Why Brazil Has Escaped Trump’s Tariff Targeting (So Far)

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February 13, 2025
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by Gabriel Malheiros (Datamar News)  “The question isn’t whether Brazil will face tariffs—it’s when”  That’s the assessment of experts consulted by BBC News Brasil regarding the future of Donald Trump’s tariff policies.

“It’s highly likely that Brazil will eventually become a target of U.S. tariffs,” says economist Otaviano Canuto, a former vice president at the World Bank and researcher at the Policy Center for the New South.

“Not next week, when Europe will probably be in the crosshairs, but later on, very likely.”

...

And while Washington has yet to announce any concrete measures against Brazil, Trump has repeatedly called out the country in his speeches, labeling it a “major taxer.”

At the end of January, the Republican included Brazil among nations that “wish harm” on the U.S.

“Put tariffs on countries and foreign people who truly mean us harm,” Trump said. “China is a huge tariff imposer. India, Brazil, so many, many countries. We’re not going to let that happen anymore because we will always put America first,” he declared at a rally in Florida.

That’s why, according to Vinícius Vieira, professor of Economics and International Relations at Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado (FAAP), “The question isn’t whether Brazil will face tariffs, but when.”

Not a Priority—For Now

So why has Brazil been spared so far?

Experts believe the country is simply not high on Washington’s list of priorities.

Brazil has no free trade agreement with the U.S. and runs a trade deficit with the country—meaning it buys more American goods than it sells.

...

“In Trump’s view, and that of his inner circle, these trade surpluses are essentially gifts from America,” says Otaviano Canuto.

But that logic doesn’t apply to Brazil. In 2024, the U.S. actually recorded a $253 million trade surplus with Brazil.

...

Tariffs as a Bargaining Chip

While Brazil may not be a priority for economic reasons, its membership in the BRICS bloc could put it in Trump’s crosshairs. The Republican has already threatened BRICS nations with 100% tariffs if they support efforts to use alternative currencies instead of the U.S. dollar.

“There’s no chance that BRICS will replace the U.S. dollar in global trade—or anywhere else—and any country that tries will face tariffs and say goodbye to America,” Trump declared in late January.

Though BRICS has explored mechanisms for settling trade in Chinese yuan and issuing loans in non-dollar currencies, there’s no imminent plan for a unified BRICS currency.

That’s why Daiane Santos, an economics professor at the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), believes Brazil won’t be targeted immediately. “A BRICS common currency has been discussed for a long time, but I find it unlikely in the short term,” she says.

However, Livio Ribeiro, associate researcher at the Brazilian Institute of Economics (Ibre-FGV) and partner at BRCG Consultoria, warns that Trump has shown he’s willing to use tariffs as a geopolitical weapon—not just an economic tool.

Because Brazil carries less economic weight, he speculates, it could be targeted as an “example” to pressure more significant trade partners.

...

President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva has already stated that Brazil would retaliate if Trump imposed tariffs on Brazilian exports.

“It’s very simple: if he taxes Brazilian products, Brazil will reciprocate by taxing U.S. exports,” Lula said.  READ MORE

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Excerpt from Bloomberg:  By Fernando Travaglini. President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva received a warning from a major Brazilian ethanol company, Raizen, that ethanol could be the next target of trade measures adopted by President Donald Trump, says Folha de S.Paulo, which cites a document obtained by the newspaper. Raizen told Folha it would not comment. The US has complained that Brazil imposes barriers on the entry of its corn-based ethanol, while the Brazilian equivalent, made from sugar cane, enters the US market basically tariff-free. Brazil’s 18% tariff mainly affects producers in the US Midwest. According to Folha, members of the Brazilian government refute the argument and say that the cases in the two countries are not entirely comparable. Trump announced earlier he will announce the reciprocal tariffs on Thursday. “Today is the big one,” he wrote on his social network Truth Social.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Argus Media:  Brazil's growing ethanol industry is a likely target for "reciprocal" US tariffs that President Donald Trump plans to impose on products from countries that he says discriminate against US imports.

In announcing the plan Thursday to raise US import tariffs to the same level foreign countries charge on US exports, Trump did not specify which countries and products would face the new levies. But a White House fact sheet specifically mentions Brazil's treatment of US ethanol as an unfair practice worth addressing. "The US tariff on ethanol is a mere 2.5pc. Yet Brazil charges the US ethanol exports a tariff of 18pc," the White House said.

The US produces more ethanol than any other country, almost all derived from corn. Brazil, the world's second largest ethanol producer, largely uses sugarcane as a feedstock but has a fast-growing corn ethanol industry, too.

