RFA’s Cooper Calls for Year-Round E15, Highlights Record Ethanol Production at 31st Annual National Ethanol Conference

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February 26, 2026
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(Renewable Fuels Association) Speaking to attendees at the 31st annual National Ethanol Conference in Orlando, Renewable Fuels Association President and CEO Geoff Cooper celebrated a record-breaking year for the U.S. ethanol industry while urging Congress and the Trump administration to fully unleash American ethanol to boost the farm economy, reduce consumer fuel prices, and strengthen domestic energy security.

Framing the industry’s current moment through the story of college football underdog Fernando Mendoza, Cooper compared ethanol’s untapped potential to the quarterback’s improbable rise to a national championship and Heisman Trophy. Mendoza’s journey—from overlooked recruit to national champion at Indiana University—underscored the theme of the conference: America’s ethanol industry is poised for even greater success if given the opportunity to compete on a level playing field.

“We saw glimpses of our industry’s potential last year, and 2025 was another good year for the U.S. ethanol industry,” Cooper said. “But we could have done so much more, if simply given the opportunity. More to lower fuel prices for consumers. More to reduce reliance on imported petroleum. More to clean up the air and reduce emissions. And more to create jobs and boost the farm economy.”

That opportunity, RFA emphasized, begins with eliminating outdated federal regulations that restrict E15 sales during the summer driving season. Despite bipartisan support and a broad coalition agreement that included the American Petroleum Institute, legislative efforts to secure permanent, nationwide year-round E15 sales narrowly failed in late 2024 and again in early 2026. And instead of adopting year-round E15, the House formed the E15 Rural Domestic Energy Council” to continue working on the issue.

House lawmakers serving on the council had pledged legislative action on year-round E15 by today, but as of this morning, no bill had been introduced. Cooper called on members of Congress to act swiftly, stressing that year-round E15 would lower fuel costs, strengthen U.S. energy security, and provide critical economic relief to farmers and working families. Cooper noted that a small handful of mid-sized refining companies is holding up progress on E15 and reform of the RFS program’s small refinery exemption (SRE) program.  He said lawmakers are finding out “that there is simply no way to appease mid-sized refiners who continue to game the RFS system with SREs. Those refiners either want to maintain the status quo, or they want to blow up the RFS entirely—neither of those options is acceptable to the majority of liquid fuel and agriculture stakeholders.”

“Our message to the Council—and to every member of Congress—is clear: Year-round, nationwide E15 is an urgent priority for America’s farmers, energy sector, and working families—and it can't wait any longer. Unleash E15! Let’s get it done,” Cooper said.

The urgency comes amid record industry performance. In 2025, U.S. ethanol producers manufactured a record 16.4 billion gallons of renewable fuel. Domestic consumption reached 14.3 billion gallons—the highest level in six years—while exports surged to an all-time high of 2.2 billion gallons, representing one out of every eight gallons produced. The industry supported 317,000 jobs, generated $28 billion in income, and contributed more than $50 billion to U.S. GDP.

While federal E15 legislation remains stalled, the industry achieved a breakthrough in California, the final state to approve E15 as a motor fuel. Governor Gavin Newsom signed legislation legalizing E15 sales, though implementation is temporarily delayed by regulatory certification requirements involving vapor recovery equipment.

Cooper expressed optimism regarding proposed RFS volume obligations for 2026 and 2027 under EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin. The proposed rule includes the highest-ever renewable volume targets and maintains the 15-billion-gallon conventional biofuel requirement. RFA urged full reallocation of SREs to preserve the integrity of the RFS program.

According to Cooper, the industry is also closely monitoring implementation of the 45Z Clean Fuel Production Credit, which could spur renewed investment and innovation—provided final modeling and regulatory details offer clarity and fairness for ethanol producers.

Looking ahead, RFA highlighted expanding global export opportunities and emerging markets in maritime and sustainable aviation fuel, emphasizing ethanol’s potential to reduce emissions in hard-to-decarbonize sectors.  “Ethanol is well-positioned as a broadly available, low-cost, low-carbon, and scalable alternative fuel for these markets,” Cooper said. “Expanding ethanol into these supply chains would provide new demand for our industry, generate new revenue streams for farmers, bolster rural economies, and strengthen American energy leadership.”

