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Do Biofuels Have a Role in Delivering Net Zero?

by Patricia Thornley (Energy and Bioproducts Research Institute, Aston University/Biofuels Digest)  ... That is what “net zero” essentially means. There may still be some greenhouse gas emissions, but they will be counteracted by other things that compensate. ... Well, by 2050 it

May 26, 2021 Read Full Article

Equinor and Horisont Progressing Barents Sea Carbon Capture Project

by Josh Lewis (upstream online) Proposed CCS project will have the capacity to store roughly double Norway’s annual greenhouse gas emissions as Equinor targets blue ammonia production --  Norwegian duo Equinor and Horisont Energi have struck a deal to further mature

May 24, 2021 Read Full Article

Bureau Veritas Publishes Rules and Guidelines on Ammonia as a Marine Fuel

(Helenic Shipping/Bureau Veritas)  Bureau Veritas (BV) has released an Ammonia-Prepared notation and has developed a Rule Note for ammonia as a marine fuel to support ship owners, designers, shipyards, and charterers in advancing their journeys toward using ammonia and a zero

May 19, 2021 Read Full Article

ABS Unveils Latest Trends and Projections for Future Fuels and Decarbonization

(American Bureau of Shipping) Low Carbon Shipping Outlook Suggests Industry Will Need to Do More to Meet GHG Targets --  ABS has published the latest trends and projections on carbon-reduction strategies for shipping as the industry looks to meet decarbonization

May 19, 2021 Read Full Article

Over $100 Million to Build Australia's First Large-Scale Hydrogen Plants

(Australian Renewable Energy Agency/Electric Energy Online) On behalf of the Australian Government, the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has today (May 5) announced that it has conditionally approved $103.3 million towards three commercial-scale renewable hydrogen projects, as part of its Renewable

May 14, 2021 Read Full Article

Shchekinoazot and Haldor Topsoe Sign an MoU to Jointly Discover Opportunities for CO2 Emission Reduction

by Ulrik Frøhlke (Haldor Topsoe) Haldor Topsoe and Shchekinoazot have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the objective to reduce the carbon footprint of Shchekinoazot’s existing and future plants in Tula region, Russia. Shchekinoazot aims to establish production of

May 03, 2021 Read Full Article

Biodiesel, Ethanol, Sustainable Aviation & Maritime Fuels: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to IEA Renewables

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The International Energy Agency published “Renewables 2020”, an analysis and forecast through 2025 of the impact of Covid-19 on renewables in the electricity, heat and transport sectors. We pulled the transport and biofuels pieces so

April 27, 2021 Read Full Article

US Ammonia Producer Unveils Green Hydrogen Project

(ReNewsBiz)  When completed in 2023 the 20MW electrolyser in Louisiana will be the largest in North America -- The largest producer of ammonia in the US, CF Industries Holdings, has signed a contract with Thyssenkrupp for a 20MW green hydrogen project

April 23, 2021 Read Full Article

SEA-LNG Warns against Delay in Addressing Shipping Decarbonisation

(SEA-LNG) Industry coalition stresses that LNG fuels reduce up to 23% of GHG emissions, and that bio- and synthetic LNG offer low risk, incremental pathways to net zero. Waiting for future fuels and not fully utilising LNG, which is safe, proven, competitive

April 20, 2021 Read Full Article

Waste-to-Hydrogen Tokyo Facility Ready to Rock – Is 2021 the Year of Hydrogen?

