreenAir Online/Air Transport Economics)  Greenhouse gases from aviation will continue to increase globally despite prevailing mitigation actions, whose effects are well outdistanced by traffic growth. ICAO is in

April 30, 2019 Read Full Article

ICAO Releases List of Technical Advisory Board Members Who Will Recommend Eligible Offsets for CORSIA

(GreenAir Online) ICAO has released the list of members appointed to the Technical Advisory Body (TAB) that will assess emissions units programmes for eligibility under the UN agency’s Carbon Offsetting and

April 30, 2019 Read Full Article

Beto O’Rourke Hints at Support for Carbon Pricing

(Argus Media)  US presidential candidate Beto O’Rourke wants the country to slash its greenhouse gas emissions to near zero over the next 30 years, possibly through the use of a carbon

April 30, 2019 Read Full Article

ERA Funds Wheat-Ethanol Plant, Woody Biomass Project

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine)  Emissions Reduction Alberta recently announced funding to support several projects through its Partnership Intake Program, including a biorefinery that will produce ethanol and biogas and a

April 2, 2019 Read Full Article

Growing Support among EU Environment Ministers for Applying further Carbon Pricing on Aviation Emissions

(GreenAir Online)  A recent proposal by the Netherlands finance ministry for an EU-wide aviation tax to deal with the sector’s growing emissions has received backing from a Belgian environment minister at

March 24, 2019 Read Full Article

The Cost of Supporting Alternative Jet Fuels in the European Union

by Nikita Pavlenko, Stephanie Searle, and Adam Christensen (International Council on Clean Transportation) Alternative jet fuels (AJFs) are among the few available in-sector approaches to reduce aviation sector emissions. Although the

March 22, 2019 Read Full Article

Aviation Industry Applauds Another CORSIA Milestone

(Air Transport Action Group)  The aviation industry today welcomed another significant milestone in the development of the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). The Council of the International

March 6, 2019 Read Full Article

SAS, Finnair and China Airlines Launch Passenger Carbon Offsetting Initiatives

(GreenAir Online)  Three airlines – SAS, Finnair and China Airlines – have each introduced carbon offsetting initiatives for their customers. Starting this month, SAS Group will offset the carbon emissions of

February 22, 2019 Read Full Article

Europe Presses ICAO Council for Decision on CORSIA’s Carbon Offset Eligibility Criteria

(GreenAir Online)  Europe is pressing the governing ICAO Council to approve at its current 216th Session the emissions units criteria (EUC) that will underpin the eligibility of carbon offset credits that

February 22, 2019 Read Full Article

Finnair Introduces CO2 Offsetting and Biofuel Service for Customers

(Finnair)  Finnair today (January 15, 2019) introduced a service, where its customers can offset the CO2 emissions of their flights by supporting a CO2 emission reduction project or reduce emissions by buying biofuel. Push

January 21, 2019 Read Full Article

Carbon Markets, NGOs and IATA Urge Countries at COP24 Climate Talks to Adopt Robust Rules on Double Counting

(GreenAir Online)  Carbon market representatives, IATA and Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) have urged countries currently meeting at the UNFCCC’s COP24 in Poland to adopt strong rules to avoid double counting on

December 15, 2018 Read Full Article

Shell, World Energy, SkyNRG, KLM, SAS and Finnair Join Forces to Reduce Carbon Emissions at San Francisco Airport

(SkyNRG)  Shell, World Energy and SkyNRG have initiated the supply of sustainable aviation fuel to three major airlines at San Francisco Airport following the strategic collaboration announced in May which involved fuel

December 11, 2018 Read Full Article

International Network of Activists Mount Campaign to Halt Growth of the Aviation Sector

(Green Air Online) … The Stay Grounded network, which includes Friends of the Earth International, reports it carried out 27 “actions” in 11 countries to raise awareness of what it

December 3, 2018 Read Full Article

Dutch Aviation Sector Presents Government with Action Plan to Reduce Gross Emissions by 35 Per Cent by 2030

(GreenAir Online)  The Dutch civil aviation sector has pledged to reduce its gross carbon emissions originating in the Netherlands by 35 per cent by 2030. This is in addition to airline

December 3, 2018 Read Full Article

Aviation Industry Says It’s on Track and Committed to Start Reporting Carbon Emissions from January

(GreenAir Online)  With just a month to go before airlines and business aircraft operators with international flights must start monitoring and reporting their CO2 emissions under the CORSIA carbon offsetting scheme,

December 3, 2018 Read Full Article

Industry and Countries Prepare for Introduction of CORSIA but “Much Work to Be Done”

