Calls for E15 Action Face Unwritten Deadlines

Deliver DispenseEnvironmental Protection AgencyFederal Agency/Executive BranchFederal LegislationFederal LitigationFederal RegulationMinnesotaOhioOpinionsPolicyWhat You Can DoWhite House
March 30, 2022

by Spencer Chase (Agri-Pulse) The Biden administration is fielding a steady stream of requests for emergency action to allow for summertime sales of E15, but those calls are coming up against the realities of the fuel supply chain as demonstrated by the actions of a pro-biofuel company.

In various outreach to Biden – including a bipartisan letter from 16 senators, a letter authored by the Renewable Fuels Association with more than 1,000 signatures from producers, and a letter from Iowa’s congressional delegation, to name a few – the administration is pressed to consider the impacts of rising gas prices due to inflation and the Russian invasion of Ukraine as justification for the emergency action. A letter from farm and biofuel groups goes as far as to specify three possible steps the administration could take to make it happen. Geoff Cooper, RFA’s president and CEO, said the administration has signaled it’s open to the idea of expanded E15 use but hasn’t taken the kind of concrete steps the industry has requested. “They also know that if some action isn’t taken by June 1, then drivers who are currently using E15 are going to experience another unwelcome pump price increase because the lowest-cost fuel in the marketplace will no longer be available to them,” Cooper said in a statement to Agri-Pulse.   READ MORE

Rep. Craig Hopes EPA Will Allow Year Round E15 (Energy.AgWired.com)

BROWN: YEAR-ROUND E15 CAN HELP COMBAT DOMESTIC ENERGY COSTS (Brownfield Ag News)

THE ROLE OF E15 IN ENERGY SECURITY FOR THE US (Brownfield Ag News)

Midwestern lawmakers are trying to replace Russian oil with ethanol: Advocates of increased ethanol sales argue that it could lower fuel prices and help the climate. Both counts are hotly contested. (Grist)

FEENSTRA SAYS EPA HAS “NO INTEREST” IN MAKING E15 AVAILABLE THIS SUMMER (Brownfield Ag News)

Ethanol would offset foreign oil dependency, Farmers Union president says (Jamestown Sun)

Ethanol Report 3-29-22 — How Ethanol Can Lower Gas Prices (Energy.AgWired.com; includes AUDIO)

Corn could be the answer to high gas prices: Midwestern lawmakers push Biden to allow E15 gasoline production year-round (Fox Business; includes VIDEO)

BIOFUEL UNDER REVIEW: (Politico's Morning Energy)

29 BIPARTISAN MEMBERS OF CONGRESS SEND BIDEN LETTER CALLING FOR GREATER ACCESS TO BIOFUELS (Brownfiels Ag News; includes AUDIO)

Growth Energy ad campaign: E15 can deliver relief at the pump (Ethanol Producer Magazine; includes VIDEO)

Americans Support Expanded E15 Use to Lower Gas Prices (Energy.AgWired.com)

Ethanol Blog: Federal Lawmakers Push Biden Administration to Make Year-Round E15 Sales Permanent (DTN Progressive Farmer)

Lawmakers Request Biofuel Regulation Easing to Lower Gas Prices (Bloomberg)

Ethanol producers push E15 as replacement for Russian oil (WISHTV; includes VIDEO)

Ethanol loses out again as White House tackles gas prices (E&E News)

White House Fuel Price Plan Overlooks Biofuels (AgWired; includes AUDIO)

Biden Administration Overlooks Biofuels in Plan to Address Higher Fuel Prices (WNAX; includes AUDIO)

Advocates pushing biofuels with the White House (Ohio's Country Journal/Ohio AgNet)

High gas prices pose challenge for ethanol despite E15 hopes (Agri-Pulse)

Biden administration "considering" summertime sales of E-15 (RFD TV)

Iowa, Kansas petition EPA to issue emergency waiver for E15 (Ethanol Producer Magazine)

OPINION: Fuel retailers join push for year-round E15 (Ethanol Producer Magazine)

EPA chief hears more pleas to boost use of E15 (Agri-Pulse)

EPA evaluating options ahead of summertime restrictions on E15 sales: Regan (S&P Global)

Regan: EPA is evaluating authority to allow summer E15 sales (Ethanol Producer Magazine)

U.S. energy plan disappoints ethanol sector (Western Producer)

Senators Press EPA Administrator on E15 (Energy.AgWired.org; includes AUDIO)

RFA Campaign Amplifies Push for Year-Round E15 (Renewable Fuels Association)

Biden to announce plan to ease gas prices as inflationary pressures persist -- The EPA plans to issue a national, emergency waiver to allow use of blended biofuels over the summer hours after report is expected to show inflation keeps surging (Washington Post; includes VIDEO)

 

Excerpt from Energy.AgWired.com: Last week, Rep. Angie Craig (D-MN) and several of her colleagues introduced the bipartisan Home Front Energy Independence Act, in an effort to expand the production and availability of American biofuels and lower energy costs for working families.