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) News comes from the Land of the Rising Sun that a first-of-its-kind Tokyo facility will convert sewage sludge into renewable hydrogen fuel is now complete. Ways2H Inc. and its shareholder and technical partner Japan Blue

April 05, 2021 Read Full Article

Haldor Topsoe and Nel ASA to Offer End-to-End Green Ammonia and eMethanol™ Solutions

by Svend Ravn (Haldor Topsoe) -Haldor Topsoe and Nel have entered a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the intent to offer customers complete renewable electricity to ammonia and methanol solutions.  -Solutions will be based on globally leading technologies from the

March 29, 2021 Read Full Article

Will Green Hydrogen Fulfill High Hopes for Trucking and Shipping Emissions?

by Angeli Mehta (Reuters Events) While there's debate over whether the technology stacks up against batteries for long-distance trucking, the case in maritime usage seems more clear-cut. Angeli Mehta reports “Everyone loves hydrogen,” observed Fatih Birol, executive director of the International Energy

March 19, 2021 Read Full Article

Ardmore Shipping Confirms JV To Deliver Hydrogen Fuel Cells to the Marine Sector

(Marine Insight/MI News Network)  Ardmore Shipping Corporation has announced that it has formed and invested in a new joint venture with Element 1 Corp. (E1) and Maritime Partners, LLC to bring E1’s unique methanol-to-hydrogen technology to the marine sector. The three parties

March 16, 2021 Read Full Article

Stena Bulk Unveils InfinityMAX Concept Vessel Design, Challenging Conventional Thinking

(Stena Bulk)  Electric, modular hybrid bulk carrier designed to meet the world’s need for sustainable, zero carbon, efficient, and flexible seaborne transportation. --  Leading tanker shipping company Stena Bulk has today unveiled its concept InfinityMAX hybrid bulk carrier design, pushing the

March 15, 2021 Read Full Article

Haldor Topsoe to Build Large-Scale SOEC Electrolyzer Manufacturing Facility to Meet Customer Needs for Green Hydrogen Production

by Ulrik Frøhlke (Haldor Topsoe) Topsoe will invest in a manufacturing facility producing highly efficient solid oxide electrolyzers (SOEC) with a total capacity of 500 megawatt per year with the option to expand to 5 gigawatt per year. With efficiencies

March 08, 2021 Read Full Article

The Sage of Hastings-on-Hudson: The Wit and Wisdom of Ron Cascone

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In New York, Ronald F. Cascone died on Friday, March 5th from complications of COVID and after a long battle with esophageal cancer. He was 77. Cascone was known around the world as one of

March 08, 2021 Read Full Article

LCRI Looks at Hydrogen, Biofuels, Synthetic Fuels: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Low-Carbon Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Hydrogen, ammonia, synthetic hydrocarbon fuels, and biofuels can provide greenhouse gas emissions reduction for difficult-to-decarbonize sectors when produced via low-carbon means—from clean electricity, renewable feedstocks, or fossil resources with carbon capture, utilization, and storage, says

March 04, 2021 Read Full Article

Global Spending in Hydrogen Projects to Reach $300bn by 2030

(EnergyMarketPrice.com) Global hydrogen project pipeline will see strong growth in the next ten years as investments in the sector are predicted to reach $300 billion (£215bn) in total. That’s according to a new report by the Hydrogen Council and McKinsey &

February 19, 2021 Read Full Article

A.P. Moller - Maersk Will Operate the World’s First Carbon Neutral Liner Vessel by 2023 – Seven Years ahead of Schedule

(Maersk) Fast-tracked by advances in technology and increasing customer demand for sustainable supply chains, A.P. Moller - Maersk accelerates the efforts to decarbonise marine operations with the launch of the world’s first carbon neutral liner vessel in 2023 - seven

February 18, 2021 Read Full Article

Biofuel Opportunities for Marine Sector: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to ORNL

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Mike Kass shared this illuminating slide guide at ABLC 2020 as part of the marine and heavy duty biofuel opportunities panel. Dive into marine cargo vessel fuels, the advantages of using

February 11, 2021 Read Full Article

Hydrogen Is Hot! 584 Hydrogen Fueling Stations in 33 Countries, Ways2H Expansion, Preem, Siemens and More

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest)  ... What is making hydrogen so hot right now is the news that hydrogen fueling stations are having a dramatic acceleration in growth with 584 hydrogen stations deployed in 33 countries by the end

February 01, 2021 Read Full Article

Søren Skou Expects to Order Maersk's First Carbon Neutral Vessels in Three Years

by Søren Pico  (Shipping Watch)  In just three years, Maersk expects to place an order for its first CO2-neutral vessels, explains CEO Søren Skou in a podcast about shipping's green transition. At first, it will likely encompass smaller vessels for