The disparity in tariff rates has long frustrated US producers, who have become reliant on export markets since ethanol's growth in the US is limited by rising vehicle fuel efficiency, electric vehicle adoption and regulatory constraints on higher blends. The US exported more than 1.9bn USG of ethanol last year according to the Renewable Fuels Association, an all-time high.

Renewable Fuels Association general counsel Ed Hubbard told Argus last week that his organization raised the issue of Brazilian tariffs with Trump transition staffers, and the office of senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) said he discussed the same at a recent meeting with Jamieson Greer, Trump's nominee to be US trade representative. Greer said at a recent Senate hearing that Brazil's tariff on US ethanol was among his top priorities.

...

But new tariffs would hurt LanzaJet, a US biofuel producer with a plant that imports Brazilian ethanol and refines it into sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). While the company says it can and does use other feedstocks, federal and state clean fuel programs treat Brazilian sugarcane ethanol as lower-carbon. LanzaJet thus earns larger subsidies for producing fuel from sugarcane ethanol than if it used more corn ethanol, which is generally too carbon-intensive to qualify for a new US biofuel tax credit.

"Tariffs impacting nascent industries like SAF will undoubtedly hurt the United States' potential to continue to lead in this space — limiting our ability to import necessary resources and export our own for the global market, given aviation is a global industry," LanzaJet vice president for corporate affairs Meg Whitty said.    READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Bloomberg Law: US biofuel suppliers jumped as President Donald Trump targeted Brazilian tariffs on US ethanol exports.

The president on Thursday signed a measure directing the US Trade Representative and Commerce secretary to propose new levies on a country-by-country basis in an effort to rebalance trade relations. A White House statement cited Brazil’s 18% tariffs on US ethanol exports as an example of “unfair” trade practice.

Trump’s effort was seen as potentially an opening bid for negotiation with other countries to pare their tariffs and other trade barriers against US goods. By singling out Brazil’s treatment of US ethanol, the White House ... READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Reuters:  Silveira calls U.S. ethanol tariff unreasonable; Trump's plan could lead to higher tariffs by April

BRASILIA/SAO PAULO, Feb 13 (Reuters) - Brazil's Energy and Mining Minister Alexandre Silveira said on Thursday that a potential U.S. tariff on Brazilian ethanol would be unreasonable, emphasizing that the two countries have historically negotiated ethanol and sugar trade together.

His remarks came after U.S. President Donald Trump moved to scrap decades-old low tariff rates, raising them to match those of other countries. A White House fact sheet on the plan pointed to Brazil's ethanol tariffs as an example of unfair trade practices.

"The U.S. tariff on ethanol is a mere 2.5%, yet Brazil charges U.S. ethanol exports an 18% tariff. As a result, in 2024, the U.S. imported over $200 million in ethanol from Brazil while exporting only $52 million in ethanol to Brazil," the document said on Thursday.

Silveira argued that for Trump's plan to be fair and reciprocal, as the Republican advocates, the world's largest economy would need to eliminate import tariffs on Brazilian sugar.

"The measure adopted by President Trump is unreasonable, as there is no mention of allowing greater Brazilian sugar exports to the U.S.," he said in a statement.

...

Trump's announcement has no immediate impact but could result in higher tariffs for major trading partners by early April, sparking negotiations with dozens of countries to reduce tariffs and trade barriers.

Brazilian Finance Minister Fernando Haddad said on Thursday he saw potential for tariff negotiations with the U.S.

Brazil, one of the world's largest sugar producers, produced some 35 billion liters of ethanol in 2024, but exported less than 6%, of which only some 300 million liters went to U.S., a report from BTG Pactual showed.

Meanwhile, Brazil imported 192 million liters of ethanol in 2024, 109 million of which came from the U.S., according to BTG Pactual, noting most of U.S. ethanol comes from corn, while sugarcane-based ethanol still holds the lead in Brazil.

In the statement, Silveira argued the U.S. imposes a $360-per-tonne tariff on sugar imports outside preferential quotas, equating to an 81.2% tax considering current market prices - far higher than Brazil's 18% ethanol tariff.

He noted U.S.-set sugar import quota for Brazil last harvest was 147,540 tonnes, or about 0.4% of total sugar exports from Latin America's largest economy.

"For a long time now... Brazil has not been able to export sugar to the United States, except in small quotas, because their tariffs make exportation unfeasible," the head of Brazil sugar and ethanol lobby group Unica, Evandro Gussi, told Reuters.

