Trump Admin Seeks Input on Overhauling Pipeline Standards Public Comment DEADLINE July 21, 2025

Federal Agency/Executive BranchFederal RegulationPipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin (PHMSA)Public Comment Request OpenTransportation (DOT)
May 21, 2025
Print This Article Share it With Friends

by Carlos Anchondo (Politico Pro Energywire) The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration wants comments on regulating repairs of lines carrying gas and hazardous liquids. -- U.S. pipeline regulators are kick-starting an overhaul of repair requirements for natural gas and carbon dioxide lines — and asking about how to make standards more cost-effective.

The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration put out a call Tuesday for public input on the agency’s plans to modernize decades-old regulations for gas transmission and hazardous liquid lines.

Ben Kochman, the agency’s acting administrator, said federal regulations need to keep up with advancements in pipeline safety technology. The repair criteria and “remediation timelines” for hazardous liquid and CO2 pipelines, PHMSA said, have been “relatively static for decades.”

“Modernizing pipeline repair requirements will encourage innovation and improve the safety and efficiency of energy infrastructure throughout the country,” Kochman said in a news release.

In an advance notice of proposed rulemaking, PHMSA said the existing, two-tiered regulatory approach has led to “a positive safety trend” over the past two decades. But the agency said it “recognizes that some of its repair requirements have not been updated for decades” and might not account for technological advances or best practices in the industry.  READ MORE

Related articles

 

Exccerpt from Federal Register: PHMSA is publishing this advance notice of proposed rulemaking to solicit stakeholder feedback on potential opportunities to improve the cost-effectiveness of its repair requirements for gas transmission and hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide pipelines. PHMSA also seeks stakeholder feedback on authorizing a risk-based approach for determining the inspection interval for in-service breakout tanks.

DATES:

Comments on this ANPRM must be submitted by July 21, 2025. PHMSA will consider late-filed comments to the extent practicable, consistent with 49 CFR 190.323.

...

I. Executive Summary

PHMSA is publishing this advance notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) to solicit stakeholder feedback on potential opportunities to improve the cost-effectiveness of its repair requirements for gas transmission (49 CFR part 192) and hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide (49 CFR part 195) pipelines. Many of those requirements—particularly for hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines—have not been updated in over two decades, and others do not fully account for recent advancements in pipeline safety technology and best practices or the maturation of PHMSA's regulatory regime. PHMSA is also seeking stakeholder feedback on authorizing risk-based inspection procedures for determining the inspection interval for in-service breakout tanks under part 195. Materials obtained from this ANPRM will inform a forthcoming notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) in this proceeding.

 

II. Background

PHMSA's safety standards for gas transmission lines (49 CFR part 192) and hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines (49 CFR part 195) address the remediation of anomalies in two ways: (1) through a set of traditional, prescriptive remediation requirements in the operation and maintenance provisions that generally apply to all pipelines; and (2) through risk-based, integrity management (IM) requirements that apply to pipeline segments posing risks to “high consequence areas.” [1] This two-tiered regulatory approach—coupled with PHMSA's efforts to enhance its requirements for the design, construction, testing, operation, and maintenance of gas transmission and hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide pipelines—has contributed to a positive safety trend since 2005: fewer incidents and accidents entailing significantly lower public safety consequences and property damage.[2]

Despite this strong safety record, PHMSA recognizes that some of its repair requirements have not been updated for decades, and that others may not account for the latest advances in pipeline safety technology and industry best practices. PHMSA also recognizes that its repair requirements may need to be updated to align with the significant changes made to part 192 and part 195 in recent rulemaking proceedings.[3] Existing repair requirements, therefore, may introduce barriers to development and deployment of innovative, safety-enhancing technology and industry practices by increasing costs and potential liability risks for first-movers. Similarly, the accretion of complex and potentially overlapping regulatory requirements over time could similarly stifle innovation and entail compliance costs without a corresponding safety benefit.