January 25, 2021 Read Full Article

Hydrogen Cost, Production, Applications and Implications: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Hydrogen Competitiveness

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Full decarbonisation requires a multidimensional strategy, which has spurred renewed interest in hydrogen and technological advances and early demonstration projects have significantly lowered the cost of many hydrogen applications. The Digest culled the best visuals

January 25, 2021 Read Full Article

Hydrogen Production Is Set to Increase 5000% in Just 5 Years

by Alex Kimani (OilPrice.com) After decades of stagnation and multiple false dawns, the hydrogen economy appears primed for a major takeoff. A growing number of countries and industries are proactively investing in hydrogen technologies, with hydrogen being touted as the ‘fuel of the future.’ Meanwhile, industry

December 18, 2020 Read Full Article

Yara’s Green Ammonia Behemoth: The 500,000 Tonner that Will De-fossilize Agriculture

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  ... Yara announces plans to fully electrify its ammonia plant in Porsgrunn, Norway with the potential to cut 800,000 tons of CO2 per annum, equivalent to the emissions from 300,000 passenger cars. ... Yara’s the world’s

December 17, 2020 Read Full Article

Yara Announces World-Scale Green Ammonia Project

by Mary Page Bailey (Chemical Engineering) Yara International ASA (Oslo, Norway) has announced plans for 500,000 metric tons per year (m.t./yr) of green ammonia production in Norway, powering emission-free shipping fuels and decarbonized food solutions. “Ammonia is the most promising hydrogen carrier and

December 09, 2020 Read Full Article

MHI to Invest in Green Hydrogen & Green Ammonia in South Australia

(Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd./Electric Energy Online) To Deliver Project Engineering, Hydrogen Gas Turbines and Compressors to Decarbonize Local Industries, Targeting Green Hydrogen and Ammonia Exports to Japan and Other Countries Going Forward  -- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has agreed to

November 27, 2020 Read Full Article

Finland’s First Liquefied Biogas Production Plant Starts Operations

(Gasum/NGV Journal) Gasum has completed the modernization of its biogas plant in Turku, Finland, which has now become the country’s first to produce bio-LNG for transport, industrial and maritime needs. The expansion of the Turku biogas plant was one of the

November 20, 2020 Read Full Article

Gasum Opens Turku Liquefied Biogas Plant in Finland

(Bioenergy Insight)  Gasum has opened its Turku biogas plant – the first in Finland to produce liquefied biogas (LBG). The plant opened on 12 November and will produce LBG for the transport, industrial, and maritime sectors. The major expansion and modernisation

November 17, 2020 Read Full Article

Climate Benefits of Agricultural Biogas Greater than Previously Thought

(Bioenergy Insight)  A report by Aarhus University for the Danish Energy Agency has concluded that the climate effect of biogas in the agricultural sector is greater than previously assumed. Previous analyses have shown that the production of biogas can provide

October 27, 2020 Read Full Article

ANL Releases 2020 Updates to GREET Models

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Argonne National Laboratory’s Systems Assessment Center on Oct. 9 announced the 2020 release of the suite of Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies (GREET) models. GREET is a life-cycle analysis tool that can

October 13, 2020 Read Full Article

Article in Science: Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell Technology to Unlock the Full Potential of Renewable Power

by Aleksandra Wójcik (Haldor Topsoe)  An article in the esteemed Science magazine suggests that solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology can unlock the full potential of renewable power and provide climate-friendly fuels. SOEC is a core technology in power-to-X solutions

October 12, 2020 Read Full Article

European Climate Policy and the Bioeconomy – Missed Opportunities or Muddling Through?

by Gerard J. Ostheimer, Douglas L. Faulkner and Philippe Marchand (Biofuels Digest)  ... But as we scan the globe for bio-economy green shoots, we are noticing some interesting – and disconcerting – activity “across the pond”. Today we look to Europe