(GreenAir Online)  With just three months to go before all airlines with international flights must start monitoring their carbon emissions, ICAO’s CORSIA carbon offsetting scheme was centre stage at this year’s

October 12, 2018 Read Full Article

SAS Pledges to Use Renewable Jet Fuels on All Domestic Flights by 2030 and Partners with Swedish Oil Refiner Preem

(GreenAir Online)  Scandinavian airline SAS has signed a letter of intent with Sweden’s largest fuel company Preem to produce renewable aviation fuels using forestry residues and other waste materials. SAS has set a

August 17, 2018 Read Full Article

Finnair Study Finds Travelling Public Would Pay Extra to Reduce Environmental Impact of Flights

(GreenAir Online)  According to a consumer research study by Finnair, almost all Finns – 94% – want to reduce the emissions from their air travel and three-quarters are willing to pay

August 17, 2018 Read Full Article

On the Rise: The Digest’s 2018 Multi-Slide Guide to Biogas, Its Markets and Production and Treatment Technologies

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  What’s up with biogas?  The U.S. market has lagged in the development of biogas facilities because of the low cost of electricity, natural gas and vehicle fuels

August 9, 2018 Read Full Article

Initiative Launched to Encourage Adoption of Sustainable Jet Fuels by Business Aviation

(GreenAir Online)  The business aviation sector has come together to raise awareness and encourage adoption by business aircraft owners, operators and fuel suppliers of sustainable alternative jet fuels (SJAF). At

June 25, 2018 0 comment Read Full Article

Airline Industry Urged to Prepare for Monitoring Carbon Emissions as CORSIA Nears Adoption

(GreenAir Online) With less than seven months before CO2 monitoring requirements under ICAO’s CORSIA carbon offsetting scheme come into force, the cross-industry Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) has reminded airlines and

June 25, 2018 Read Full Article

EU Pushes Back against Weakening of Aviation Emissions Deal

by Julia Fioretti (Reuters)  European countries are pushing back against any weakening of the rules underpinning a landmark global agreement to cap airline emissions at 2020 levels, especially those related to the

June 7, 2018 Read Full Article

KLM, Växjö Småland Airport, Södra, SkyNRG and Partners Sign LOI to Investigate the Feasibility of Producing Sustainable Aviation Fuels in the Växjö Region

(SkyNRG)  Starting today, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is flying to Växjö, Sweden every day and to make flights to Växjö as sustainable as possible, KLM is investing in 120,000 litres

May 14, 2018 Read Full Article

Beyond the ICAO’s CORSIA: Towards a More Climatically Effective Strategy for Mitigation of Civil-Aviation Emissions

(GreenAir Online)  In a peer-reviewed research article published in the journal Climate Law, air transport economist Chris Lyle examines ICAO’s role in addressing international aviation’s growing emissions since referral by the UNFCCC to

April 27, 2018 Read Full Article

Imposing Eligibility Constraints on CORSIA Offset Credits Could Have Significant Impact on UN CDM, Finds Study

(GreenAir Online)  The UN’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is likely to be a primary source of carbon credits for airlines seeking to offset the industry’s growth in CO2 emissions post-2020 under ICAO’s Carbon

April 7, 2018 Read Full Article

Air New Zealand Says It Will Be at Least 10 Years before Aviation Biofuels Commercial

by Meghan Sapp (Biofuels Digest)  In New Zealand, Air New Zealand says that despite talking with 30 companies following its call to source 20 million liters of aviation biofuels last year,

March 30, 2018 Read Full Article

IATA Sets Goal for Flights Using Sustainable Fuels

(International Air Transport Association/Biomass Magazine)  The International Air Transport Association set out an aim for 1 billion passengers to fly on flights powered by a mix of jet fuel and sustainable

March 7, 2018 Read Full Article

That Was Then, This Is NOW! or The New Economics of Biogas Projects

by Scott Warfield (CERES Project Services/Lee Enterprises Consulting/Biofuels Digest)  … The big game changer for financing, profitability and financial returns of anaerobic digester (AD) projects regardless of feedstock is carbon offset credits

February 8, 2018 0 comment Read Full Article

Air Traffic Control the Netherlands Joins KLM’s Corporate Biofuel Programme

(GreenAir Online)  Air Traffic Control the Netherlands has joined KLM’s Corporate Biofuel Programme, enabling it to compensate for the CO2 from staff business flights through the purchase of sustainable biofuels. “Our employees

February 5, 2018 Read Full Article

Newsweek Names United Airlines Top Global Carrier in 2017 Green Rankings

(United Airlines)  United Airlines ranked number one among global carriers in Newsweek’s 2017 Global 500 Green Rankings, one of the most recognized environmental performance assessments of the world’s largest publicly traded companies.