Concluding the address, Cooper called on policymakers to “fully unleash ethanol” and unlock the full potential of American biofuels—just as Mendoza’s hidden talents, overlooked potential, and relentless determination were finally unleashed during Indiana’s historic perfect season.

Click here for Cooper’s remarks as prepared, and here for his presentation.  READ MORE

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Excerpt from AgroLatam: The Feb. 25 deadline for the special congressional committee to move legislation to the House floor passed without action. While members continue drafting a proposal, details remain scarce. Industry observers say the stakes extend far beyond the fuel pump, directly affecting corn demand, commodity prices, and rural economic stability.

...

For corn growers and co-ops across the Midwest, year-round E15 is widely viewed as a demand driver capable of stabilizing yields-to-price ratios and supporting commodity markets amid broader uncertainty in global supply chains.

The E15 Rural Energy Council, composed of 20 legislators, faces a narrow political margin in the House, where leadership must weigh consensus versus unanimous support. Petroleum stakeholders are pressing for inclusion of reforms to the Renewable Fuel Standard's small-refinery exemption (SRE) program, a long-standing flashpoint between refiners and biofuel producers.

Industry representatives acknowledge the legislative path is complicated. Attaching E15 provisions to must-pass legislation remains the preferred strategy, although similar efforts failed in late 2024 when language was removed from an appropriations package at the last minute. With limited legislative vehicles on the calendar, prospects appear uncertain.

In the absence of federal action, several Midwestern states - including Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin - have secured Clean Air Act waivers to allow year-round E15 sales. Kansas could follow if Congress fails to act.

However, reliance on temporary summertime emergency waivers from the Environmental Protection Agency is viewed as an unstable solution. Retailers and fuel marketers warn that annual emergency declarations create regulatory uncertainty across the supply chain, complicating infrastructure investment and long-term planning.

RFS volumes offer cautious optimism  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from DTN Progressive Farmer: 

So far, little information has come out about the process.

"I do expect we're going to see a product soon," said Will Hupman, vice president of downstream policy for the American Petroleum Institute.

"I think we may see something as soon as this week, I know something's being drafted right now. The goalposts have moved on this a lot as they sort of talk with various stakeholders and they're trying to satisfy everyone."

Considering the council is working toward a consensus to include petroleum interests and small-refinery exemptions to the Renewable Fuel Standard, Hupman said the council made up of 20 members of Congress is faced with a difficult task.

"And I think sort of the real question here, if you keep in mind that there's a one-vote margin in the House or two-vote margin in the House is, are we seeking something that has unanimous support or are we seeking something that has consensus support?" he said during a panel discussion.

"I think that's an important distinction because I don't think unanimous support can't exist and will never exist."

...

There has been some discussion in recent months that if Congress decides not to act on E15 legislation, more states will seek special Clean Air Act waivers to be allowed to sell E15 year-round in their states.

So far Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin have received waivers, while Kansas may be next in line.

On Tuesday, Kansas Gov. Laura Kelly said if Congress does not pass E15 legislation, she may take the same action.

LEGISLATIVE HOPES

Troy Bredenkamp, senior vice president of government and public affairs for the Renewable Fuels Association, said the hope of the industry is to see an E15 bill attached to must-pass legislation, even after that approach failed in December 2024 when E15 was yanked out of an appropriations bill at the last minute.

"I can tell you from our perspective, we do not want to see a floor vote," Bredenkamp said.

"I mean, we all know E15 was never necessarily meant to be a standalone package. This was always meant to be a drop in onto a must-pass piece of legislation. We've never done a whip count on an entire U.S. House of Representatives. It's a very risky strategy, but if that's the road we have to go down, that's the road we will go down."

Looking at the legislative calendar for the current session, Bredenkamp said the chances to attach E15 to another must-pass bill seem slim.

"I don't see any new vehicles coming anytime soon," he said.