September 30, 2020 Read Full Article

Solving the Low Carbon Shipping Fuel and Energy Algorithm – Quickly!

by Adrian Tolson (BLUE Insight/Biofuels Digest) BLUE Insight’s Low Carbon Shipping Fuels and Energy Guide 2020 is a market first assessment of the leading low carbon marine fuels with potential to replace fossil fuels as the marine fuel of the future and analyses

September 16, 2020 Read Full Article

Making Enzymes Fit for Industrial Applications

(Ruhr University Bochum) Bacterial enzymes are often powerful but also very sensitive catalysts. They therefore need a special environment in order to access their performance.  Researchers at RUB have developed new techniques with which bacterial enzymes can be efficiently coupled

August 31, 2020 Read Full Article

Haldor Topsoe Joins Ambitious Sustainable Fuel Project in Denmark

by Svend Ravn  (Haldor Topsoe)  - The project aims to develop a ground-breaking hydrogen and sustainable fuel facility based on electrolysis in the Greater Copenhagen Area.  -The project is expected to be executed by 2030 in three stages, achieving the capacity

August 31, 2020 Read Full Article

Ammonfuel Highlights and Download of the Report

(Haldor Topsoe) In August 2020, Alfa Laval, Hafnia, Haldor Topsoe, Vestas, and Siemens Gamesa issued the report “Ammonfuel – an industrial view of ammonia as a marine fuel” based on own industrial expertise and input from a list of competent industrial

August 17, 2020 Read Full Article

Tomorrow Arriving Today: 5 Technology Platforms to Watch for the 2020s that Are Materially Advancing Now, Despite COVID-19

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ... New research shows sustainability has moved from a fringe preference into a core imperative across American life. According to a new survey from clean manufacturing leader Genomatica, 56% of Americans want brands and government to prioritize

August 11, 2020 Read Full Article

World’s Largest Green Hydrogen Project Will Use Haldor Topsoe Ammonia Technology

(Haldor Topsoe) A $5 billion dollar green hydrogen production facility to be sited in NEOM, Saudi Arabia, will include Topsoe’s proven ammonia technology. The planned green ammonia loop will be the world’s largest on a par with the Gulf Coast

July 20, 2020 Read Full Article

Key Hydrogen Projects, Players and Tech: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to The Digest’s Top 10 Hydrogen Horizons

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) How will we develop hydrogen for industrial and transport objectives? That is the question The Digest’s Jim Lane looks at in this visual slide guide highlighting the demand potential, background on renewable gases and renewable hydrogen,

June 09, 2020 Read Full Article

Amid Oil Price Crash, a New Hope for Biofuels

by Tina Casey (Triple Pundit)  ... (T)there are reasons to be optimistic about the future of biofuels, as the field continues to evolve remarkably from where it was a decade ago. ... Rather than letting the rest of the plant go to waste, the

May 19, 2020 Read Full Article

Air Products and Topsoe Sign Global Alliance Agreement for Collaboration on Large-Scale Ammonia, Methanol, and/or Dimethyl Ether Projects around the World

by Svend Ravn (Haldor Topsoe)  Air Products (NYSE:APD), a global leader in industrial gases and megaproject development, and Haldor Topsoe, the world leader in high-performance catalysts and proprietary technology for the chemical and refining industries, today announced the signing of a

May 18, 2020 Read Full Article

Millions in Australian Government Funding for Renewable Methane, Hydrogen, Solar Hydropower Projects

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) From the land down under arrives news of millions pouring in for renewable energy – $1.1 million (about $700K USD) funding pouring into renewable methane, $3 million (nearly $2 million USD) for building a world-first

May 18, 2020 Read Full Article

A Roadmap to the Ammonia Economy

by Tammy Klein (Future Fuel Strategies) Researchers at Monash University in Australia have proposed a roadmap to renewable ammonia being produced in the future at a scale that is significant in terms of global fossil fuel use in a paper recently published

May 14, 2020 Read Full Article

Making Commodity Chemicals Requires Fossil Fuels. New Devices Could Do It with Renewables

by Robert F. Service (Science Magazine) As windmills and solar panels multiply, the supply of renewable electricity sometimes exceeds demand. Chemists would like to put the excess to work making commodity chemicals, such as the raw materials for fertilizer and plastics,

May 11, 2020 Read Full Article

Techno-Economic Assessment of Zero-Carbon Fuels.

