English
Afrikaans
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Azerbaijani
Basque
Belarusian
Bengali
Bosnian
Bulgarian
Catalan
Cebuano
Chichewa
Chinese (Simplified)
Chinese (Traditional)
Corsican
Croatian
Czech
Danish
Dutch
Esperanto
Estonian
Filipino
Finnish
French
Frisian
Galician
Georgian
German
Greek
Gujarati
Haitian Creole
Hausa
Hawaiian
Hebrew
Hindi
Hmong
Hungarian
Icelandic
Igbo
Indonesian
Irish
Italian
Japanese
Javanese
Kannada
Kazakh
Khmer
Korean
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
Kyrgyz
Lao
Latin
Latvian
Lithuanian
Luxembourgish
Macedonian
Malagasy
Malay
Malayalam
Maltese
Maori
Marathi
Mongolian
Myanmar (Burmese)
Nepali
Norwegian
Pashto
Persian
Polish
Portuguese
Punjabi
Romanian
Russian
Samoan
Scottish Gaelic
Serbian
Sesotho
Shona
Sindhi
Sinhala
Slovak
Slovenian
Somali
Spanish
Sudanese
Swahili
Swedish
Tajik
Tamil
Telugu
Thai
Turkish
Ukrainian
Urdu
Uzbek
Vietnamese
Welsh
Xhosa
Yiddish
Yoruba
Zulu
Hosted in Partnership with Association of American Indian Farmers and National Womens Farming Association You’re Invited. Please Join Us. 1st 100 Registered Attendees will receive meal tickets and a FREE Awards Banquest Ticket. NO COST TO ATTEND! Free Conference Registration: https://form.jotform.com/82628064464158 Our goal is to strengthen the capability to provide support
Louisiana
by Betsy Lillian (NGT Journal) A number of fleets across the country have received grants for alternative fueling as part of a funding round from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Transit Administration (FTA). The FTA is awarding $366.2 million in grants to improve the safety and reliability of America’s bus systems and enhance
October 6, 2018
Read Full Article
(Longview News Journal) … Why are there no public refueling locations in the Longview/Tyler area that sell E85 ethanol blend? … E85 fueling options are limited and appear concentrated in larger metropolitan areas. The Renewable Fuels Association operates the website www.E85prices.com, which has a map that shows there are 4,429 stations offering
September 10, 2018
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) From Portugal comes the news that SilicoLife was awarded with a SME instrument phase 1 grant for the commercial evaluation of its BUTANOVA technology, a new biological process to produce n-butanol. BUTANOVA technology consists on a novel and proprietary metabolic pathway designed computationally by SilicoLife and
August 3, 2018
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s chief scientific in-house research agency. ARS conducts research to develop and transfer solutions to agricultural problems of high national priority and provide information access and dissemination to: Ensure high-quality, safe food, and other agricultural products; Assess the
May 8, 2018
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) ABLC 2018 wrapped up with the ABLC Wolfpack including James Iademarco from Strategic Avalanche, David Dodds with Dodds & Associates, Ron Cascone from NEXANT, independent consultant Paul Bryan, and Joel Stone from ConVergince. While they didn’t howl at the moon, they were voracious, vicious wolves analyzing 8 major projects with
April 24, 2018
Read Full Article
(Gevo/Globe Newswire) Musket to Focus on Growing Customer and Retail Network — Gevo, Inc. (NASDAQ:GEVO), announced today that it has strengthened its existing relationship with Musket Corporation, a national fuel distributor under the umbrella of the Love’s Family of Companies, by amending its existing isobutanol supply agreement to provide Musket with the
March 6, 2018
Read Full Article
by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The BP Verenium Biofuels plant in Jennings, Louisiana, is being offered for sale. The 1.4 MMgy demonstration-scale facility celebrated its grand opening in 2008, and was acquired by BP Biofuels North America in mid-2010. On Jan. 30, Aaron Equipment Co., in conjunction with Reich Brothers
February 2, 2018
Read Full Article
by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine) Continued investment and expansion took place in the U.S. biodiesel sector throughout 2017, despite rising political uncertainty and a lapsed tax credit. Here is an overview of some of the activity, plus a special sidebar story from Joe Jobe. As 2017 dawned with another expired biodiesel
by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) 2017 was a roller coaster year. There was a paradigm shift in biofuels, technology advancements, innovations abounded, politics chaotic. Some companies shut down and disappeared like the Hobo vanishing in the snow atop the Polar Express. Some companies showed leadership and stayed strong getting through
December 26, 2017
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … You’d be forgiven if you mistook Ahb Subi Banr-Sbar for a well-placed official in the Iranian government — but, in fact, it’s a 9-project network to facilitate the development of regionally-based industries producing advanced biofuels, industrial chemicals, and other biobased products. Seven of them were established
by Maija Sihvonen* (Advanced Biofuels USA) Participants from over 70 countries gathered at Stockholm’s Älvsjömässan for the annual European Biomass Conference, EUBCE 2017 in June 12-15. In the field of advanced biofuels two years is a long time, so it was interesting to see how the topics and focus points
(Darling Ingredients Inc./PR Newswire) Darling Ingredients Inc. (NYSE: DAR) and Valero Energy Corporation (NYSE: VLO) (“Valero”) announced today that in anticipation of growing demand for renewable diesel due to the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) and global low carbon markets, they will initiate an engineering and construction cost review to analyze an
November 8, 2017
Read Full Article
There is also an exciting opportunity for American Chemical Society student chapter leaders to share their teams’ successes with the broader chemistry community at the next ACS National Meeting in New Orleans. ACS GCI and Beyond Benign will be partnering to host the session “Green Chemistry Student Chapters: Stories of Success.”