VIABILITY OF SUMMER WAIVERS

Doug Kantor, general counsel for the National Association of Convenience Stores, said although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the Trump administration is likely to continue to grant temporary waivers of summertime E15 bans, that isn't a long-term solution.

"If we don't get legislation done, we're going to see some of the same exact dynamics as last year, right?" he said.

"That begins to raise all of these problems where some of our folks may get fed up with certain things. We've been surviving on summertime E15 on emergency waivers for what, five years now? At some point, some EPA is going to say, 'how is it an emergency every single year?' I mean, look, we've written them letters every year and said, it's an emergency. You've got to waive it so we can keep selling it. Sometime that becomes untenable."

RFS PROPOSAL TO OMB

The ethanol industry received good news on Wednesday (February 25, 2026), as EPA Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation Aaron Szabo announced during the conference that the final RFS volumes rule has been sent to the Office of Management and Budget for review.

He said the agency expects the final rule to be released by the end of March.

...

Hupman said although the council's work on E15 continues to be "opaque," it is expected that a final bill could be like the "Nationwide Consumer and Fuel Retailer Choice Act" drafted by the ethanol industry.

"In terms of the overall impact, again, without seeing it, this is some expectation, but my expectations are that the council is going to land in a pretty similar place to our original design," Hupman said.

"Our sort of prognosis is that this council's gonna put together a product, it's gonna be legislation, they're gonna put it on the speaker's desk and say either all of us or most of us have signed off on this, but we don't yet know what happens." READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News: He (EPA Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation Aaron Szabo) says the issue of small refinery exemptions slowed the process.

“Unfortunately, that added more complexity and work for our team, so this final rule is coming out later than we initially planned. We have not delayed this rule for any reason or by any request, this is really hard.”  READ MORE; includes AUDIO

 

Excerpt from Ethanol Producer Magazine: 

Kansas Gov. Laura Kelly on Feb. 24 announced she will consider petitioning the U.S. EPA to allow year-round sales of E15 within her state in the absence of Congressional action to allow year-round sales of E15 on a nationwide basis. 

Kelly would not be the first governor to file such a petition with the EPA. The governors of several Midwestern states in April 2022 filed petitions with the EPA requesting that the agency remove the 1-psi Reid vapor pressure (RVP) waiver for summer gasoline-ethanol blended fuels, which would effectively allow E15 to be sold year-round within their states. 

The EPA in February 2024 issued a final rule allowing E15 to be sold year-round in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin beginning with the summer 2025 driving season. The agency in February 2025 confirmed plans to uphold the rulemaking but said it would consider requests from individual states to delay implementation if the rulemaking by one year. Later that month, the EPA approved requests filed by Ohio and South Dakota seeking a one-year delay. 

Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine in October 2025 filed a subsequent petition with the EPA asking to reverse course and reinstate the 1-psi volatility waiver within the state. The EPA in February 2026 approved his request. The Midwest E15 Rule, however, remains in effect in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wisconsin. 

In a statement released on Feb. 24, Kelly urged Congress to take action on E15 legislation and stressed that authorization of year-round E15 sales would boost demand for Kansas corn and grain sorghum while lowering gas prices for Kansans. 

“While I have resisted opting out of the EPA waiver for the State of Kansas in favor of following the nationwide emergency waiver for the years of 2022 through 2025, the reliance on the granting of this emergency waiver continues to cause stress on our fuel retailers and agricultural industry,” Kelly said. 

“Congress can eliminate this patchwork of regulatory relief by implementing a nation-wide solution to this issue and providing regulatory certainty for industry and lower gas prices for Americans,” she continued. “Failure to do so will continue to harm demand for Kansas corn and grain sorghum at a time when supplies are at record levels and prices are depressed.

“Further delay of a national solution to this issue by Congress will cause me to give strong consideration to submitting a request to join the eight other states who have received EPA approval to sell E15 year-round,” Kelly added. “The deadline to submit this waiver request is April 1, 2026.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Des Moines Register/Ames Tribune: U.S. Sen. Chuck Grassley said his constituents are also growing restless, sharing with him their frustration across 13 town hall meetings last week.