(Lloyds Register and University Maritime Advisory Services) ... This paper is an example of this collaboration; it examines three important elements of zero-carbon fuels when compared with traditional fossil-based fuels. All candidate fuels considered in this paper have some emissions

April 22, 2020 Read Full Article

Catalysts, Climate, Camaraderie: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Haldor Topsoe’s Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) Haldor Topsoe had a great 2019. A leader in high-performance catalysts and proprietary technologies for the chemical and refining industries, their R&D spend is 8% of revenue and have developed more than 150 different catalysts.

April 17, 2020 Read Full Article

Bio and Synthetic LNG Offer Viable Pathway towards Decarbonization

(SEA-LNG/NGV Journal)  SEA-LNG, the multi-sector industry coalition, has released the latest in its series of independently conducted reports. The CE Delft study analyses the availability and costs of bio-LNG and synthetic-LNG and concludes that both could become available in sufficient quantities

April 06, 2020 Read Full Article

Wärtsilä Advances Future Fuel Capabilities with First Ammonia Tests

(Wärtsilä) The technology group Wärtsilä has initiated combustion trials using ammonia. The research will help the company to prepare for the use of ammonia as a fuel that can contribute to reducing both the shipping’s and energy sectors’ greenhouse gas

March 27, 2020 Read Full Article

ENGIE Invests in Hydrogen Technology Platform H2SITE

(ENGIE) ENGIE, through its corporate venture capital arm ENGIE New Ventures, announces its strategic investment in H2SITE. Headquartered in Bilbao, Spain, H2SITE is a spinoff created by Tecnalia research and technology center and Eindhoven University of Technology. It aims at commercializing

March 11, 2020 Read Full Article

Tasmanian Government to Invest $50m in Hydrogen Power Plan

by Carla Howarth (ABC News)  ... Tasmania's Renewable Hydrogen Action Plan includes $20 million for a Tasmanian Renewable Hydrogen Fund, another $20 million in concessional loans and $10 million dollars for support services. In a statement, Premier Peter Gutwein said the

March 04, 2020 Read Full Article

The Scale of Investment Needed to Decarbonize International Shipping

by Randall Krantz, Kasper Søgaard, Dr Tristan Smith (Global Maritime Forum)  To make the decarbonization of the maritime shipping sector successful, the coming three decades will need to see a fundamental shift towards zero carbon energy sources. This implies a

February 20, 2020 Read Full Article

5 Early Applications for Green Hydrogen

by Jason Deign (GreenTech Media) Few energy-related topics are getting as much attention at the moment as green hydrogen.  Europe's biggest natural-gas infrastructure firm recently launched a new hydrogen business. A hydrogen economy in the U.S. could generate an estimated $140 billion per year

January 09, 2020 Read Full Article

Shipping Sector Proposes USD 5 Billion R&D Board to Cut Emissions

(International Chamber of Shipping) The global maritime transport industry has submitted a proposal to form the world’s first collaborative shipping R&D programme to help eliminate CO2 emissions from international shipping. The proposal includes core funding from shipping companies across the world

December 20, 2019 Read Full Article

Biofuels Production and Consumption in Denmark: Status, Advances and Challenges

by Sune Tjalfe Thomsen and Henning Jørgensen (IEA Bioenergy Task 39 Newsletter)  1. Status of transportation biofuel industry in Denmark -- In Denmark, a considerable part of the total energy demand is derived from renewable sources. In 2017, 26% of

December 06, 2019 Read Full Article

True Zero Emission Tech: The Digest’s 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to Nel Hydrogen

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Nel ASA is a Norwegian company based in Oslo. Nel is a global company providing solutions for the production, storage and distribution of hydrogen from renewable energy sources. Nel is listed in the OBX Index of