“At the gas pump this past weekend E15 was anywhere from 30 cents to 50 cents (less), and we found one gas station in a town called Cottage Grove offering E15 at 80 cents less a gallon compared to regular unleaded,” said Craig in an interview Monday. “You’re talking about 20 bucks off the cost of filling your tank!”

Rep. Craig’s bill, along with the companion bill in the Senate, would expand the availability of E15 year-round after a July 2021 D.C. Circuit Court ruling which rejected the volatility waiver for E15 created by EPA in 2019. But she admits it would be easier to make that happen administratively rather than legislatively. “I’m holding out hope that the administration and the EPA does the right thing here,” she said, mainly because it just makes sense. “This is such a win-win. It’s going to help us lower prices at the pump. It’s going to help accelerate the role that biofuels play in our effort to decarbonize the transportation sector to tackle climate change and drive economic growth.”  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News: Senator Sherrod Brown says “the best lesson here is we have to broaden our energy production and that means more E15 fuel.”

The Ohio democrat tells Brownfield it’s critical to expand the availability of U.S. biofuels following the import ban on Russian oil.

“We have a lot of opportunities to broaden our energy inputs, which will stabalize prices and, frankly, will finally push Russian oil more off the world market,” he says.

Brown, a senior member of the Senate Agriculture Committee, co-sponsored the recent letter to President Biden.

The senators say American biofuels are a clean and reliable energy solution that will help drive down fuel costs for consumers.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Politico's Morning Energy: BIOFUEL UNDER REVIEW: EPA is reviewing the potential to allow summer-time sales of E15 fuel amid the spike in fuel prices following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, two people familiar told ME. Reuters first reported on Wednesday that the Biden administration is considering temporarily removing the restrictions on the blends of up to 15 percent ethanol. And one of the people told ME that EPA’s Office of General Counsel is specifically considering its options available to facilitate the summer-time sale of E15.

The White House already signaled earlier this month it was looking at lifting the ban to bring down the price of gasoline, though it offered no other specifics. EPA press secretary Nick Conger did not comment on the reports Wednesday, but said in a statement that the agency is “considering a range of options across the Administration to help mitigate impacts from Russia’s actions on American consumers.”

The news is sure to please ethanol advocates and corn-state lawmakers who have called on the president to use his authority to lift the summer-time restrictions in a bid to give consumers access to lower cost fuel — particularly after an appeals court last year vacated the Trump-era rule that extended the sale of E15. Bipartisan senators earlier this month, led by Sens. John Thune (R-S.D.) and Dick Durbin (D-Ill.), also wrote to the White House on the issue. “Restoring year-round E15 would provide American drivers with a cleaner, lower-cost fuel option,” Thune added Wednesday evening.

American Petroleum Institute Vice President of Downstream Policy Ron Chittim, however, said in a response that there “is no clear pathway for EPA to establish year-round sales of E15.” READ MORE

 

Excerpt from AgWired:  Biofuel organizations are baffled by the White House “Plan to Respond to Putin’s Price Hike at the Pump” released last week that completely ignores increasing use of renewable fuels.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Brownfield Ag News: More than two dozen members of Congress are calling on President Biden to reinstate year-round E15.

In a letter to the administration, the bipartisan group is asking that biofuels be prioritized to increase energy independence and lower prices at the pump. 

Iowa Democrat Cindy Axne is one of the lead authors.

“We’re trying to drive the agenda to get more ethanol out there country-wide, especially during a time when we’re reliant on Russian oil and we really should be producing as much as we can here.”

...

The letter requests an emergency waiver to allow summertime sales of E15 and calls on EPA to reverse the lowering of the 2020 and 2021 Renewable Volume Obligations.

In response to the letter, Growth Energy CEO Emily Skor (score) says the message on both sides of the aisle remains loud and clear that the Biden administration must increase access to homegrown, low-carbon biofuels to offer relief at the pump and move toward a more secure energy sector.