“It’s something that should’ve happened today based upon what we heard maybe a month ago now,” Grassley said during a Feb. 25 call with reporters. “And we’re hearing from farmers on this issue that they’re frustrated it’s not happening.”

...

Grassley said ethanol proponents and oil refiners remained at odds Wednesday.

“We’ve still got some things to work out, I’m sorry to say,” he said.

He expressed frustration with those oil refiners, saying both Democratic President Joe Biden and Republican President Donald Trump approved the summer sale of E15 during their administrations.

“I never heard from the small refineries,” Grassley said. “Now we’re hearing from them. And it seems to me that we’re hearing from some that don’t have any financial troubles, and they just want to get into the game.”

...

Iowa Democrats, who also have an eye on capitalizing on the issue ahead of a competitive midterm election, levied their own criticism against the state’s Republican delegation.

“Randy Feenstra, Ashley Hinson, Mariannette Miller-Meeks, and Zach Nunn have proven they’re too weak to deliver on the year-round sale of E-15, and it’s costing Iowa farmers dearly,” Iowa Democratic Party Chair Rita Hart said in a statement. “Iowa Republicans keep failing us on E-15, and every day that goes by without a deal is a reminder that we’re long overdue for new, independent leadership in Washington that gets results — not more of the same broken promises.”   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Reuters: 

  • ncreased blending obligations could increase cost burdens for larger refiners
  • Reallocating waived obligations would boost demand for biofuel industry
  • Final rule expected by end of March

The Trump administration has settled on a plan that would require big oil refineries to make up for at least half of the biofuel blending volumes obligations waived in recent years under the Small Refinery Exemption program, according to three sources familiar with the discussions.

The decision could be unwelcome news for larger oil refiners that have argued that additional blending obligations would raise their costs. But it could help the biofuel industry by boosting demand for blending credits.

...

Refiners, meanwhile, have warned that reallocation unfairly forces larger plants to cover for smaller rivals, raising their compliance costs and potentially increasing pump prices.

...

EPA officials in recent weeks have signaled they settled on reallocating at least 50% of the waived volumes for those three years, and that the level could go higher, according to the sources, who asked not to be named discussing the matter.

That reflects a shift in preference toward increased biofuels blending, after the Environmental Protection Agency last year initially sought public feedback on a range of options from zero to 100%, opens new tab.  READ MORE / MORE

 

Excerpt from Biofuels Digest:  However, Sabo’s remarks were notable for what they didn’t say. In a fascinatng rhetorical shift, the Assistant Administrator’s speech minimized references to environment, cleaner air, or public health outcomes (just one brief acknowledgment that his office overseen by Administrator Lee Zeldin has a “core mission of protecting human health and the environment”). Instead, his focus was squarely on “deregulatory action” and “consumer choice”.  neergy realism and dominance, and statutory authority.

45Z: The Billion-Dollar “Modeling” Guessing Game

The impending 45Z Clean Fuel Production Credit was perhaps the most polarizing topic on the floor. While Cooper views 45Z as a historic opportunity to spur a wave of innovation not seen since the original ethanol boom 20 years ago, the lack of a final GREET model has producers flying blind.

“The model is really the whole ball game,” Cooper warned, noting that the fine print will determine if a tax credit is worth $1.00 per gallon or nothing at all. The industry is specifically watching how “indirect land use” (iLUC) is handled and whether new pathways like corn kernel fiber will be included.

The skepticism on the floor was palpable. Some stakeholders argued that shifting the policy from a blender’s credit (40A/40B) to a producer’s credit (45Z) was a strategic error. They argued the new framework is “super, super complicated,” making it nearly impossible to track how a cash credit attaches to a physical volume as it moves through the value chain. The fear? That the credit’s value will be absorbed by middlemen and never reach the consumer’s wallet to drive demand.

The E15 Goal-Line Stand: Who Killed the Deal?

If there was one unifying theme at the NEC, it was sheer exhaustion over the gridlocked battle for year-round, nationwide E15. 

...

