by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The USDA Foreign Agricultural Trade Service hosted a trade mission to Lima, Peru, from June 9-12 aimed at expanding market access and boosting U.S. agricultural exports. The agency identified ethanol as one of the products
(Exolum) The company has invested over $100 million in the construction of the airport’s new fuel storage terminal, which is expected to serve more than 40 million passengers following its expansion. -- Exolum has commenced fuel storage and aircraft refuelling operations at
by Cindy Zimmerman (Energy.AgWired.com) U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Brooke Rollins will be in Iowa Monday, March 31, with a full schedule that includes a visit to an ethanol plant. Secretary Rollins will start the day with at Elite Octane in Atlantic, Iowa,
(A21 (Google Translation)) It will contribute to the ICAO Voluntary Environment Fund with the aim of supporting the development and implementation of this technology in the region. -- Airbus and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) announced an agreement to support the
by Brent Barnett (Brownfield Ag News) ... Robert White with the Renewable Fuels Association says 2024 could be a record-breaking year for U.S. ethanol. “Record ethanol exports, record ethanol production, record corn grind, and that’s all during a downturn that
(Monjasa) On 22 February 2024, global top 10 marine fuels company, Monjasa, supplied a total of 510 tonnes of B30 marine biofuels the Cargill operated dry bulk carrier, Infinity Sky, in the Port of Callao, Peru. This operation marked the first ISCC-certified
(HAM Group) This new partnership will promote the use of LNG and CNG in Perú -- Limagas and HAM Group have created a new company called EVA (Energía de Valor Ambiental), with the aim of promoting the use of liquefied natural gas in road
by Cindy Zimmerman (Energy.AgWired.com) As many countries across Latin America (LTA) seek to develop energy transition policies, the U.S. Grains Council (USGC) along with the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) have partnered to train
(HAM Criogénica Perú) The vehicles have HPDI technology -- Volvo Peru has delivered its first LNG tractors on the South American continent. These vehicles have been acquired by HAM Criogénica Perú and are characterized by having high pressure direct injection (HPDI), which
(Monjasa) On 22 February 2024, global top 10 marine fuels company, Monjasa, supplied a total of 510 tonnes of B30 marine biofuels the Cargill operated dry bulk carrier, Infinity Sky, in the Port of Callao, Peru. This operation marked the first ISCC-certified
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Florida, the Daily Digest today released its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 65 countries. Get the latest up to the minute new
by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daiy) The U.S. imported more than 863 million gallons of biobased diesel in 2023, the second-highest volume of combined biodiesel and renewable diesel imports on record, according to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration compiled
by Timothy J. Killeen (Mongabay) ... The spikes in commodity prices in the first decade of the twenty-first century coincided with a global boom in biofuels. The interest in biofuels was motivated allegedly by a concern for global warming but other,
by Thomas Washington and Harry Clyne (S&P Global) New processing plants take 6-18 months to complete; Ethanol from sugarcane leaves is RED II-compliant -- Cellulosic ethanol supply is hampered by a shortage of plants to process EU-compliant biofuel from sugarcane leaves but several
by Harry Clyne and Phillip Herring (S&P Global) EC to retroactively monitor import statistics, trends; Initiative to protect EU producers from rapid increase in imports; EU ethanol imports for H1 2023 keep pace on the year: S&P Global The European Commission will introduce retroactive
(MIT Global Change/Airbus) Airbus and LATAM Airlines Group have funded a study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change (MIT Joint Program). The study, entitled "Options for Decarbonizing Aviation in Latin America in
(Indiana Corn Marketing Council/Hoosier Ag Today) Indiana farmers know how to grow corn. Indiana is the fifth-largest corn-producing state in the country, according to the USDA. Indiana ethanol producers know how to turn that corn into a valuable renewable fuel. The
(U.S. Department of Energy) The 2022-2023 AlgaePrize competition, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) and supported by the Algae Foundation and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, challenges students to become the next generation of
(Biofuels International) Assessing this year’s prospects for biofuels in South America is about much more than just what is happening in Brazil. As a starting point, however, it’s difficult to move pass the country’s recent change of government and subsequent upheaval
AltFuels Peru 2023 will take place on 19-22 April, 2023 at Villa Complejo Ferial, in the city of Lima. It will include a congress with presentations led by more than 70 speakers, leaders and experts in the natural gas industry
(AltFuels) The Peruvian Association of Natural Gas and Alternative Fuels (APGNCA) was recently established in Lima, Peru, with the objective of representing at the national level the interests of stakeholders in the promotion and commercialization of the use of natural