Renewable Fuels Association CEO Geoff Cooper says if the administration fails to act on this request, the lowest-cost fuel available at the pump will disappear on June 1st and drivers will face another unnecessary price hike.  READ MORE; includes AUDIO

 

Excerpt from Energy.AgWired.com: new nationwide survey indicates Americans see the potential for ethanol to help lower gas prices at the pump, with the national average running above $4 per gallon.

The survey conducted by Morning Consult found that 72 percent of American voters support expanding the availability of E15 as a way to replace petroleum imports from Russia, and more than 80 percent support increasing domestic renewable fuel production as a way to lower record-high gas prices.

Renewable Fuels Association President and CEO Geoff Cooper notes that ethanol prices have been nearly $1 per gallon lower than gasoline prices at wholesale terminals where gasoline is blended which brings down the price of the fuel sold to consumers at the pump. If E15 replaced just 30 percent of the E10 currently being sold in the United States, the nation could entirely replace the amount of gasoline supplied annually from Russian petroleum imports.

Voters also expressed support for increasing the production of flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs), which can run on fuel containing up to 85 percent ethanol (E85), with 69 percent saying it is important for the U.S. government to incentivize automakers to increase FFV output. Finally, the Morning Consult survey showed that two-thirds of voters support the Renewable Fuel Standard, which requires renewable fuels to comprise an increasing share of the nation’s fuel supply each year.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Ethanol Producer Magazine: The Renewable Fuels Association was thrilled to see the major trade associations representing fuel retailers jump aboard this effort last month, with a letter to Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Michael Regan, urging EPA to use its waiver authority under the Clean Air Act to immediately authorize year-round E15 sales. “This common-sense step,” they note, “would provide much-needed price relief at the pump while enhancing America’s energy security and improving gasoline’s emissions characteristics.”

These three associations speak for a significant portion of the retail fuel space and their perspectives are considered  highly credible. NACS represents the convenience store industry, with more than 1,500 retail and 1,600 supplier companies as members; NATSO represents 5,000 travel plazas and truck stops nationwide; and SIGMA represents a diverse membership of independent chain retailers and marketers of motor fuel. Together, these three associations represent over 90 percent of motor fuel sales in the United States.

...

 In a recent poll conducted by Morning Consult, three in four American voters support expanding the availability of E15 as a way to replace petroleum imports from Russia.

As this country’s leading association representing ethanol producers, we can’t help but agree with our retailer peers: ”This is a unique situation where the Administration’s energy security and geopolitical objectives are fully aligned with its environmental priorities. Allowing year-round E15 would make the U.S. more energy secure, enhancing the nation’s geopolitical leverage all the while improving gasoline’s emissions characteristics.”    READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Western Producer: The White House announced March 31 that it will release one million barrels of oil per day from its strategic reserves for the next six months and support increased domestic production of oil and natural gas in response to the energy crisis.

That is not the message that the renewable fuels sector wanted. It has been lobbying hard for the government to allow for the year-round sale of blends containing 15 percent ethanol (E15).

“The White House is actively considering an E15 fix to deliver relief at the pump but today’s announcement made no mention of homegrown fuels,” a coalition of renewable fuels advocates said in a news release.

“It was just a stop-gap release of oil reserves and a promise of more mineral extraction down the road.”

The renewable fuel folks wanted an executive order overturning a 2021 court decision that reversed year-round access for E15 starting this summer.

The court ruling allows the blend to be sold in the winter but not during the summer months when fuel consumption is higher.

The renewable fuel lobby says E15 saves drivers more than 30 cents U.S. per gallon at the pumps and notes that there is a record surplus of ethanol in the U.S. today.

Corn grower leaders from 19 U.S. states recently sent an open letter to Biden calling on his administration to use an emergency waiver or executive order to reinstate year-round E15.

...

“If we replaced just one-third of regular E10 fuel sales with E15, we would fully replace all gasoline from previously imported Russian oil.”

...

The Home Front Energy Independence Act is new legislation that was recently introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives.

It would make the sale of year-round E15 blends permanent, create a tax credit for higher biofuel blends, streamline E15 labelling, provide funding for E15 infrastructure, extend the biodiesel tax credit for three more years and ban imports of Russian petroleum products.   READ MORE

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hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal 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management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts 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Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis 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RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae 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