On the other hand, in a statement, U.S. Renewable Fuels Association, an ethanol trade group, thanked Trump "for his commitment to reestablishing a fair and reciprocal ethanol trading relationship with Brazil."  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Renewable Fuels Association:  The Renewable Fuels Association today thanked President Trump for his commitment to reestablishing a fair and reciprocal ethanol trading relationship with Brazil. While Brazilian-made ethanol has enjoyed virtually duty-free access to the U.S. market since 2012, Brazil has implemented tariffs and disruptive trade barriers against imports of U.S. ethanol starting in 2017. As a result of Brazil’s punitive tariffs, U.S. ethanol exports to Brazil have essentially dried up in recent years—despite American-made ethanol being the most cost-competitive renewable fuel in the world.

In announcing the development of a comprehensive plan to restore fairness in U.S. trade relationships, the White House today cited Brazil’s tariff on U.S. ethanol as a specific example “where our trading partners do not give the United States reciprocal treatment.”

“For almost a decade now, we have spent precious time and resources fighting back against an unfair and unjustified tariff regime imposed by Brazil's government on U.S. ethanol imports,” said RFA President and CEO Geoff Cooper. “What's more ironic is that these tariff barriers have been erected against U.S. ethanol imports while our country has openly accepted—and even encouraged and incentivized—ethanol imports from Brazil.

"As the two largest ethanol producers on the planet, we long enjoyed a cooperative free-trade relationship with Brazil involving ethanol, relying on each other when there were shortfalls or disruptions in the U.S. or Brazilian marketplace.  However, that bilateral cooperation was abandoned by Brazil in 2017, when they instituted a tariff rate quota scheme, and eventually adopted a tariff in 2020. The Brazilian tariff on U.S. ethanol now stands at 18 percent and has virtually eliminated all market access for U.S. ethanol producers. We thank President Trump for taking this action and hope this reciprocal tariff will help encourage a return to free and fair ethanol trade relationship with Brazil.”

Cooper noted that U.S. ethanol exports to Brazil went from 489 million gallons in 2018, with a value of $761million, to just 28 million gallons in 2024, valued at $53 million.

In 2020, RFA urged the first Trump administration to consider imposing reciprocal tariffs against Brazil in hopes that it would convince them to remove the tariffs, or at least bring them back to the negotiating table. RFA continued to push for a reciprocal tariff during the Biden administration. However, the Biden administration did not take action to impose of any such counter-tariff, despite Brazil's insistence on continuing its protectionist trade strategy.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from International Valor: The head of Brazil’s Sugarcane and Bioenergy Industry Association (UNICA), Evandro Gussi, criticized U.S. President Donald Trump’s recent comments about Brazil’s 18% import tariff on foreign ethanol. According to Mr. Gussi, the U.S. complaints are unfounded because the biofuels produced in the two countries are “different products.”

President Trump signed an executive order on Tuesday imposing reciprocal trade tariffs as a way to “level the playing field” in what he called “unfair” trade relationships. The measure could raise the current 2.5% tariff on Brazilian ethanol imports into the U.S.

“We regret [Trump’s announcement] because we’re talking about two different things. The U.S. buys Brazilian ethanol because ours is far more sustainable, with just one-third of the emissions of U.S.-produced ethanol. That’s why California imports Brazilian ethanol to meet its environmental targets,” Mr. Gussi told Valor.

Brazilian ethanol was singled out in a White House statement as one of the tariff disparities that justified the new trade policy.

Mr. Gussi also pointed out that, while President Trump criticizes Brazil’s ethanol import tax, he ignores the steep U.S. tariff on Brazilian sugar. “Sugar faces a 100% tariff in the U.S. Brazil can only export within a restricted quota,” he said. “This idea that the U.S. is a completely free-market economy is misleading.”

The executive described Mr. Trump’s willingness to tax Brazilian ethanol as a disregard for climate action and decarbonization efforts.

Asked about UNICA’s response, Mr. Gussi said the association will engage with Brazilian government officials but made it clear that it will not accept any negotiations that treat Brazilian and U.S. ethanol as identical products that should be subject to the same trade policies.

Guilherme Nolasco, president of the National Corn Ethanol Union (UNEM), said his organization is closely monitoring Brazil’s official stance on the issue. He argues that the government should focus on strengthening biofuels through joint initiatives with the U.S. rather than engaging in a trade dispute.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from American Ag Network: “While American biofuel producers have been almost entirely blocked off from the Brazilian market, Brazilian producers have enjoyed unfettered access to the U.S. In some cases, certain policies in the U.S. even incentivize the use of imported Brazilian ethanol instead of ethanol produced here in the U.S.,” said Growth Energy CEO Emily Skor. “This runs contrary to putting America first, and is exactly why President Trump is taking steps to address this issue. Thank you, President Trump for taking action and pushing for a level playing field for American ethanol producers.”