January 15, 2018 0 comment Read Full Article

Environmental Groups Criticise ICAO over Lack of CORSIA Transparency and Threat to Biofuel Sustainability Criteria

(GreenAir Online)   ICAO has come under fire from two environmental groups over a perceived lack of transparency on decisions concerning its CORSIA global carbon offsetting scheme and fears that sustainability criteria

November 30, 2017 Read Full Article

States Agree Not to Set Targets as ICAO Unveils Its Long-Term Vision on Sustainable Aviation Fuels Deployment

(GreenAir Online)   ICAO concluded its second Conference on Aviation and Alternative Fuels (CAAF/2) held in Mexico City with an agreement on a long-term vision for the development, production and supply of

November 13, 2017 Read Full Article

Marketing Sustainability: How Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) Are Planning to Take Flight

By Michael Eggleston* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  Flying in Formation: Since the first test flight almost 10 years ago, there have been over 40,000 commercial flights supported by four international airports

October 19, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

Carbon Offsetting Can Play an Important Role in Achieving Airlines’ Climate Goals, Says Study, but Finds Low Level of Understanding

(GreenAir Online)  … “The key message of our paper is really to understand that carbon offsets play an important role in addressing climate change, but not in the sense that they

October 2, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

QUOTE OF THE WEEK

Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest), explaining how international efforts to reduce the carbon footprint of aviation that focus on cheap offsets accomplish exactly the opposite:  “We do need change. Right now,

June 22, 2017 Read Full Article

Explosive New ICCT Report Says “Offsets” Will Dominate “Alternative Fuels” in Aviation

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) “Bulk of aviation emissions reductions will be achieved through carbon offsets,” not fuels, writes ICCT Slow scale-up foreseen for biofuels Challenges in feedstock costs Carbon pricing

June 22, 2017 Read Full Article

CORSIA Aviation Carbon Emissions Scheme Must Learn Lessons from UN’s Flawed Offset Mechanism, Says Study

(GreenAir Online)  While ICAO deliberates over rules concerning what offsets should be eligible under its carbon scheme for international aviation,

April 28, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

Strategic Decisions on EU Aviation Biofuel Deployment Urgently Required to Overcome Cost Obstacle

(GreenAir Online) Despite efficiency improvements and a global agreement to stabilise carbon emissions from international aviation at 2020 levels, due to

March 28, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

Introducing Biochar: Climate Change Solution or Greenwash Nightmare?

by Steve Horn  (DeSmog) After years of investigating biochar, which promoters have touted as a potential climate change fix, DeSmog is releasing its

March 27, 2017 Read Full Article

Government Policy Action Is Key to the Large-Scale Deployment of Aviation Biofuels, Hears ICAO Seminar

(GreenAir Online)  Although sustainable alternative fuels are key to meeting the aviation sector’s long-term emissions goals, supportive government policies are

February 24, 2017 Read Full Article

Opinion: Why ICAO’s Emissions Deal Will Not Make A Difference

by Jens Flottau (Aviation Week)  When the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) announced in early October that its general assembly

October 24, 2016 Read Full Article

U.S. Signs On to Global Agreement Capping Aviation Emissions

(OurEnergyPolicy.org)  The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) finalized an agreement to cap the aviation industry’s CO2 emissions at 2020 levels.

October 18, 2016 Read Full Article

FACT SHEET: 191 Countries Reach a Global Climate Deal for International Aviation

(The White House)  Today, in Montreal, Canada, 191 countries decided to adopt a global market-based measure to reduce carbon emissions

October 7, 2016 Read Full Article

Can the Aviation Industry Finally Clean up Its Emissions?

by John Vidal (The Guardian)  With biofuel potential limited and emissions rising, the need for industry to act is urgent.

September 30, 2016 Read Full Article

The High-Flown Fantasy of Aviation Biofuels

by Almuth Ernsting (Biofuelwatch/The Biomass Monitor)  …  As far as Branson and his airline, Virgin Atlantic, were concerned, the flight was

September 12, 2016 Read Full Article

ICAO Carbon Offsetting Scheme Moves a Step Closer to Agreement as Council Releases Final Draft Resolution Text

(GreenAir Online)  ICAO’s 36-State governing Council has released final draft text of a Resolution to be put before the UN

September 5, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

A4E Calls on Governments to Support the UN’s Global Scheme to Reduce Airline Carbon Emissions

(AviationBenefits.org)  Coinciding with the presentation of the European Commission’s “European Strategy for Low-Emission Mobility”, A4E sets out its priorities on

July 25, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

Persuading Governments to Adopt Global Carbon Scheme Would Be One of IATA’s Greatest Achievements, Says Walsh