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Florida, the Daily Digest today released its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 65 countries. Get the latest up to the minute
The efforts of many countries around the world to improve the air quality in cities and reduce climate change, as well as to face the effects of the current global energy crisis, are increasingly driving the adoption of alternative fuels
(World Trade Organization) Argentina has requested WTO dispute consultations with Peru concerning anti-dumping and countervailing duties imposed by Peru on imports of biodiesel from Argentina. The request was circulated to WTO members on 6 September. Argentina is challenging six measures relating
by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily) A big shift is occurring in U.S. trade of biobased diesel so far this year, according to the latest import and export numbers released by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Renewable diesel imports are down,
by Ron Kotrba (Biobased Diesel Daily) Lima Airport Partners, concessionaire of the Jorge Chávez International Airport in Lima, Peru, announced March 15 it has selected Exolum S.A. (formerly CLH Aviación) as a long-term partner to implement the LIMFuel project, which consists
(Oberon Fuels) Three leaders in their respective industries announce a collaboration to test a clean, innovative low carbon fuel blend in residential and commercial applications in Latin America. The collaboration includes Suburban Propane Partners, L.P. (NYSE: SPH) – the third largest retail propane distributor
(MSN/La Republica) The state-owned company Petroperú selected the offer from the national company Heaven Petroleum Operators ( HPO ) for the supply of B100 biodiesel , after a process in which foreign firms Trafigura and Repsol Trading, as well as BioEnergy Peru, also presented their respective economic proposals.
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) 65 countries have targets or mandates--how much, where, when and what? READ MORE Commodities 2022: European biofuel mandates to structurally shift ethanol demand higher in the year (S&P Global Platts) European Biofuel Mandates to Structurally Shift Ethanol
(Andina (Google Translation)) The National Institute for the Defense of Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property (Indecopi), said today (December 27, 2021) that it ordered the renewal of the anti-dumping and countervailing duties imposed on Argentine biodiesel in 2016
(Gestion) On October 18, Castillo received in his office the general manager of Petroperú, the manager of Heaven Petroleum Operations and the businesswoman Karelim López. Days later, Heaven Petroleum won a tender in Petroperú to sell it biodiesel for US
by Lucas Joppa , Amy Luers , Elizabeth Willmott , S. Julio Friedmann , Steven P. Hamburg & Rafael Broze (Nature) Strengthen markets, measures and definitions for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to fight climate change. In January this year,
by Julia MacCary (Planet Forward/Medill News Service) United Airlines offers a quick fix to neutralize your carbon emissions for a trip from Chicago to Los Angeles and back: $4.60 in carbon offsets. ... Yet what’s more concerning is United’s offsets are “not
(Oxfam) First-generation biofuels have a somewhat paradoxical status. On the one hand, they have become key ingredients in the EU’s ‘Green Deal’ priorities. On the other hand, they have fuelled all kinds of environmental, social and political disruptions, and unleashed massive
(Lat Am Investor) ... However, as mining experts reveal elsewhere in this report, copper supply will be unable to replace every existing internal combustion engine with an EV by 2050. ... That means biofuels will also play an important role. Latin
by Jacqui Fatka (Farm Progress) The Peruvian National Institute for the Defense of Free Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property Tribunal announced Friday that the U.S. ethanol industry and the U.S. government won an appeal on a countervailing duty case brought
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 65 countries. Get the latest up to the minute new information
by Emmanuel Desplechin (ePURE/Ethanol Producer Magazine) The recent U.S. presidential election has spurred a lot of talk about what the new administration will mean for the transatlantic trade relationship after four years of on again, off again tariff wars. ... Europe faces
(U.S. Grains Council/Ethanol Producer Magazine) At the close of the most recent marketing year, U.S. ethanol exports were down 12 percent year-over-year according to data from the USDA, weighed on by COVID-19 and the global issuance of stay-at-home orders. Over the course
by Philip Blenkinsop (Reuters) The European Union has begun monitoring incoming renewable ethanol used for fuel to see if measures are needed to prevent a surge of imports from U.S. and other producers, the EU official journal said on Wednesday. The
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Today, biobased mandates around the world. Where are the markets you can count on, how much can you count on? 65 countries in all, We’ll be focusing especially on new information out of Argentina, Brazil,
by Matt Thompson (Ethanol Producer Magazine) According to a USDA Foreign Agricultural Service report, filed with the Global Agricultural Information Network, Peru is expected to produce and consume more ethanol in 2019 than it did in 2018. “Peruvian ethanol production in