October 19, 2017
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Yes, ARPA-E has unveiled its latest moonshot and is investing $22M in Macroalgae Research Inspiring Novel Energy Resources — also known as MARINER. The projects that comprise ARPA-E’s Macroalgae Research Inspiring Novel Energy Resources (MARINER) program seek to develop the critical tools to allow the
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Louisiana, reports surfaced in Alexandria’s TownTalk online paper that Sundrop Fuels has struck an agreement to sell the 1200-acre site where it once planned to build its $450 million, 50 million gallon capacity first commercial plant to produce green gasoline from woody biomass. The company selected
August 16, 2017
Read Full Article
by Pam Radtke Russell (Engineering News Record) From Seattle to Cape Cod, see what’s being done at 18 different locations — … In this special report, Engineering News-Record’s team of editors and reporters look at how Tangier and other coastal communities around the country are tackling problems, including erosion, subsidence
August 11, 2017
Read Full Article
by Joe Heim (The Washington Post) On Maryland’s Eastern Shore, rising seawater levels and chronic flooding threaten to disrupt daily life, damage homes and businesses, and swallow land in the relatively near future, according to a new study. For some parts of the Eastern Shore, there soon may be
July 25, 2017
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Washington, U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry today (July 17, 2017) announced $40 million in Department of Energy awards for the establishment of four DOE Bioenergy Research Centers (BRCs), which will provide the scientific breakthroughs for a new generation of sustainable, cost-effective bioproducts and bioenergy.
July 19, 2017
Read Full Article
by Barry Guillot (Times-Picayune) … Dillon Deshotel doesn’t worry about gas prices. Deshotel, a recent Destrehan High graduate, makes his own biodiesel at home. For him, fluctuating gas prices are irrelevant. His fuel is always less than a dollar a gallon. “It isn’t very hard to make at all with the
July 7, 2017
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Iowa, Renewable Energy Group announced that Dan Oh has resigned as President and Chief Executive Officer and as a member of the Company’s Board of Directors. The resignation was effective July 3, 2017. The Board of Directors appointed long-time director Randolph (Randy) L. Howard
July 7, 2017
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Renewable Energy Group, Inc. (NASDAQ: REGI) is the US’ biggest producer of biomass-based diesel, and leading provider of cleaner, lower carbon intensity products and services. REG utilizes an integrated procurement, distribution, and logistics network to convert natural fats, oils, greases, and sugars into lower carbon
July 7, 2017
Read Full Article
(Biofuels International) US advanced biofuels producer Renewable Energy Group (REG) has hosted a ribbon cutting ceremony celebrating the opening of the company’s operations centre in Amsterdam. The team in Amsterdam will support the company’s international operations and work closely with the operations center in Ames, Iowa. REG utilises an integrated
May 30, 2017
Read Full Article
by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) The U.S. EPA recently posted a notice to its website approving a fuel pathway for Renewable Energy Group Inc.’s Geismar, Louisiana, biorefinery. The plant can now generate D5 advanced biofuel renewable identification numbers (RINs) for naphtha and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) made from nonfood-grade corn
May 17, 2017
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … If you’re not chasing biosuccinic or at least salivating over it, check your pulse. DSM, PTT, Mitsui, Roquette, Corbion, Vinmar and BASF are just a few of the major players around the world chasing it. In part, that’s because there’s a market for succinic
May 12, 2017
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) From Iowa we received news that Renewable Energy Group has agreed to acquire approximately 82 acres of land at its Geismar, Louisiana biorefinery from Lion Copolymer, for $20M. The goal? To improve and utilize to support existing production capacity and future expansion opportunities. Previously, the
May 8, 2017
Read Full Article
by Todd Masson (NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune) Boating and fishing industry leaders sent a letter to President Donald Trump Wednesday asking the administration to reexamine the Renewable Fuel Standard that dictates how much of the nation’s fuel supply must be from alternative energy sources. The American Sportfishing Association, the Boat
May 4, 2017
Read Full Article
by Ron Kotrba (Biomass Magazine) U.S. imports of biomass-based diesel hit extreme heights in 2016, fulfilling a third of the consumption market, driving the domestic biodiesel industry to more actively seek counteracting measures to protect its own investments. — The U.S. imported nearly three times more biodiesel and renewable
April 5, 2017
Read Full Article
by Steve Hardy (The Advocate) Environmentalists and industrialists find themselves standing shoulder to shoulder as they try to maintain a tax credit for low-emission vehicles. The tax break encourages buyers to support Louisiana natural gas while keeping the air cleaner, proponents argue. But as Louisiana faces a fiscal cliff, the
(Growth Energy) Louisiana is now the 29th state to offer consumers a better choice at the pump – gasoline blended with 15 percent ethanol known as E15. The latest in this market expansion is a RaceTrac station in Baton Rouge – now one of 672 locations nationwide to offer Americans
March 20, 2017
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Louisiana, the Diamond Green Diesel facility in Norco will expand its annual production capacity of renewable diesel from 10,000 barrels per day to 18,000 bpd (275 million gallons per year), using Honeywell UOP’s Ecofining process technology. We originally reported that the project, which came
March 20, 2017
Read Full Article
by Bob Dinneen (Renewable Fuels Association) Half of U.S. states blended more than 10 percent ethanol, RFA’s president and CEO points out in his View from the Hill column — Reps. Bill Flores, R-Texas, and Peter Welch, D-Vt., introduced legislation during the last Congress that would cap ethanol blends in
January 25, 2017
Read Full Article
(U.S. Department of Energy) Today, the Energy Department (DOE) announced up to $7 million for eight universities to accelerate the introduction of affordable, scalable, and sustainable high-performance fuels for use in high-efficiency, low-emission engines. Under the Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines (Co-Optima) initiative, DOE’s Bioenergy Technologies Office and Vehicle Technologies Office are collaborating to maximize
December 29, 2016
Read Full Article