(GreenAir Online)  he new Chairman of IATA’s Board of Directors and CEO of International Airlines Group, Willie Walsh, told the

June 20, 2016 Read Full Article

Sufficient Supply of High Quality Carbon Credits and Sustainable Fuels to Meet Aviation CO2 Goals, Finds Study

(GreenAir Online)  A study commissioned by WWF finds airlines could meet most of their carbon-neutral growth (CNG) requirements during the

June 20, 2016 Read Full Article

Carbon Offset Trading – Managing Risk in a Time of Regulatory Uncertainty

by Joshua Belcher and David McCullough (Sutherland Asbill & Brennan/Biofuels Digest)  Over the past decade, the market for carbon offsets

October 26, 2015 Read Full Article

Study Finds a Carbon Gap of 220 Million Tonnes in 2023 Will Require Offsetting by the Airline Industry

(GreenAir Online) Even with improvements in aircraft technology, airline efficiencies and operational improvements, together with the introduction of biofuels, there will

October 31, 2014 Read Full Article

Colonialism and the Green Economy: Villagers Defy Pressure to Forfeit Farms for Carbon-Offset

by Daniel C Marotta and Jennifer Coute-Marotta  (Truthout)  All names are fictitious as sources requested anonymity out of fear of

January 14, 2013 Read Full Article

Carbon Offsetting Rather than Emissions Trading Becoming Favoured Route as ICAO Looks towards a Global Scheme

(GreenAirOnline)  As ICAO expert groups continue their work on a global market-based approach to limiting the growth of international aviation

November 8, 2012 Read Full Article

Carbon Credits Gone Awry: Coolant Companies Raise Output of Harmful Gas

By Elisabeth Rosenthal and Andrew W. Lehren (The New York Times)  …But where the United Nations envisioned environmental reform, some manufacturers

August 9, 2012 Read Full Article

KLM Biofuel Flight to Rio Takes off as Innovative Programme Is Launched to Involve Global Corporations in Aviation Biofuels

(GreenAirOnline)  As a KLM Boeing 777-200 was readied for yesterday’s longest-ever commercial biofuel flight from Amsterdam to Rio de Janeiro,

June 27, 2012 Read Full Article

Carbon Corner: A New Commodity Futures Contract with a Carbon Twist

by Dawson Williams (Carbon Advisory Services/Biofuels Digest)  …It may be not so long in coming considering the volumes of biotech

March 7, 2011 Read Full Article

CARBON CORNER: New Carbon Opportunities Coming to Market for Agriculture

by Dawson Williams and Rick Gilmore (GIC Group/Biofuels Digest)  …The Climate Action Reserve (CAR), which was chartered by state legislation in

November 3, 2010 Read Full Article

Paying More for Flights Eases Guilt, Not Emissions

by Elizabeth Rosenthal (New York Times)  In 2002 Responsible Travel became one of the first travel companies to offer customers