December 04, 2019 Read Full Article

Top 5: A $75 Carbon Tax Will Help Meet 2°C

by Tammy Klein (FutureFuel Strategies)  According to a new study by the IMF, carbon taxes are the most powerful and efficient tools to reduce energy use and shift to clean energy sources, but only if they are implemented in a fair

November 01, 2019 Read Full Article

Alcohol, Biomethane and Ammonia Are the Best-Positioned Fuels to Reach Zero Net Emissions

(Maersk) A study by A.P. Moller - Maersk and Lloyds Register confirms that the best opportunities for decarbonizing shipping lie in finding new sustainable energy sources. Based on market projections, the best positioned fuels for research and development into net zero

October 25, 2019 Read Full Article

Hydrogen Production – How Much Will Be Sustainable, How Sustainable, When, and How?

(Hydrogen Digest)  ...  Creating another fossil economy, even if it uses groovy hydrogen, is not the aim of our industrial societies. We want new methods of production, new sources that justify the time, money and aggravation of building out a hydrogen

August 07, 2019 Read Full Article

The Largest US Carbon Capture and Sequestration Project to Be Developed by Wabash Valley Resoureces with Funding Support from OGCI Climate Investments

(Wabash Valley Resources)  - The project is expected to be the largest carbon sequestration project in the United States to date, and will create the world's first ammonia produced with near zero carbon footprint - The project will capture and sequester 1.5-1.75

May 24, 2019 Read Full Article

FastOx Gasification: The Digest’s 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to Sierra Energy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Sierra Energyhas a proprietary process of engineering organisms (yeast) using renewably-sourced carbon from plants (sugarcane) to make sustainable, custom molecules. They use their technology to create products that support biopharmaceutical drug discovery and production, from cosmetic

April 05, 2019 Read Full Article

RIT Partners with Synergy Biogas on Algae Project

(Algae Industry Magazine) Rochester Institute of Technology and Synergy Biogas are exploring the environmental benefits of microalgae to clean agricultural wastewater and make biofuels. Jeff Lodge, associate professor in RIT’s Thomas Gosnell School of Life Sciences, is running the three-month

June 03, 2016 Read Full Article

New Ammonia Biomass Pretreatment Process Improves Yield with Lower Enzyme Loading; Improving Cellulosic Biofuel Economics

(Green Car Congress)  A team from the US, China and India, led by researchers from Michigan State University, has developed a new liquid ammonia biomass pretreatment methodology called Extractive Ammonia (EA). EA-pretreated corn stover delivers a higher fermentable sugar yield

February 24, 2016 Read Full Article

Biorefinery 2015 – The Shape of Advanced Biofuels to Come – Part II

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Today in part II, we look at a new set of technologies coming along that are redefining our ideas about scale and cost. ... A barrier to long term deployment? The $11 per gallon average capital

March 26, 2013 Read Full Article

Portable Ammonia Factories Could Fuel Clean Cars

by Helen Knight (New Scientist)  Ammonia produces just nitrogen and water vapour when burned and, unlike hydrogen, it is relatively easy to store in liquid form. That means transporting ammonia will not require costly new infrastructure, says John Fleming of SilverEagles Energy

September 10, 2011 Read Full Article

SynGest Taps Honeywell for Renewable Ammonia Project Design

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Iowa, Honeywell has been selected to help SynGest design a proposed first-of-its-kind processing facility that will produce ammonia from biomass. The southwest-Iowa plant will process as much as 400 tons of biomass each day to produce

June 07, 2011 Read Full Article

Ammonia-Powered Vehicles? GreenNH3 Says Yes.

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Canada, GreenNH3 has developed the patent-pending GreenGas machine that makes anhydrous ammonia fuel for use in cars, trucks, and a wide range of other vehicle for just 50 cents a liter.  READ MORE and MORE

May 12, 2011 Read Full Article
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carbon emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing 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thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services 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drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric 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Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance 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feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for 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price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic 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