The “Villains” in the Room

The sabotage didn’t come from “Big Oil” at large, but from a “handful of mid-sized oil refining companies”. Cooper identified these as Fortune 500 companies—some with foreign ownership—that masquerade as “small” to protect their access to Small Refinery Exemptions (SREs).

These refiners claimed that losing their exemptions would cause refinery shutdowns and layoffs, a claim Cooper dismissed as “complete and utter nonsense”. By mounting a “goal-line stand,” this vocal faction created enough doubt on Capitol Hill to have the E15 language pulled from the recent appropriations bill.

The Stakes and the Chaos

The lack of a federal fix means the industry remains stuck in a cycle of “emergency summer waivers.” This status quo is punishing everyone:

...

California’s Paradox: The Fire Marshal and the Supply Cliff

California continues to be the industry’s most surreal battleground. On one hand, the state is a success story: E85 is currently selling at staggering discounts of up to $2.00 per gallon compared to standard gasoline. On the other hand, the state is facing a supply catastrophe. With two major refinery closures set to wipe out 20% of in-state refining capacity by April, California will soon be forced to import 65% or more of its fuel from overseas.

“E15 is going to be our saving grace on the supply side,” noted Alessandra Penasco of the California Fuels & Convenience Alliance. Yet, a “rogue” fire marshal has thrown up a last-minute roadblock, claiming that the state’s unique—and vastly outdated—Stage II vapor recovery nozzles must be certified for E25 before E15 can flow.

Penasco confirmed that retailers would be “jumping for joy” to ditch the expensive Stage II equipment entirely. It is a redundant relic of the past; modern cars already have onboard vapor recovery systems that make the nozzles unnecessary. Once this bureaucratic hurdle is cleared, industry leaders expect E15 to become the base fuel offering in California, potentially displacing E10 entirely across the Golden State.

“Ghost Markets”: The SAF and Marine Silence

While the podium saw mentions of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) and Maritime opportunities, the floor buzz suggested these remain “ghost markets” for now.

...

For an industry producing record corn crops and facing “the worst economic conditions in nearly 50 years” for farmers, these new frontiers are no longer luxuries—they are necessities.

The Bottom Line
The 2026 National Ethanol Conference made one thing abundantly clear: the U.S. ethanol industry is primed for a massive expansion, provided the government gets out of its own way. From the imminent delivery of the RVOs to the high-stakes implementation of 45Z and the ongoing brawl for E15 market access, the pieces are on the board. READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico Pro: Farm-state Republicans are also rushing to prove they can champion a handful of industry-friendly priorities, including allowing year-round sales of E15 fuel and a new round of farm economic aid they’d like to land at farmers’ feet before November. Sen. John Hoeven (R-N.D.), who chairs the Senate subcommittee that oversees agriculture spending, said GOP lawmakers will need to get “aggressive” about securing new policies in the coming months to bolster farmers — like permitting the sale of year-round E15, as Trump promised during a recent trip to Iowa. “Remember us for the midterms,” Trump said after pledging that congressional leaders would pass a bill allowing increased ethanol sales to expand corn markets, a key sector in Iowa.   READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News:  Casey Kelleher, president of the Wisconsin Corn Promotion Board, says watching other countries excitedly embrace higher blends of ethanol adds to the irritation.

“We have to set the tone.”  He says, “These other countries are talking about higher blends, and if we have higher blends, it looks that much better. The new prime minister in Japan has a goal of E10 by 2030 and E20 by 2040. Japan’s at nothing right now.”

Bower says NCGA and state associations continue to lean on legislators to stress the importance of year-round E15 to rural America.

Casey Kelleher, president of the Wisconsin Corn Promotion Board, says watching other countries excitedly embrace higher blends of ethanol adds to the irritation.

“We have to set the tone.”  He says, “These other countries are talking about higher blends, and if we have higher blends, it looks that much better. The new prime minister in Japan has a goal of E10 by 2030 and E20 by 2040. Japan’s at nothing right now.”

Bower says NCGA and state associations continue to lean on legislators to stress the importance of year-round E15 to rural America.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Renewable Fuels Association: As the events in the Middle East have led to a spike in oil prices and the expectation of higher gasoline prices for American drivers, the Renewable Fuels Association renews its urgent call for Congress to pass legislation to allow the nationwide year-round sale of the lower-cost, American-made E15, a blend with 15 percent ethanol.