According to a statement from the Renewable Fuels Association, while Brazilian-made ethanol has enjoyed virtually duty-free access to the U.S. market since 2012, Brazil has implemented tariffs and disruptive trade barriers against imports of U.S. ethanol starting in 2017. As a result of Brazil’s punitive tariffs, U.S. ethanol exports to Brazil have essentially dried up in recent years—despite American-made ethanol being the most cost-competitive renewable fuel in the world.

“For almost a decade now, we have spent precious time and resources fighting back against an unfair and unjustified tariff regime imposed by Brazil’s government on U.S. ethanol imports,” said RFA President and CEO Geoff Cooper. “What’s more ironic is that these tariff barriers have been erected against U.S. ethanol imports while our country has openly accepted—and even encouraged and incentivized—ethanol imports from Brazil.

Cooper noted that U.S. ethanol exports to Brazil went from 489 million gallons in 2018, with a value of $761 million, to just 28 million gallons in 2024, valued at $53 million.

Meanwhile, Brazil’s Energy and Mining Minister Alexandre Silveira said on Thursday that a potential U.S. tariff on Brazilian ethanol would be unreasonable, emphasizing that the two countries have historically negotiated ethanol and sugar trade together.

His remarks came after President Donald Trump moved to scrap decades-old low tariff rates, raising them to match those of other countries. A White House fact sheet on the plan pointed to Brazil’s ethanol tariffs as an example of unfair trade practices. The U.S. tariff on ethanol is a mere 2.5%, yet Brazil charges U.S. ethanol exports an 18% tariff. As a result, in 2024, the U.S. imported over $200 million in ethanol from Brazil while exporting only $52 million in ethanol to Brazil, the document said on Thursday.  READ MORE

 

Excerpt from Money Times: The possibility of US President Donald Trump imposing reciprocal tariffs on ethanol imported from Brazil has raised alarm bells in the national sugar-energy sector, which has biofuel as an important asset for the country.

According to experts, there will be negative impacts on the Brazilian economy if Washington decides to increase taxes on Brazilian products from the current 2.5% to 18%.

For the executive president of the Association of Sugar, Ethanol and Bioenergy Producers (NovaBio), Renato Cunha, the American proposal is a way of pressuring the Brazilian government to revoke the 18% tariff on biofuel exported by the US to the country.

...

“Removing the tax from zero makes no sense, since Brazil, which has a surplus in ethanol production, does not need imported product to supply the domestic market. Furthermore, we export 2.5 billion liters annually. With exportable surpluses, buying ethanol from the US at a reciprocal rate would be unnecessary and burdensome for Brazil’s trade balance,” says the executive.

Effects for the Northeast with ethanol tariff

Cunha states that the Northeast, where the sugarcane industry generates more than 250,000 direct and indirect jobs, would be the most affected by the adoption of this measure. In addition to representing a point of concern in the Brazilian export agenda and bringing unfavorable consequences for Brazil's socioeconomic development, the president of NovaBio assesses other worrying effects in the considered American proposal.

“The US, with an urgent need to decarbonize its economy, should promote the domestic ethanol industry through more constructive public policies. They could, for example, increase the levels of biofuel blending in gasoline, which currently ranges between 10% and 15%, and not subsidize production, as is currently the case, or create even more trade protectionism,” says the president of NovaBio.

The executive points out that the Northeast has also been the main entry point for biofuel exported by the US. “Due to the logistical proximity, even during the sugarcane harvest in the Northeast, the US ends up dumping, when tariffs are reduced, just over 1.6 billion liters of corn ethanol, which is admittedly less sustainable than that produced in Brazil,” notes Cunha, who also chairs the Sugar and Alcohol Industry Union in the State of Pernambuco (Sindaçúcar-PE).

Cunha concludes by citing data from Datagro to measure the effects, specifically in the Northeast, of a relaxation of tariffs by Brazil.

 

“There is no need for Brazil to import ethanol. On the contrary, we have an export profile. With the exemption, the US, which currently exports less than one billion liters per year, would sell more than 1.6 billion liters to the country. Considering that the region produced around 2.2 billion liters in the 2023/2024 harvest, this imported volume would represent 55% of this production, resulting in huge losses to the competitiveness of the Northeastern industry”, warns the president of NovaBio.  READ MORE

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cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold Moldova molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Energy Council National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Native American/American Indian/First Nation Tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gas 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Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD20 RD3 RD30 RD40 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae 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RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets 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conversion solar fuel solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solaris Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum price sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Southeast Asia Southern Africa Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soy meal soybean hulls soybean prices soybeans Spain spartina specifications Spekboom Spent Bleaching Earth Oil (SBEO) sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam methane reformation steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar Sugar Beets/Energy Beets Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar 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