(AgriMarketing/Reuters) Sarnia, Ontario, home to dozens of Canada’s refineries and chemical plants, is lobbying hard to lure a biotech plant to the city as the local petrochemical-powered economy braces for the impact of a provincial carbon-pricing scheme. BioAmber Inc – which turns corn syrup into an ingredient used to make
November 15, 2016
Read Full Article
by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) Renewable Energy Group Inc. recently released third quarter financial results, providing updates of operations at its Geismar renewable hydrocarbon diesel facility, its biodiesel operations, and other activities. During an investor call, Daniel Oh, president and CEO of REG, said operations at the Geismar plant were
November 4, 2016
Read Full Article
(Convenience Store News) More than 100 Southern stores to add the renewable product soon. — RaceTrac will expand its fuel offering this year with the debut of E15 fuel at its convenience stores throughout the South. The chain will add E15 later this year and ultimately offer it at more
October 13, 2016
Read Full Article
by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine) Renewable Energy Group Inc. is quietly celebrating its 10-year anniversary with a series of videos being released to commemorate the company’s—and the biodiesel industry’s—significant growth and maturation over the past decade. REG has been discreet about its anniversary videos, only mentioning them as asides in other
October 5, 2016
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for agricultural uses. What can you use Aerial Data Analysis for? Says Precision Hawk’s Ally Ferguson, quite a lot. Crop health indices, Plant height, Canopy cover, Weed detection, Season monitoring, Environmental assessment, Land cover mapping, Irrigated land mapping, Impervious surface mapping,
September 19, 2016
Read Full Article
by Almuth Ernsting (Biofuelwatch/The Biomass Monitor) … As far as Branson and his airline, Virgin Atlantic, were concerned, the flight was indeed no more than a stunt: The “biofuel test flight” burned 95% ordinary kerosene and just 5% biofuels, made from coconut and Brazilian babassu nut oil. Virgin Atlantic has not
September 12, 2016
Read Full Article
(Prothom-Alo) Bangladeshi computer scientist has been awarded in the United States for developing software and theoretical underpinning needed to help convert algae into biofuel. Md Tamjidul Hoque, an assistant professor of the computer science department at the University of New Orleans (UNO), USA, has been awarded $141,453 by the
September 8, 2016
Read Full Article
by Brady Dennis (The Washington Post) The real estate data firm Zillow recently published a research analysis that estimated rising sea levels could leave nearly 2 million U.S. homes inundated by 2100, a fate that would displace millions of people and result in property losses in the hundreds of billions
by Chris Clayton (DTN Progressive Farmer) Coalition Sees Opportunity in Higher Fuel Economy Standards — Leaders and founders of the Governors’ Biofuels Coalition see a push for higher fuel-economy standards as the next opportunity to spur more biofuels production around the country. The group met Saturday at the National Governors’
July 19, 2016
Read Full Article
(US Department of Agriculture) Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack announced today that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is investing $8.8 million to boost the production of advanced biofuels and sustain jobs at renewable energy facilities in 39 states. USDA continues to lead the way in promotion of advanced biofuel production,
by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) Renewable Energy Group Inc. recently released first quarter financial results, reporting its 75 MMgy Geismar renewable diesel plant in Louisiana restarted operations in March. The plant, formerly known as Dynamic Fuels LLC, was acquired by REG in 2014 and damaged by two fires in 2015.
May 11, 2016
Read Full Article
(Next-Gen Transportation News) Darling Ingredients Inc. is expanding the Diamond Green Diesel (DGD) facility in Norco, La., to increase annual production capacity from 160 million gallons of renewable diesel to 275 million gallons. … Production is expected to ramp up in the first quarter of 2018, and DGD expects to
April 19, 2016
Read Full Article
by Curt Bennink (ForConstructionPros.com) By now, most are familiar with biodiesel. It is a cost-effective and more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional petroleum-based diesel fuels when used in the correct applications. “Biodiesel improves lubricity when compared to Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD),” says Kaleb Little, senior communications manager, National Biodiesel
April 15, 2016
Read Full Article
by Alan Neuhauser (US News and World Report) America’s fracking boom promised big paychecks, but thousands of workers were exploited, the Labor Department says. — … Despite booming industry profits and record oil and gas output – which together rejuvenated the country’s economy and transformed the U.S. into the world’s top
April 11, 2016
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … Renewable diesel demand is booming, booming, booming. We’ve tipped it repeatedly in The Digest, not least with our March Madness webinar last week on “Renewable Diesel’s Boom”. Any doubts may well have been swept aside at the end of last week, when Darling Ingredients announced
April 11, 2016
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … It’s been a couple of years since we visited REG and the difference is palpable. The company has become a little ADM, rather than a big Amyris or TerraVia. You see the trading desks at the bigger ethanol operations like Green Plains — relatively massive
April 5, 2016
Read Full Article
(350.org) “Break Free” protests this May will see actions at fossil fuel sites around the world — Hundreds of people marched around the Superdome in New Orleans on Wednesday and then headed inside to disrupt a federal oil and gas auction held by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management on
April 4, 2016
Read Full Article
by Sebastien Malo (PlanetArk/Reuters) A small Native American community in coastal Louisiana is to be resettled after losing nearly all its land partly due to rising seas, a first in the United States. The band of Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw, a Native American tribe living in the Louisiana coastal wetlands, has lost some 98
March 21, 2016
Read Full Article
(St. Landry Parish/Biomass Magazine) St. Landry Parish has officially opened its expanded BioCNG Vehicle Fuel Facility at its sanitary landfill, which is now fueling Progressive Waste Solutions Ltd. refuse vehicles collecting residential trash in St. Landry Parish. It is the only one of its kind in the state of Louisiana. The
December 21, 2015
Read Full Article
by Kay Ledbette (Texas A&M AgriLife) … Russ Jessup, an AgriLife Research perennial grass breeder in College Station, said he is introducing a new biofuel-biomass feedstock that is a hybrid “similar to seedless watermelons, seedless grapes and other sterile triploid crops.” Jessup is utilizing two grass species: pearl millet,
December 11, 2015
Read Full Article