January 4, 2010 Read Full Article

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storage (CCS) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) carbon cost carbon credit carbon credit markets carbon cycle carbon debt Carbon Dioxide (CO2) carbon efficiency carbon emissions carbon fiber Carbon Intensity (CI) carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon price carbon recycling carbon sequestration carbon sink carbon tax carbon tax-and-dividend carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata/brassica carinata carob cashew cashew apple CASI CAS Registry Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis CH pathway cattle cavitation cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile China chitin CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location co-operative Co-op Extension co-processing co-products CO2 Sequestration coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) coastal habitat conservation coastal hay Coast Guard cobalt cock's foot cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold-tolerance cold flow college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG / R-CNG) compression-ignition engine compression ratios computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology cooking fuel cook stoves cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 copper coppice cordgrass corn-based products corn/maize corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmet cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crimes Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs dairy waste dandelion DARPA date palm date palm pits Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Delaware DeltaWing demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose diatoms diesel diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices diethyl ether Digital Biology dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct-to-fuel directed evolution direct injection Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) dispense distillation distilled biodiesel distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME (dimethyl ether) Dominican Republic double cropping Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought-resistant drought tolerant dual cropping Dubai duckweed E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E2 E3 E5 E5 price E6 E7 E8 E10 E10 price E12 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E40 E50 E55 E78 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 E100 E100 conversion kit earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecuador ED95 education educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency Egypt Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric grid electricity electricity/power generation electricity price electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants El Salvador embargo emissions emissions standards EN 228 EN 590 EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) end user Energy Bill energy cane energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine/Fuel Co-optimization Engine Development engineering engine problems England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment Environmentalists environmental justice environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling enzymes Enzyme solicitation EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) ethane ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol benefits ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol blend wall ethanol emissions ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol tolerance Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) externalities extremophiles f F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farmers farming farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices Feedstocks feedstock storage feedstock transportation fermentation ferry fertilizer F Factor fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch/FT Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose flameleaf sumac flavors flax Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) Flightpath flight tests flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources forestry Forest Service fossil carbon fossil fuel fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) free fatty acids (FFA) French fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel additives fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon Gambia gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline-range hydrocarbons gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gas prices gas tax/highway user fee General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal Germany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government subsidies grains grain sorghum/milo grain speculators GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green/black economy green chemistry green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing GREET model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guinea Gulf states Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP Haiti Halophytes harvesting harvest site processing Hawaii hazardous waste HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat-tolerance heating oil/fuel heat of combustion heat of vaporization hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) HFS-SIP hibiscus High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway funds highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Honge tree nuts Hong Kong hops horse bedding horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrids hydrocarbon fuels hydrofaction Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen fuel cells hydrogenolysis hydrogen pumps hydropower hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois illuppai ILUC (Indirect Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indiana Indian beech tree Indian grass indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial ethanol industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insurance integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map internal combustion engine International international balance of payments International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isooctane isooctene Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 Jetfuel (Sustainable Alternative Jetfuel (SAJF)/Renewable Jetfuel (RJF) Jimmy Carter Jobs jojoba Jordan JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 JP-10 juniper jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kamani Kansas Kans grass Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa Kuwait Kygryzstan labels Labrador lactose Lake County lamp oil landfill methane Landfills land ownership land prices land rights landscape land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree Lebanon legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars Lipid liquefaction liquid liquidation liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M3 M15 M50 M100 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Biofuel marine algae Marine Corps Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane methane/biomethane methane leaks Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molybdenum Monaco mongongo Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol nahar Namibia nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Lab National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Transportation Safety Board Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gasoline natural gas prices natural gas vehicles Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick Newfoundland new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory North Korea Northwest Territories Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds NTSB nuclear Nunavut nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition nut shells oak oat hulls oats oat straw Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol off-take agreements Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement Oils oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes Oklahoma olefins olive cake olive pits olives olive water Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peaches peak oil peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot scale pine pineapple pine beetle pine nut pinion pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poland Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter power-to-gas power-to-liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propanol property insurance protectionism protein protests public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week R33 rabbits race radiata pine Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rainforest RAND rare earth metal RD20 RD30 RD99 RD100 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED and RED II) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) price Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) renewable volume obligation (RVO) replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion retail retrofit return on investment R Factor RFI (Request for Information) RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island Ricardo rice rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rotation crops royalties RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass s saccharification Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC SAK sales Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy Scotland scum sea level rise seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed-to-wheel seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smokestack soap social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar-to-fuels solar biofuels solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solid oxide fuel cell Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota Southeast Asia Southern Africa South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soybean prices soybeans soy meal Spain spartina specifications sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve straw students sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel Sugar Beets/Energy Beets sugar cane sugar cane prices sugar cane straw Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugars sugars-to-fats sugar standards sulfur Sumatra sunflower supercritical fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Suriname Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweetgum sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland sycamore syngas syngas fermentation synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic methane Syria Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall fescue tall oil tallow tallow tree Tamarix tank-to-wheel tank cars tankers tanker trucks Tanzania tariffs taro tar sands Tasmania tax benefit tax credit taxes tax incentives tax parity tax policy tea teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training technical course technology transfer tech transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion Tier 3 Tier 4 tilapia tillage Timor-Leste tires tobacco tobacco tree Togo Tokyo toluene Tonga tool Toronto torrefaction Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) trade trade dispute/discrimination trade group trade organization Trade Policy trade secrets training trains transesterification transgenics transition Transportation Fuels Policy Transportation Fuels Policy--Municipal Transportation Fuels Policy--State Transportation Policy Treasury Department trees Trinidad and Tobago triticale trucks tubers tung tunicate Tunisia Turkey Uganda UK (United Kingdom) Ukraine UL (Underwriters Laboratory) ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) underground storage tanks (UST) UNESCO United Arab Emirates (UAE) United Nations' International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) United Nations (UN) United States Auto Club Unleaded 88/E15 uranium urbanization urban sprawl Uruguay USAC US Agency for International Development (USAID) USAID US Army USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) used cooking oil (UCO) used railroad ties US ethanol exports US Geological Survey US Product Safety Commission Utah utility model Uzbekistan value chain vanadium Vancouver Vanuatu Vatican VEETC vegetable oils Velocys 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