For example:

  • The repair criteria and remediation timelines in part 195 for hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines have been relatively static for decades. PHMSA's generally applicable repair requirements at § 195.401 have not been changed substantially since 1981,[4] and the IM requirements for hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines at § 195.452 have not been updated substantially since their introduction in 2000.[5] In the years since the adoption of each of those regulatory frameworks, PHMSA has completed over a dozen rulemakings imposing a variety of design, testing, operational, maintenance, and emergency response requirements intended to reduce the frequency and severity of accidents on hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines.
  • PHMSA most recently addressed part 192 anomaly remediation requirements for gas transmission lines in its August 24, 2022 final rule (a rulemaking initiated following the 2010 incident near San Bruno, CA).[6] That final rule updated repair criteria and remediation timelines for certain high-risk anomalies in HCAs in IM requirements in subpart O and adopted similar repair criteria (but longer remediation timelines) for anomalies discovered outside of HCAs in its traditional, prescriptive requirements in subpart M.
  • However, some of these amendments have been remanded to PHMSA for further consideration as a result of subsequent litigation.[7] PHMSA has, in the ten years since the San Bruno incident, also adopted a variety of new requirements in other recent rulemaking proceedings to reduce the frequency and severity of incidents on gas transmission lines.[8] PHMSA has not conducted a wholistic review of its repair criteria for gas transmission lines since making these changes.

In addition, PHMSA regulations at § 195.432 have for nearly four decades imposed a default annual inspection requirement for in-service breakout tanks associated with hazardous liquid pipelines.[9] Though PHMSA has amended that provision to provide operators limited flexibility to employ alternative inspection intervals derived from consensus standards incorporated by reference in § 195.432, it has declined to abandon the default annual inspection requirement [10] or authorize the use of risk based inspection procedures for establishing the inspection interval for in-service atmospheric and low-pressure steel above-ground breakout tanks in § 195.432(b).[11] An industry trade group has also criticized PHMSA's reluctance to embrace a risk-based approach to determining inspection intervals on in-service breakout tanks as a missed opportunity to reduce compliance burdens without diminishing safety.[12]

Review of PHMSA's repair criteria, timelines, and IM requirements (as well as inspection intervals for breakout tanks on hazardous liquid pipelines) is also consistent with stakeholder recommendations and Presidential mandates. Industry trade organizations have suggested in comments on recent NPRMs that PHMSA may not adequately account for the relationship of related requirements across different rulemaking proceedings.[13] The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has over the years similarly provided recommendations following incidents and accidents urging PHMSA to update its regulations to keep up with industry advancements and technological innovation.[14] A review of PHMSA's repair criteria, remediation timelines, and IM requirements is also consistent with direction from President Trump, including Executive Order (E.O.) 14192, “Unleashing Prosperity Through Deregulation,” calling on agencies to identify opportunities to alleviate unnecessary regulatory compliance burdens imposed on industry and the general public; E.O. 14154, “Unleashing American Energy,” requiring agencies to reduce undue burdens on the identification, development, or use of domestic energy resources; and E.O. 14156, “Declaring a National Energy Emergency,” promoting the integrity and expansion of U.S. energy infrastructure.[15]

To develop proposals responding to the above considerations, recommendations, and directives, PHMSA is soliciting stakeholder feedback on, among other things: (1) the topics listed in section III below; (2) potential amendments to its parts 192 and 195 repair criteria, remediation timelines, and IM requirements; (3) the appropriateness of those amendments for different types of gas transmission pipelines and hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide pipelines; (4) the incremental compliance costs and benefits (including benefits pertaining to avoided compliance costs, safety harms, and environmental harms) anticipated from those amendments; and (5) the technical feasibility, reasonableness, cost-effectiveness, and practicability of those potential amendments. PHMSA plans to hold a public meeting in the near future to supplement or to clarify the materials received in response to this ANPRM.

With respect to incremental cost and benefit information, PHMSA is seeking per-unit, aggregate, and programmatic (both one-time implementing and recurring) data. Explanation of the bases or methodologies employed in generating cost and benefit data, including data sources and calculations, is valuable so that PHMSA can explain the support for any estimates it is able to provide that accompany a proposed rule, and other commenters may weigh in on the validity and accuracy of the data. Please also identify the baseline ( e.g., a particular edition of a consensus industry standard; widespread voluntary operator practice; or documentation of sample surveys and other operator level data or information) from which those incremental costs and benefits arise. When estimates are approximate or uncertain, consider using a range or specifying the distribution in other ways.

When responding to a specific question below please note the topic letter and question number in your comment. PHMSA will review and evaluate all comments received, as well as late-filed comments to the extent practicable.