by Katie Fletcher (Biomass Magazine) …The Raceland plant uses technology developed by Virdia and enables cellulosic biomass, such as wood or agricultural waste, to be converted into highly refined sugars. It is located in the vicinity of existing sugar cane plantations and will use bagasse waste as feedstock. Sugar cane bagasse is a sustainable, non-genetically-modified feedstock that does not compete
October 30, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Virginia, Green Plains Inc. announced this week that it had acquired an ethanol production facility in Hopewell, Virginia, located approximately 20 miles south of Richmond, from Future Fuels LLP. It’s a sign of continuing consolidation in the corn ethanol space. Earlier this year, Aventine
October 28, 2015
Read Full Article
The National Ethanol Conference (NEC) is the most widely attended executive level conference for the ethanol industry. Since 1996, the RFA’s NEC has been recognized as the preeminent conference for delivering accurate, timely information on marketing, legislative and regulatory issues facing the ethanol industry. With numerous networking opportunities, more business
October 19, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) All have soaring ambitions, some will be realized on schedule, some later, some probably not now or possibly ever. Where are 10 key projects that were announced in recent years for deployment in 2015-16. What’s happening and what happened? We’re looking today at status on
October 19, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) License agreement adds countries in Southeast Asia; Optional capacity for up to 75,000 metric tons per year; Targeting large-scale commercial production of renewable butanediol using Genomatica technology In California, BASF and Genomatica have expanded the scope of their license agreement for the production of 1,4-butanediol
September 28, 2015
Read Full Article
by Anna Hirtenstein (Bloomberg Business) As the digital age curtails use of newsprint and stationary, European paper makers are retooling their factories to produce more profitable materials that go into everything from fuels to sweeteners and even hair dye. That’s because global growth in pulp and paper consumption plunged 80
September 23, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) USDA announces state finalists for the Biofuel Infrastructure Partnership. Will it move the needle? The Digest investigates. In Washington, US Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack announced that 21 states will receive grants through the Biofuel Infrastructure Partnership (BIP) to add infrastructure needed to supply more renewable
(US Department of Agriculture) Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack today announced that 21 states will receive grants through the Biofuel Infrastructure Partnership (BIP) to add infrastructure needed to supply more renewable fuel to America’s drivers. Since announcing the program in May 2015, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Farm Service Agency
(Greenea) Overcapacity, shortage of sustainable feedstock, blending wall… they all contribute to the increasingly challenging situation on the biodiesel market in Europe. At the same time, new HVO investments start to pop up like mushrooms after a rain. But can this be the golden mean to what is happening in
September 8, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) What are the infrastructure hold-ups with renewable fuels? What are 7 Blend Wall Busters that can get renewable fuels back into high gear? … Between 13.5 billion gallons and the 36 billion gallon target envisioned by the Renewable Fuel Standard, there’s an increasing amount of squawking
August 19, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) It’s been around for a generation or so — fast pyrolysis, that is. Though in the original low-tech incarnation — known as “cooking fire” — pyrolysis has been around since the dawn of man. But the numbers have never been so close to commercial, even
August 4, 2015
Read Full Article
(UPS/Globe Newswire) UPS® (NYSE:UPS) today announced agreements for up to 46 million gallons of renewable fuels over the next three years, constituting a 15-fold increase over prior contracts and making UPS one of the largest users of renewable diesel in the world. The agreements with three leading suppliers of renewable
July 29, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … AMCREF invests in projects and business located in the Southern U.S. that generate high quality jobs and provide environmental benefits. We provide low cost capital via a federal program called New Markets Tax Credits (NMTCs) to increase private investment in low income communities, particularly
July 28, 2015
Read Full Article
by Chris Prentice (Reuters) Valero Energy Corp, one of the biggest U.S. oil refiners, is preparing to sell ethanol for export for the first time, the company said, betting on the $2 billion overseas market as U.S. demand remains plagued by political uncertainty. The San Antonio-based oil refiner, the third-largest
(Las Vegas Review-Journal) … Although auto manufacturers have longed warned against using gas containing more than 10 percent ethanol, the Environmental Protection Agency — along with misguided renewable-fuel advocates, the big agriculture lobby and their friends in elected office — pushed to add more ethanol to our fuel. In 2009, for
July 6, 2015
Read Full Article
by Stephen Edelstein (Green Car Reports) … Green Car Reports contributor and electric-motorcycle roadtripper Ben Rich encountered an unusual vehicle on U.S. Route 12 Sunday, while bypassing New Orleans on a cross-country ride. He wrote us to ask about the identity of the low-slung car he captured on video. That car, it
July 2, 2015
Read Full Article
By Timothy Cama (The Hill) A new Republican bill introduced Tuesday (June 16, 2015) would completely repeal the federal mandate to blend ethanol into the nation’s gasoline supply. Sen. Bill Cassidy’s (R-La.) legislation would completely do away with the renewable fuel standard, which first took effect in 2005 and now
July 1, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … Lead organization in development of energycane and sweet sorghum for use as biofuel crops in the deep South … Bringing to fruition the first energy crop to sugar syrup processing facility READ MORE
July 1, 2015
Read Full Article
by Sarah Shemkus (The Guardian) Colorado-based startup Cool Planet says it has created a fuel that mixes seamlessly with gasoline and actually removes carbon from the atmosphere The entrepreneurs and innovators at Colorado-based Cool Planet are betting that a word you’ve probably never heard is about to change the world. “Pyrolysis”
June 3, 2015
Read Full Article
(U.S. Department of Agriculture) Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack today announced that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) will invest up to $100 million in a Biofuels Infrastructure Partnership to support the infrastructure needed to make more renewable fuel options available to American consumers. Specifically, USDA will administer competitive grants to
May 29, 2015