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) 64 countries have targets or mandates - but how much where, and when, and what? Besides the EU, the major blending mandates that will drive global demand are those set in the US, China and Brazil
(U.S. Grains Council) A Peruvian team of poultry and beef producers discussed corn and ethanol production in addition to how the quality of DDGS is controlled from the receiving of grain at the ethanol plant through the final loading into
(U.S. Grains Council/Farm Forum) ... This goal of enabling expanded conversations on ethanol blending is why the U.S. Grains Council (USGC) organized a trade team in July to connect representatives from national refineries, ministries of energy and other key stakeholders
by Sabrina Valle (Bloomberg Quint) In much of the world, the road to electric vehicles may be fueled by ethanol. -- For 22 years, Toyota Motor Corp. has made hybrid cars that don’t require drivers to choose between running on gas or
by Ed Lotterman (Bismarck Tribune) Unless National Security Adviser John Bolton and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo manage to gin up a war with Iran, the terrible crop conditions across much of the Midwest this year means that some fuel
(Toyota (Google Translation)) With this motorization, the New Corolla will be the most efficient ethanol-powered car in the country and the cleanest hybrid on the planet; Ad meets efficiency requirements established by Rota 2030 Program; With launch scheduled for the last quarter
by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine) Biodiesel Magazine provides a visual of prominent project development activities over the past year. READ MORE
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Florida, the Digest today (January 1, 2019) releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 65 countries. The bulk of mandates continue to come
by Mario Parker (Bloomberg) Producers hopeful Chinese ethanol purchases are coming next; Biofuel, made from corn, helps support farm-belt growth -- A little love from China in the U.S. ethanol market during the trade-war detente between Washington and Beijing could go a long
by Tom Miles (Reuters) Argentina has launched a dispute at the World Trade Organization to contest Peru’s anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties on Argentina’s exports of biodiesel, a WTO filing published on Wednesday showed. Argentina’s complaint suggests the two countries have failed to
(U.S. Grains Council/Ethanol Producer Magazine) ..Countries shared their experiences with implementing biofuels policy and discussed how best to support the development and implementation of ethanol policies with a role for trade. Recognized scientists and ethanol experts demonstrated how ethanol use
by David French (Reuters) Valero Energy Corp has agreed to purchase Pure Biofuels Del Peru from private equity firm Pegasus Capital Advisors, the companies said on Monday, marking the U.S. refiner’s first infrastructure investment in South America. Pure Biofuels Del Peru owns
(Research and Markets) The "The Future of Peru Biofuel (Ethanol) Markets to 2025" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering. Peru Biofuel (Ethanol) market is expected to witness a strong growth rate in the medium to long term future. Driven by surge in market
by Chrysa Glystra (Platts) The European Commission announced Tuesday it will initiate an expiry review of the antidumping duty against US fuel ethanol imports, with the duty staying in the place for another 15 months while the investigation takes place. The duty
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 65 countries. The bulk of mandates continue to come from the EU-27,
by Aline Robert (EurActiv) A group representing European biodiesel producers filed a complaint about illegal state aid with the European Commission on 3 November. It’s the latest episode in a commercial war between European biodiesel and its South American competitor. In September,
(U.S. Grains Council) Three ethanol trade teams consisting of ministry and industry delegates traversed the U.S. ethanol value chain from the field to the pump ahead of the Ethanol Summit of the Americas. The three teams included representatives from 12 countries
(Energy Today/Oilprice.com) A new World Bank report released today (July 18, 2017) highlights the potential impacts that the expected continuing boom in low-carbon energy technologies will have on demand for many minerals and metals. Using wind, solar, and energy storage batteries as
(Renewable Fuels Association) ... Noticeably absent from the April roster were India and the Philippines. Together, the two counties imported more than 50 mg of U.S. ethanol in March, and India had been the third-leading market for U.S. export in the
by Maximiliano Rizzi (Reuters) Argentina's biodiesel exports could be devastated if the U.S. government imposed anti-dumping duties on the coutrtry based on a complaint by the U.S. National Biodiesel Board, the heads of two local industry chambers said. The board last week
(Phys.Org) A new study published last week in the journal Environmental Research Letters by researchers at the University of Puerto Rico offers the first regional look at lands being converted to palm oil plantations in Latin America. Palm oil is
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 64 countries. The bulk of mandates continue to come from the EU-27,