III. Topics Under Consideration

A. General

1. Do the anomaly repair criteria, remediation timelines, and IM regulations for gas transmission pipelines (part 192, subparts M and O) and hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines (§§ 195.401 and 195.452(h)(4)) strike an appropriate balance between safety benefits and compliance costs? If not, should PHMSA consider amending any of those provisions? Please identify any specific regulatory amendments that merit reconsideration, as well as the technical, safety, and economic reasons supporting those recommended amendments.

2. Do anomaly repair criteria, remediation timelines, and IM regulations for gas transmission pipelines (part 192, subparts M and O) and hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines (§§ 195.401 and 195.452(h)(4)) accommodate innovative technologies and methods for the discovery, evaluation, and remediation of anomalies? Are there specific, innovative technologies and methods with significant safety or cost-saving potential that are inhibited by regulations? Please identify any of those innovative technologies and methods, the categories of pipeline facilities ( e.g., hazardous liquid transmission pipelines; gas transmission pipelines) that could employ them, the particular regulatory provisions inhibiting their use, and any anticipated compliance cost savings or safety benefits from use of those technologies and methods.

3. PHMSA's risk-based IM regulations for gas transmission pipelines (part 192, subpart O) and hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines (§ 195.452(h)(4)) include specific thresholds for particular anomaly types and mandated remediation timelines in a manner consistent with traditional, prescriptive regulatory frameworks. Does that incorporation of traditional, prescriptive elements within PHMSA's risk-based IM regulations yield safety benefits commensurate with the associated reduction in regulatory flexibility and increase in compliance costs to operators? Are there risks associated with prescribed repair conditions and remediation timelines, such as personnel safety and site environmental damage due to repair activity or lost product associated with maintenance-related blowdowns and evacuation? Should PHMSA consider amending any particular provisions in its IM regulations for gas transmission pipelines (part 192, subpart O) and hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines (§ 195.452) to strike a more appropriate balance between safety benefits and compliance costs? Please identify any specific regulatory amendments that merit consideration, as well as the technical, safety, and economic reasons supporting those recommended amendments.

4. Is it appropriate for repair timelines to begin on the date of “discovery” of anomalies on gas transmission (§§ 192.714(d) and 192.933(b)) and hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines (§§ 195.401(b)(1) and 195.452(h)(2))? How do operators of those pipelines determine the moment of discovery? Should PHMSA consider amending any particular regulatory provisions to improve the clarity or practical implementation of its regulations regarding when a remediation obligation attaches? Please provide the technical, safety, and economic justifications for any suggested revisions.

5. Are there any PHMSA interpretations addressing its anomaly repair criteria, remediation timelines, and IM regulations for gas transmission pipelines (part 192, subparts M and O) and hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide pipelines (§§ 195.401 and 194.452(h)(4)) [16] impose unjustified compliance costs for different categories of pipeline facilities? If so, which categories of pipelines facilities, and what are those associated compliance costs? Are there any interpretations of PHMSA anomaly repair criteria, remediation timelines, and IM regulations that merit codification in parts 192 or 195 regulations? Please identify any specific regulatory amendments that merit consideration, as well as the technical, safety, and economic reasons supporting those recommended amendments.

6. Gas transmission, hazardous liquid, and carbon dioxide pipelines are not all identical and may merit distinguishable regulatory requirements regarding the discovery, evaluation, and remediation of anomalies. Are there substantive differences in the characteristics ( e.g., pipeline capacity or size; physical processes) of and among the different categories of gas transmission and hazardous liquid or carbon pipelines justifying distinguishable anomaly repair and IM requirements? In light of those differences, what, if any, amendments to PHMSA parts 192 and 195 regulations governing anomaly repair criteria, remediation timelines, and IM would be appropriate, and what would be the avoided practicability challenges, compliance costs, or safety impacts from such amendments?

7. What types of temporary and permanent repair methods do operators of gas transmission, hazardous liquid, and carbon dioxide pipelines use to comply with PHMSA's anomaly repair criteria, remediation timelines, and IM requirements? What percentage of repairs are completed using each type of repair method and for which types of anomalies? Do operators employ consensus industry standards or recommended practices ( e.g., the acceptable remediation methods listed in tables 451.6.2(b)-1 and 451.6.2(b)-2 of ASME B31.4-2006) [17] when determining the appropriate repair method for different types of anomalies or categories of gas and hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide pipelines? What is the average cost of each of those repair methods as applied to different types of anomalies or categories of gas transmission, hazardous liquid, or carbon dioxide pipelines?