Read Full Article
by Damian Carrington and Harry Davies (The Guardian/MSN.com) The world’s biggest and most profitable fossil fuel companies are receiving huge and rising subsidies from US taxpayers, a practice slammed as absurd by a presidential candidate given the threat of climate change. A Guardian investigation of three specific projects, run by Shell,
May 12, 2015
Read Full Article
(The Advertiser) BP is closing its biofuels plant in Jennings, ending jobs there for 56 people. Aline Thoeny, human resources manager for BP, sent notice Monday to Andre France of the Louisiana Workforce Commission Dislocated Worker Unit and to Jennings Mayor Terry W. Duhon. Thoeny said the employees will remain
The Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI) invites you to a briefing during Earth Week examining the impacts of sea level rise and oil and gas extraction on Native American communities. Across the United States, in Alaska, the Mississippi delta, the Northern Plains and the Great Lakes, land degradation presents
April 13, 2015
Read Full Article
ABFC is the gathering point for the top supply chain leaders in the Advanced Bioeconomy — bringing together the entire spectrum of CEOs and senior executives in business development, R&D, strategic partners, finance, policy and equipment suppliers — looking at Business models, Economics, Partnerships, Government programs, Logistics, Equipment and Yield
March 20, 2015
Read Full Article
ABFC is the gathering point for the top supply chain leaders in the Advanced Bioeconomy — bringing together the entire spectrum of CEOs and senior executives in business development, R&D, strategic partners, finance, policy and equipment suppliers — looking at Business models, Economics, Partnerships, Government programs, Logistics, Equipment and Yield
March 17, 2015
Read Full Article
by Aaren Gordon (Daily Comet) Construction has started on a $60 million plant in Raceland that will convert sugar cane waste into chemicals, sweeteners and biofuels by 2017. The project next to Raceland Raw Sugar Corp. along La. 182 is a demonstration to test the effectiveness of Finnish pulp and
March 9, 2015
Read Full Article
by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) … “This past year we delivered solid results despite a rapidly declining energy market and market uncertainty,” said Daniel J. Oh, president and CEO of REG. “Our business model has enabled us to grow consistently, invest in adjacent opportunities, maneuver through market challenges and do so profitably.
March 6, 2015
Read Full Article
by Rich Piellisch (Fleets & Fuels) BioCNG is extending its work for the St. Landry Parish Solid Waste Disposal District in Louisiana, upgrading an existing landfill gas-based compressed natural gas fueling station in Washington, La. and adding a second facility, at the District’s recycling center in Opelousas, for back-up and
March 4, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Project of the Year, Deal of the Year, Partnership of the Year, Chemical of the Year, and Cap Raise of the Year — who are the big winners? Each year, the Digest recognizes projects, feedstocks, processing technology breakthroughs, novel or improved molecules, and bioeconomy pioneers in
February 17, 2015
Read Full Article
by Denise Attaway (Louisiana State University) LSU AgCenter researchers continue to evaluate energycane varieties planted in north Louisiana as a possible new crop for producers to grow as a biofuel feedstock. About 1,000 experimental varieties of energycane were planted at the LSU AgCenter Macon Ridge Research Station in Winnsboro in 2012.
February 6, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The complete details on BP’s exit and the considerable physical and intellectual assets available for acquisition, in part or in whole. As BP continues to reel from its oil leak capital calls and the impact of crashing oil prices, they dropped a bombshell in recent
January 19, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Oil prices continue to show incredible volatility. $106 in June, $50 today. Which biofuels ventures have the pro-formas to make money in a tough market? The Digest investigates. … Avello Bioenergy Cost: $57.50 per barrel (gasoline, diesel) Stage: Preparing for commercial demonstration Avello Bioenergy is commercializing
January 13, 2015
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Bunnies, liposuction fat, Prince Charles’ leftover wine, day-old whale, the human poo bus, fire ants dipped in hexane, old beer, raging fireballs, vibrating blobs, dope, and even the New Orleans Times-Picayune. Take your pick and, yep, it’s all true, as the Digest discovers. If you’re
December 31, 2014
Read Full Article
by Mark Hay (Good Magazine) At some point in your life, Escherichia coli has probably brought you to your knees topray to the porcelain god. Common bacteria that often live harmlessly in the guts of most animals, a few strains of it can cause anything from food poisoning to death
December 30, 2014
Read Full Article
by Tim Reid (Reuters) … In Houston, Texas, the first oil industry layoffs have been announced, with realtors there predicting a sharp decline, up to 12 percent, in home sales next year. Alaska’s 2015 fiscal year budget revenue forecast will have to be lowered by almost $2 billion, according to
December 15, 2014
Read Full Article
by Sheela Tobben (Bloomberg BusinessWeek) BP Plc (BP/) plans to close down its U.S. cellulosic operation by the end of next year’s first quarter, according to a person familiar with the development. The business was part of an effort to find ways to produce ethanol from sources such as switchgrass, wood
December 11, 2014
Read Full Article
by Talla Buford (The Center for Public Integrity) … By 2018, the land (Stacey) Ryan and other holdouts have fought to keep will be consumed by an $8.1 billion ethane cracker and a multibillion-dollar gas-to-liquids facility, a massive addition to a plant Sasol already operates nearby. The state of Louisiana
December 10, 2014
Read Full Article
by Jennifer Larino (NOLA.com/The Times-Picayune) Louisiana added 225 jobs in the biofuels industry during the third quarter, ranking alongside states such as Texas and Connecticut for clean energy job growth, according to the latest Environmental Entrepreneurs report. The report, which tracks jobs announcements tied to solar, wind, energy-efficient recycling
November 10, 2014
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … In many ways, REG is the entire industrial biotech business in a nutshell. They’re fermentation (through REG Life Sciences), and thermocatalytic (through REG Geismar and their extensive biodiesel business). They use both sugars and lipids as feedstocks. They make both biodiesel and drop-in renewable
November 10, 2014
Read Full Article
(Louisiana State University/Ethanol Producer Magazine) Sweet sorghum is not currently grown as a commercial crop in Louisiana, but in the future, producers may consider growing it for use as a biofuel feedstock. To help guide commercial production of this crop, the Louisiana State University AgCenter has released the Sweet Sorghum Production Guide.