(Oxfam) The European Union must overhaul its current bioenergy policy, which is based on getting fuel from plants, because the industry is linked to the eviction of thousands of people from their lands, out-competing food crops, and creating more not
(US Department of Agriculture) The U.S. Department of Agriculture is now accepting applications for the 2017 Borlaug Global Research Alliance Fellowships. Fellows will work with a mentor at USDA’s Agricultural Research Service or a U.S. university for up to 12
by Susan Olson (Genscape/Biofuels Digest) Biomass-based diesel mandates for blending in transportation fuel have increased in many nations worldwide over the last year. In several of these countries, domestic biodiesel production is underutilized and many of these same countries are
(Earth Gen-BioFuel) Earth Gen-BioFuel (OTC PINK: EGBB), "EarthGen" or "the Company," today announced that EarthGen is taking a leadership role to support the company's expansion plans and to promote the use of castor bean oil in the manufacture of biodiesel. EarthGen is
by Mathew Carr (Bloomberg) Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru plan July meeting in Santiago; Nations studying taxes, trading systems after Paris deal -- Four American nations are set to start talks on ways to co-operate on carbon pricing, according to the World
By Ed Hubbard (Renewable Fuels Association) ... At APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum), I found a delegation of countries that weren’t just committed to biofuels, but eager about the future and promise they held for those countries’ domestic economies, energy
(Infineum International Ltd./Biodiesel Magazine) Infineum has revealed the initial results from its latest biennial global Winter Diesel Fuel Quality Survey, offering a unique update on the current trends in the industry across the global marketplace. The Infineum survey collected samples from
(U.S. Grains Council) The growing interest for ethanol in the Asia-Pacific region is driven in part by ever-growing environmental concerns, especially those related to rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and deteriorating air quality, the direct results of rapidly-rising fossil fuel consumption
by Mario Parker (Bloomberg) Sao Paolo ethanol now 39% more expensive than fuel from Iowa; American glut also spurs exports to China, Philippines, India -- At the Plymouth Energy LLC plant in the heart of the U.S. corn belt -- where home-grown
by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Several representatives of the biofuel industry are participating in a USDA trade mission to Peru and Chile March 14-18. The mission, led by Agricultural Secretary Tom Vilsack, aims to expand export opportunities for U.S.
by James L. Stewart (California’s BioEnergy Producers Association/Technikon/Biofuels Digest) A major worldwide effort is underway through the non-profit organization R20 Regions of Climate Action to assist sub-national states and jurisdictions in developing projects that promote clean energy and combat climate change. Currently, R20
(Renewable Fuels Association/Ethanol Producer Magazine) ... “I am very pleased to have representatives from China, India, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru here today to learn the advantages of increased ethanol use and make important and lasting commercial relationships,” Dinneen said. “With our
by Holly Jessen (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Global trade for U.S. ethanol has been trending up in the past decade, becoming an important part of the industry’s growth strategy. -- Looking at the numbers, it doesn’t take long to conclude that
by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine) Several U.S. producers, including Genuine Bio-Fuel, Hero BX and the now-defunct Promethean Biofuels, in addition to Miami-based biodiesel exporter and hopeful technology provider Lagosur, sketch out overviews of international developments. ... “Taxation, regulation, cost of production, market
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Who mandates what in biofuels? 64 countries have targets or mandates — but how much where, and when, and what? In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world,
(U.S. Grains Council/Ethanol Producer Magazine) The U.S. Grains Council’s ethanol export promotion program has seen an early success with a U.S. exporter confirming sales of 10 million gallons of U.S. ethanol to Peru—valued at more than $15 million—following a trade
(PR Newswire/Sys-con/Lagosur) Lagosur is pleased to announce the business arrangements and initial sales in collaboration with Alianza Pacifco representing continued momentum to bring clean green fuels to Latin America. Lagosur has concluded business preparations to deliver renewable biofuel to the
by Jayson Beckman (US Department of Agriculture) Global biofuel production rose tremendously over 2001-13, led largely by rapid growth in the United States and the European Union (EU). Brazil, the second largest biofuel producer, doubled its production in that span. A
by Tom Buis (Growth Energy/Ethanol Producer Magazine) Cleaner burning, higher performing fuels and their nutritious coproducts are valuable at home and abroad, and have the potential to resolve many issues around the globe, writes Tom Buis. -- ... Growth Energy has
(Lagosur) Lagosur is proud to announce the first business focused on the exportation of biodiesel to Latin America. As part of a two-part strategy and innovative business model, Lagosur has launched part one of the business delivering biodiesel to Latin America.