8. What proportion of small businesses, small organizations, or small government jurisdictions, as defined in the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 6010 et seq.) and its implementing regulations, operate different categories of gas, hazardous liquid, and carbon dioxide pipelines subject to PHMSA anomaly repair criteria, remediation timelines, and IM requirements? Please provide information about the nature and types of activities of small businesses and other small entities operating in midstream gas, hazardous liquid, and carbon dioxide pipeline sectors. How should the agency ensure that any potential changes to the existing regulations would not disproportionately impact small businesses or other small entities in the sector? Are there alternative regulatory approaches the agency should consider that would achieve its regulatory objectives while minimizing any significant economic impact on small businesses or other small entities?

9. Do the annual, incident, and safety-related condition reports required by parts 191 and 195 regulations require the submission of remediation-related information with limited or no safety value for particular categories of gas transmission, hazardous liquid, and carbon dioxide pipelines? Is there information required in the reports that is duplicative with the information required to be submitted to other State or Federal regulatory authorities? What costs would be avoided by eliminating or revising any such reporting requirements?

10. Should PHMSA amend its regulations governing prioritization of anomaly remediation on gas transmission (§ 192.714) and hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines (§ 195.401(b)(3)) to align more closely with its statutory mandate at 49 U.S.C. 108(b) and 49 U.S.C. 60102(a)(1) to prioritize public safety and protection against risks to life and property above other important policy objectives within the scope of its regulatory authority?

B. Repair Criteria and Remediation Timelines for Part 195—Regulated Hazardous Liquid or Carbon Dioxide Pipelines

Section 195.401 requires repair within a “reasonable time” whenever an operator discovers anomalies on any hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide pipelines that could adversely affect safe operation. If an anomaly presents an “immediate hazard to persons or property,” the operator may not operate the affected portion until the condition has been corrected. Section 195.452(h) establishes remediation timelines for anomalies on HCA segments of hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines that must be repaired immediately, within 60-days, or within 180-days of discovery (remediation timelines), depending on the anomaly characteristics (repair criteria).

1. How do operators of different categories of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide pipelines approach the discovery, evaluation, and remediation of anomalies on non-HCA segments in complying with repair requirements at § 195.401? Which elements, if any, do operators apply from the IM response criteria and remediation timelines at § 195.452(h) for anomalies discovered on non-HCA segments? Please describe typical costs associated with discovery, evaluation, and remediation of anomalies on non-HCA segments, with as much specificity by anomaly type as possible.

2. Are there alternatives or supplements to the anomaly repair criteria and remediation timelines that should be incorporated into PHMSA's IM regulations? Are there particular anomaly types whose risks justify existing repair criteria and remediation timelines, or even broader repair criteria and more aggressive timelines than specified in PHMSA regulations? Conversely, are there anomalies identified in PHMSA regulations whose lower risks justify different repair criteria or longer remediation timelines than specified in the regulations? Please identify any specific regulatory amendments that merit consideration, as well as the technical, safety, and economic reasons supporting those recommended amendments.

3. What methods do operators use to evaluate anomalies when material properties of a pipeline segment are unknown? What activities, if any, do operators perform to obtain unknown material property information for anomaly evaluation, and what incremental, per-unit costs are associated with those activities? Are there assumed or conservative values used when material properties are unknown, and what is the technical basis for those values ( e.g., operator-specific experience, or consensus industry standards and recommended practices)? How has obtaining material property information affected the classification of anomalies compared with using assumed or conservative values?

4. Should PHMSA consider adopting predicted failure pressure-based criteria for evaluating anomalies on hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines under part 195? If so, what is an appropriate method to predict failure pressure for different types of anomalies on different categories of hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines? Do hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipeline operators employ a predicted failure pressure-based response criterion for any anomalies on their facilities? Would such an approach be more appropriate for some types of anomalies ( e.g., metal loss anomalies) than others? And would such a criterion be appropriate for all part 195-regulated hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines? What amendments to part 192 regulatory language would be necessary when applied to part 195-regulated hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines? Are the consensus industry standards referenced in part 192 regulations appropriate for calculating predicted failure pressure on hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines, and what alternatives may be appropriate to consider? [18] Please provide the technical, safety, and economic reasons for any suggested regulatory amendments, noting in particular the potential compliance costs and implementation challenges associated with adopting a predicted failure pressure-based repair criterion.