October 29, 2014
Read Full Article
Sharing of information and collaboration between algae producers, commercially-minded algae researchers, engineers and equipment companies are key factors in building the algae production industry. NAA is technology neutral. Algae technologies must be proven outside the lab in a commercial environment before they can have any value to our industry. Our
October 29, 2014
Read Full Article
Sharing of information and collaboration between algae producers, commercially-minded algae researchers, engineers and equipment companie are key factors in building the algae production industry. NAA is technology neutral. Algae technologies must be proven outside the lab in a commercial environment before they can have any value to our industry. Our
October 29, 2014
Read Full Article
by Brent Erickson (Biotechnology Industry Organization/The Hill) In a recently released report entitled “Why Biobased?” the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) answers the question of why America should invest in a biobased economy. The report explores the economic impacts of biobased products in the United States, which include more jobs
October 29, 2014
Read Full Article
(Renewable Energy Group) Renewable Energy Group, Inc. (NASDAQ:REGI) announced today that commercial-scale quantities of renewable hydrocarbon diesel (RHD) produced at the company’s Geismar, Louisiana biorefinery are now available for sale. The first truckloads of REG-9000™/RHD produced at the 75-million gallon nameplate biorefinery since REG acquired it in June left the
October 28, 2014
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) USDA issues $91M loan guarantee conditional commit to Cool Planet. Obama Administration back building of the company’s first commercial plant in Louisiana, as it opens its first commercial-scale Cool Terra operation in California. In California, Cool Planet Energy Systems was issued a $91MM conditional commitment
October 15, 2014
Read Full Article
by Nikki Henderson (ArkLaTex Homepage) Sweet sorghum is not currently grown as a commercial crop in Louisiana, but in the future, producers may consider growing it for use as a biofuel feedstock. To help guide commercial production of this crop, the LSU AgCenter has released the Sweet Sorghum Production Guide. The
October 3, 2014
Read Full Article
(National Algae Association/PR.com) After over 6 decades of time, and billions of dollars spent at the direction of the Department of Energy and other government agencies, one thing is for sure – algae for fuels will never be grown in Washington, D.C. “The algae production industry does not need lobbyists
October 2, 2014
Read Full Article
(Honeywell) Emerald Biofuels LLC to produce renewable diesel under U.S. Department of Defense program UOP LLC, a Honeywell (NYSE: HON) company, announced today that its advanced process technology will be used to produce renewable diesel for the U.S. military through the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Drop-in Biofuels Production Project. Emerald Biofuels LLC
October 1, 2014
Read Full Article
by Joanne Ivancic* (Advanced Biofuels USA) Golden Leaf Energy’s Troy A. Clark grew up in Louisiana. Studying chemical engineering at Tulane University brought him into contact with the oil industry. And yet, as his career progressed, he was drawn to renewables. Initially working as a dispatcher of ethanol for fuel,
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Washington, the Department of Defense has awarded $210 million under the Defense Production Act to Emerald Biofuels, Fulcrum BioEnergy and Red Rock Bio towards the construction of biorefineries that produce cost-competitive, drop-in military biofuels. Under the grants, the companies will build biorefineries to produce military spec fuel
September 19, 2014
Read Full Article
(Office of the Governor Bobby Jindal) Governor Bobby Jindal and Chief Operating Officer Frank Randazzo of NFR BioEnergy announced the company will make a $312 million capital investment to install biorefineries at more than 10 sugar refining hubs in South Louisiana, subject to completing lease and biomass agreements with sugar
September 16, 2014
Read Full Article
Infocast’s 6th Annual Next Generation Bio-Based and Sustainable Chemicals Summit debuts in New Orleans, LA, co-located with informEx for the first time to provide attendees with unparalleled networking capabilities and access to exhibitors. Bio-based tech start-ups, brand owners, chemical majors, feedstock providers, financiers, strategic venture capitalists, OEMs and retailers from around the world will once
September 9, 2014
Read Full Article
(New Orleans City Business) A Lafourche Parish mill will be the site of a $60 million biochemical facility that will turn the waste product of the sugar refining process into a useable product. Virdia Inc. announced today, with Gov. Bobby Jindal, that it will build the plant next to the
September 8, 2014
Read Full Article
by Mark Waller (New Orleans Times Picayune) For Brandon Iglesias, there wasn’t a specific moment of revelation. Unlike some entrepreneurs, he didn’t spot a glaring gap in an industry and move in to solve the problem. He came about his project – a new way to chemically manufacture cleaner oil –
August 29, 2014
Read Full Article
by Jennifer Larino (NOLA.com/The Times-Picayune ) Cool Planet Energy Systems, a Colorado energy startup that aims to turn woodchips and other organic waste into gasoline as well as a crop-boosting soil enhancer, says it has started clearing land to build its first commercial plant in Alexandria. The company expects to
August 15, 2014
Read Full Article
by Ted Griggs (The Advocate) Renewable Energy Group plans to spend $15 million in the next 12 months on the company’s Geismar facility, which makes diesel from animal fat. “Some of that you’d probably consider just normal startup and ramp-up procedures to take a plant from an idled state,” Chief
August 12, 2014
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Will the old Buckeye Ethanol site in South Point, Ohio be transformed into an ultra-modern base for renewable diesel and jet fuel blendstocks? That’s the vision for a new project origination team that is talking about 1.2B gallons of capacity. Possible? The Digest investigates. From
August 5, 2014
Read Full Article
By Mark Drajem (Bloomberg) In the arid Imperial Valley of California, Tim Brummels is trying to turn an agricultural cousin of sugarcane into low-carbon ethanol. It’s the kind of climate-friendly project supporters have pined for since Congress in 2005 ordered refiners to use more renewable fuel. Even so, Brummels’
August 4, 2014
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) 1. The Hot 50 and Hot 30: A perennial favorite. This year, Solazyme topped the list while LanzaTech slipped into second place. … 2. The Top 100 People: Another perennial. This year, international project developers made a big move while some policy figures slipped. But