"Once again, the events in the Middle East and the spike in oil prices demonstrate this country’s overreliance on foreign sources for our energy,” said RFA President and CEO Geoff Cooper. "We need to take every action we can to insulate our nation from these geopolitically induced price spikes at the pump, and an easy solution is to increase our use of domestically produced ethanol. Congress must pass legislation to allow year-round E15, as President Trump has called them to do. This action has bipartisan and bicameral support, and American consumers demand it."

Recent polling by Morning Consult indicates:

  • 78% are very or somewhat concerned about gas price fluctuations.
  • 78% believe renewable fuels like ethanol are important to energy independence.
  • 73% believe it is very or somewhat important for their fuel to be made in America.

In 2025, the U.S. imported 314 million barrels of oil from OPEC countries. If E15 were adopted nationally, Cooper said, the additional ethanol would displace half of this volume.

A 2019 gas price study by independent economist and energy expert Dr. Philip K. Verleger, Jr. looked at oil market disruptions over nearly 50 years and showed how the availability of ethanol avoids a significant impact to U.S. gasoline prices from a supply disruption and saves consumers a significant amount of money at the pump. Verleger cataloged various crises and their impacts on the oil supply, from the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo to ongoing political and economic challenges in Venezuela. When it comes to crises such as these, Verleger asserts that "even a modest amount of renewable fuels can significantly moderate the price impact of market disruptions."  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News:  Fuel retailers are frustrated by the lack of progress on E15 legislation.

Renewable Fuels Association CEO Geoff Cooper says gas stations and truck stops are growing tired of waiting on Congress to pass a year-round, nationwide standard.

“We’ve certainly heard that remark from the retailers and truck stop folks before, and I think there is a risk if we don’t get something done fairly soon, then everybody is going to go back to their own corners.”

Speaking to Brownfield at last week’s National Ethanol Conference in Orlando, he said a further patchwork of states offering year-round E15 is not the outcome fuel retailers or biofuel stakeholders want.

“Yeah, there’s a real chance that this group that has been tenuously held together over these last few years could splinter if we don’t get something done federally pretty soon. The fatigue is real.” READ MORE; includes AUDIO

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blockchain blue carbon boat fuel boiler/furnace fuel Bolivia bolt-on Bonaire bonds book-and-claim border tax Borneo Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana BQ-9000 Brachiaria bracken brackish water brash Brassica Brazil breadfruit/ulu breweries brine British Columbia broker brown grease brownfields Brunei Btu's BTX (Benzene Toluene Xylene) Bu12.5 Bu16 Budget building block chemicals Bulgaria bunker bunker oil Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Burkina Faso Burma Burundi buses Business and Industry Program (B&I) business law business resources Business/General Aviation butadiene butandeiol (bio-BDO) Butane butanediol butanol emissions butanol/biobutanol butyl acetate butylene butyric acid by c C1 C2 C21 C3 sugar C4 grasses C5 sugar C6 sugar Cabo Verde cactus cactus pear cagaita calibration California California Air Resources Board (CARB) Calophyllum hawthorn Cambodia Camelina camels Cameroon Canad Canada Canary Islands canary reed grass canarygrass candle nut cannabis canola straw Canola/Rapeseed cap-and-invest cap-and-trade capybara capybras carbohydrates carbon carbon capture and storage (CCS) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) carbon capture/Class VI wells carbon cost carbon credit carbon credit markets carbon cycle carbon debt Carbon Dioxide (CO2) carbon efficiency carbon emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Heat Standards Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/modern/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa cocoa husks Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Congressional Review Act Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice CORCs (CO2 Removal Certificates) cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude lignin oil (CLO) crude oil Cruise Ships Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi Customs and Border Protection cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E10M90 ethanol/methanol E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental attributes environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia Eswatini/Swaziland ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME 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waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOAK (First of a Kind) FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenhouse Gas Protocol Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h hairy vetch Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (HEFA-SKA) Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency 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