by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) The Pew Charitable Trusts has released a report, titled “Power Shifts: Emerging Clean Energy Markets,” that shows clean energy investment in developing countries has grown in real and relative terms. The report addresses a wide variety
(National Biodiesel Board) The National Biodiesel Board (NBB) is calling for the EPA to stay its recent decision to streamline Argentinian biodiesel imports to the U.S. under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) pending public review and comment. In a petition filed
[caption id="attachment_59831" align="alignleft" width="300"] Renewable Fuels Association President, Bob Dinneen introduces NEC scholarship winner, Lais Thomaz at the National Ethanol Conference.[/caption] by Lais F. Thomaz* (Advanced Biofuels USA) Last week, from February 17 to 21, the 20th National Ethanol Conference "Going
by Thomas N. Thompson (Biofuels Digest/U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD), Washington) ... This superb collection of essays shows that Latin America is emerging as a major global producer of biofuels as countries across the region seek to leverage competitive advantages like vast
(Renewable Fuels Association) U.S. ethanol exports reached near-record levels in 2014, sending 836 million gallons of ethanol worth $2.1 billion to international markets, the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) explained today in its new publication “2014 U.S. Ethanol Exports and Imports:
by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The U.S. Grains Council is teaming up with Growth Energy, the Renewable Fuels Association and the USDA Foreign Agriculture Service on a new four-way partnership in ethanol export market development. There’s a big difference
(Global Renewable Fuels Alliance) Today, as COP 2014 is fully underway in Lima, Peru, the Global Renewable Fuels Alliance (GRFA) reiterated that biofuels, like ethanol, are presently one of the most commercially viable, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reducing transport fuel
by Alex Morales (The Washington Post/Bloomberg) A major threat to fossil fuel companies has suddenly moved from the fringe to center stage with a dramatic announcement by Germany’s biggest power company and an intriguing letter from the Bank of England. A
by Mario Parker (The Washington Post/Bloomberg) The U.S. is adding ethanol to the list of fuels it dominates in world markets. Exports of the additive derived from corn rose 31 percent this year to the highest level since 2011, meeting demand
(Growth Energy) Growth Energy participated in a market development mission with the U.S. Grains Council and the Renewable Fuels Association to explore export opportunities for U.S. ethanol in Panama and Peru. Alex Marquis, Logistics Manager of Marquis Energy, represented Growth
(Biotechnology Industry Organization) An international confederation of biotechnology trade associations announced today the ratification of bylaws creating the International Council of Biotechnology Associations (ICBA), with the expressed purpose of advocating for public policies that support the growth of the innovative
by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) The U.S. Department of Commerce’s International Trade Administration is organizing a renewable energy and energy efficiency trade mission to Peru. Scheduled for November, the policy mission will promote the export competitiveness of U.S. renewable energy
(Tank Storage Magazine) Peruvian terminal operator Penta Tanks Terminals reportedly loaded the largest ethanol cargo ever in Peru at the end of 2013. Around 15,200m3 of ethanol, owned by Maple Energy, were loaded into a cargo ship via an underwater
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) In Florida, the Digest today releases its annual review of biofuels mandates and targets around the world, looking at the state of biofuels mandates in 62 countries. The bulk of mandates continue to come from the
by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) The European Union recently published its annual biofuels report for 2013 with the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service’s Global Agriculture Information Network, reporting that approximately 20 percent of transportation biofuel used within the 27 EU member
by Stephan Nielsen (Bloomberg BusinessWeek) Maple Energy Plc, the Peruvian company that made more than 99 percent of its revenue from selling petroleum products in 2011, expects to get more than half its business from ethanol sales this year as
(Argus Media) Peru's Coazucar is set to become that country's third producer of fuel-grade ethanol. Coazucar, a subsidiary of Peru's multinational Grupo Gloria and the country's largest sugar producer, has secured the required permits to begin ethanol production using sugarcane feedstock
by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Brazil, India, the US, China and the EU point the way towards a 60 billion gallon biofuels market by 2022 – but can the capacity be built, and can the mandates survive pressure from opponents? In
by John C.K. Daly (http://oilprice.com) On 28 October Air China conducted its first trial flight of a passenger jet powered by a mix of biofuel and traditional aviation fuel. The Jet A-1 biofuel kerosene used in the flight was derived from
by Tierramerica (EurAsia Review) Tons of artisanal soaps made from recycled olive oil are regularly shipped from Spain to Peru, where their sale and use helps finance local development and education for children in poor communities. When poured down the drain,
(Bloomberg) Maple Energy Plc, a Lima-based oil and natural-gas producer, expects costs at an ethanol project under construction in northwest Peru to be higher than an earlier forecast. ...Most of the initial shipments will be to the Netherlands, Maple said today.
by Nathanial Gronewold (New York Times/Greenwire) ...Government support for biodiesel has spurred a robust demand for palm oil that has put 50 percent more income into the pocket of farmer Misael Monsalve Moreno. He is almost finished replacing his family's
(SNV) ...SNV together with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) implemented a project to analyse the socioeconomic and environmental risks and benefits caused by the production of biofuels and energy crops in (agricultural areas within) the Peruvian Amazon. In the socioeconomic study, cultivating
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