July 31, 2014
Read Full Article
(National Algae Association) The National Algae Association is pleased to announce that one of its algae incubator program companies, Natural Algae Production, LLC of Louisiana, has broken ground on a new 10 acre algae farm. NAA believes hundreds of commercial algae farms will be needed going forward to satisfy the
July 9, 2014
Read Full Article
(Arkansas Business) Renewable Energy Group Inc. has reached an agreement with Tyson Foods Inc. of Springdale to acquire Tyson’s 50 percent ownership of Dynamic Fuels LLC, the companies announced Wednesday. The deal, contingent upon REG’s previously announced acquisition of Syntroleum Corp., would give REG full ownership of Dynamic Fuels and
May 30, 2014
Read Full Article
(Renewable Energy Group) Deal to Result in REG Owning All of 75-Million Gallon Renewable Diesel Biorefinery Renewable Energy Group, Inc. (NASDAQ: REGI) has reached an agreement with Tyson Foods, Inc. (NYSE: TSN) to acquire Tyson’s 50% ownership position in Dynamic Fuels, LLC, the companies announced today. Completion of the transaction
May 22, 2014
Read Full Article
by Henry Fountain (The New York Times) … “Biodiesel is made from all sorts of fats and oils,” said Ben Evans of the National Biodiesel Board, a trade group based in Washington. While oils made from soybeans, rapeseed and other plants account for at least 85 percent of United States production
April 24, 2014
Read Full Article
By Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine) Researchers reported on a novel method this week at the 247th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, to produce biodiesel from crude animal fats, including waste fat from alligators, using supercritical methanol in a flow reactor. “Conversion of animal fat to biodiesel has been around for some
April 2, 2014
Read Full Article
Leaders from the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) joined top executives from the automobile and fuel industries Saturday at Sebring International Raceway to praise the International Motor Sports Association’s (IMSA) alternative fuels program, a cornerstone component of its growing IMSA Green initiative. VP
March 15, 2014
Read Full Article
(Algae Biomass Organization) Analysis can reduce time, cost associated with site development The Algae Biomass Organization (ABO), the trade association for the algae industry, today (March 10, 2014) lauded a new publication from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in partnership with Sapphire Energy, “Siting Algae Cultivation Facilities for Biofuel Production
March 11, 2014
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … “You will never have enough affordable hydrogen.” Perhaps that is the attractor in the news from little-known Solarvest Bioenergy, when they announced third party confirmation of their bio-hydrogen expression system following the successful completion of a six month NSERC Engage project at the Université de Montréal, a
March 7, 2014
Read Full Article
The Bioenergy Technologies Office is hosting a Workshop on Thursday, April 3, 2014 at the Renaissance New Orleans Arts Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana. This workshop will explore the resource expansion potential for conventional refineries by considering biomass-derived oils as an additional feedstock. Participants will engage in discussions about the
March 6, 2014
Read Full Article
(Cool Planet/Biomass Magazine) Cool Planet Energy Systems, a technology company producing green fuels and biochar products, has broken ground on the company’s first commercial facility in Alexandria, La., dubbed Project Genesis. Permits have been received to begin earthwork and grading, with construction to immediately follow. The facility is designed to
February 28, 2014
Read Full Article
The US Department of Energy’s Bioenergy Technologies Office is hosting a Bio-Oil Co-Processing: Expanding the Refinery Supply System Workshop on April 3, 2014, in New Orleans, Louisiana. This workshop will explore the potential to partner renewable technologies with conventional petroleum refining by considering biomass-derived oils as additional feedstock. Participants will
February 18, 2014
Read Full Article
by Joanne Ivancic (Advanced Biofuels USA) When the organizers of the American Le Mans Series announced the merger with NASCAR’s GRAND-AM series, we noted that the future of green racing was uncertain. GRAND-AM vehicles never took even a sip of ethanol, while the Corvettes had been drinking E85 for years,
by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine) As federal biodiesel policy uncertainty rises, low-cost biodiesel production with new technologies to allow processing of cheaper, lower quality feedstocks, is paramount. Biodiesel Magazine provides a cross-section of new technologies being deployed. … If the final (EPA RVO) rule comes out at 1.28 billion, this
January 15, 2014
Read Full Article
(Renewable Energy Group/Biodiesel Magazine) Renewable Energy Group Inc. and Syntroleum Corp. announced Dec. 17 that they have entered into an asset purchase agreement pursuant to which REG would acquire substantially all of the assets of Syntroleum Corp., and assume substantially all of the material liabilities of Syntroleum. The terms of the
December 18, 2013
Read Full Article
by Clare Foran (National Journal) Senators are working on separate bills to aggressively reduce the amount of corn-based ethanol required under the renewable-fuel standard. Sen. Ben Cardin, D-Md., and Senate Environment and Public Works Committee ranking member David Vitter, R-La., touted legislation they have been working on together to amend the
December 12, 2013
Read Full Article
by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works held a hearing Dec. 11 on the U.S. EPA’s proposed rule to set 2014 volume requirements under the renewable fuel standard (RFS). The hearing, titled “Oversight Hearing on Domestic Renewable Fuels,” featured testimony from representatives
December 12, 2013
Read Full Article
(US Department of Energy) BETO recently published a new two-page overview document that highlights significant Office achievements from 2013. One noteworthy success was the demonstration of two cellulosic ethanol production processes at a cost of $2.15 or less per gallon. This accomplishment, combined with other milestone achievements, represents cost-saving technological
November 21, 2013
Read Full Article
by Bruce Finley (Denver Post) The federal government is launching a $10 million, five-year project to tap overgrown and beetle-ravaged Western U.S. forests as a new source of non-oil liquid fuel that could power cars, warships and airliners. The Colorado State University-run research — to be announced Wednesday in Denver
November 8, 2013
Read Full Article
by Jeff Thomas (Boulder County Business Report) … “You have to have hydrogen to mass produce renewable biofuels. Natural gas is cost effective and it’s plentiful,” said Steven Silvers, spokesman for Sundrop Fuels Inc. “Every gallon of domestically made biofuel is a gallon of gas that we don’t have to import
September 16, 2013
Read Full Article
by Vickie Vaughan (Fuel Fix) Valero Energy Corp. has been making adjustments to its investments in renewable energy. This year the San Antonio refiner quietly pulled out of a partnership to build a cellulosic ethanol plant while a second plant in which it’s a partner started producing renewable diesel this
September 3, 2013
Read Full Article
(Biofuels International) Diamond Green Biodiesel, a joint venture between Valero Energy and Darling International, has reached capacity during its start-up phase. The plant, based next to Valero’s St Charles refinery in Louisiana, began operations in June and uses animal fat, used cooking oil and other waste grease to produce just
August 29, 2013
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) The complete Cool Planet story. What is it? Why transformational? What are the next steps? New venture will convert wood waste to gasoline. In Louisiana, Cool Planet Energy Systems CEO Howard Janzen, flanked by Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal, announced the company will build three bio-refineries
August 26, 2013
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … It’s been quite a year on the four-carbon platform — also known as C4, 4C, buta-something, Fantastic Four, or what have you. Though two-carbon fuels such as ethanol have long dominated the biofuels market — and complex, multi-carbon drop-in renewable diesel, jet fuels and biodiesel
August 22, 2013
Read Full Article
(U.S. Department of Agriculture) The Farm Service Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) today announced that purchase invitations have been extended to solicit bids to the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) through the Feedstock Flexibility Program (FFP). Congress created FFP in the 2008 Farm Bill which requires the purchase
August 20, 2013
Read Full Article
(PR NewsWire/Digital Journal/Domestic Fuel Solutions Group) From Day One the Domestic Fuel Solutions Group (DFSG) has been advocating for reasonable RFS reform. Congress is taking notice. At the end of two days of recent House Energy & Commerce Committee hearings on the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), Chairman Fred Upton (R-MI) and Sub-Committee
August 19, 2013
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In today’s Digest – visit our 5-Minute Guide to Loan Guarantees — INEOS Bio, Myriant, Sapphire Energy, Abengoa, Chemtex, Enerkem, Fiberight, Fulcrum, ZeaChem – Plus POET-DSM, Diamond Green Diesel, Coskata and Range Fuels Projects open for business INEOS Bio … Myriant … Sapphire Energy … Projects under construction Abengoa
July 30, 2013
Read Full Article
by Darryl Fears (The Washington Post) It was scary enough that a team of experts on sea-level rise projected that Maryland’s coastal waters could rise to six feet in this century. But to hammer home the findings of a new report, they included a link to a Web tool that allows
July 29, 2013
Read Full Article
by Alex Guillen (Politico) The House late last night approved by voice vote a measure to block the Defense Department from buying most biofuels. The measure was an amendment to the chamber’s defense spending bill offered up by Rep. Steve Scalise (R-La.). The amendment specifically barred the Defense Department from
July 26, 2013
Read Full Article
(Sonoran News) The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration says this year’s Gulf of Mexico dead zone will be the biggest ever. According to researchers, corn production in the Midwest is a large reason why. As if South Louisiana anglers needed another reason to hate ethanol, they’re going to get one
July 26, 2013
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Advanced biofuels – mirage or reality? In January we wrote: “When these 12 projects open for business (or not) in 2013, you’ll know for sure.” So, what do we know? … We identified 12 “Bellwether projects” in January that were scheduled to open in 2013.
July 22, 2013
Read Full Article
by James Osborne (Dallas Morning News) For more than 130 years, Darling International has operated in a little-known corner of U.S. industry, breaking down the leftovers of the meat industry for products including cattle feed and cosmetics. Then last month the Irving-based rendering giant announced it was entering the biofuels
July 18, 2013
Read Full Article
by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com) American Petroleum Institute (API) has launched a new campaign featuring print and TV ads taking aim at E15 and the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). The ethanol industry responded and Bob Dinneen, President and CEO of the Renewable Fuels Association said that Big Oil’s latest campaign is
July 16, 2013
Read Full Article
Momentum: 12 Biobased Ventures Raise $435M in Q2 2013; 32 Projects Being Built off the Balance Sheet
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Despite negative press from Bloomberg, biobased investing is surging, both direct and via strategics. The Digest has the data and the scoop. After we profiled, last April, 17 biobased ventures who raised $434 million in new capital in Q4 2012 and Q1 2013, a report
July 10, 2013
Read Full Article
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) A now-complete 142 million gallon green diesel monster project will easily deliver big on renewable energy targets and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. But it also offers a material path to profits for its parents, Valero Energy and Darling International. In Louisiana, Darling International announced that
July 1, 2013
Read Full Article
by Joanne Ivancic (Advanced Biofuels USA) NASCAR’s sportscar racing division, GrandAm, and Green Racing aren’t words that you see together. For one thing, GrandAm competitors race on all-petroleum race fuel. Yet, GrandAm and the American Le Mans Series, the series which brands itself as the “Leader in Green Racing,” are in the
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) DoD goes forward, after internal wrangle, with advanced biofuels program via $16M phase 1 investment. With industry cost share, project totals $33M: aims for sub-$4, drop-in military biofuels. In Washington, the DoD will award three contracts totaling $16 million to Emerald Biofuels, Natures BioReserve and
May 27, 2013
Read Full Article
Our Sponsors
FREE Subscription! Advanced Biofuels USA events calendar; policy and actions; education newsletters