5. Are repair criteria and remediation timelines for hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines appropriate for metal loss anomalies on a longitudinal seam for HCA and non-HCA segments? How do operators evaluate metal loss anomalies on a longitudinal seam? Are there innovative technologies or methods for improved evaluation of metal loss anomalies on a longitudinal seam that could justify amendments to the repair criteria for HCA segments at § 195.452? Please identify any specific regulatory amendments that merit reconsideration, as well as the technical, safety, and economic reasons supporting those recommended amendments.

6. Are repair criteria and remediation timelines for hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines appropriate for dents and mechanical damage anomalies on HCA and non-HCA segments? How do operators evaluate dent and mechanical damage anomalies? Are there innovative technologies or methods ( e.g., engineering critical assessments, or ECAs) for improved evaluation of dents and mechanical damage anomalies that could justify adjustment of the repair criteria for such anomalies? What ECA methodologies ( e.g., API RP 1183 [19] ) or elements thereof, such as safety factors, and finite element analysis, would be appropriate for use? What elements and supportive records are necessary for an effective ECA of a dent or mechanical damage anomaly on a hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide pipeline? Are there circumstances ( e.g., operating environments; physical characteristics of the commodity transported) where ECAs would be an inappropriate or challenging tool for evaluating dents and mechanical damage anomalies on different categories of hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines? Please provide the technical, safety, and economic reasons for any recommended amendments, noting in particular any potential program implementation costs and unit costs of each ECA conducted, avoided compliance costs due to deferred repair or for another reason, and implementation challenges.

7. Are repair criteria and remediation timelines for hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines appropriate for dents with metal loss or other interacting integrity threats on HCA and non-HCA segments? What technologies or methods could be used to evaluate dent anomalies with metal loss and other interacting threats? Are there any pertinent consensus industry standards or recommended practices that merit evaluation for incorporation by reference in PHMSA regulations? Please identify any specific regulatory amendments that merit consideration, as well as the technical, safety, and economic reasons supporting them.

C. Repair Criteria and Remediation Timelines for Part 192—Regulated Gas Transmission Pipelines

1. Are the regulatory requirements at § 192.712(c) governing performance of ECAs for dents and mechanical damage anomalies on gas transmission lines appropriate? [20] Is an ECA an appropriate means of evaluating dents and mechanical damage anomalies on pipelines in some scenarios but not others? Should PHMSA consider amending any elements of the ECA process prescribed at § 192.712(c) to strike a more appropriate balance between safety benefits and costs? Please identify any specific regulatory amendments that merit consideration, as well as the technical, safety, and economic reasons supporting those recommended amendments.

2. Should ECA methodologies or elements thereof within consensus industry standards and recommended practices ( e.g., API RP 1183) [21] inform the ECA requirements in § 192.712? Are the safety factors, required elements, and supporting records identified in consensus industry standards and recommended practices appropriate to use in evaluating dent and mechanical damage anomalies on gas transmission lines, or are alternative approaches advisable? Please identify any specific regulatory amendments that merit consideration, as well as the technical, safety, and economic reasons supporting those recommended amendments.

3. What were the incremental, per-unit costs and benefits associated with establishing an ECA program and subsequently conducting each ECA? Were there any cost savings associated with deferred remediation due to the ECA?

4. Are part 192 repair criteria, remediation timelines, and IM requirements for gas transmission pipelines appropriate for dents with metal loss or other interacting integrity threats? What technologies or methods could be used to evaluate dent anomalies with metal loss and other interacting threats? Are there any pertinent consensus industry standards or recommended practices that should be incorporated by reference in PHMSA regulations? Please identify any specific regulatory amendments that merit consideration, as well as the technical, safety, and economic reasons supporting those recommended amendments.

5. Are the re-assessment frequencies for anomalies on gas transmission pipelines (§ 192.712(h)) that have been evaluated using an ECA appropriate? Should PHMSA consider amending those re-assessment intervals to strike a more appropriate balance between safety benefits and costs?

D. In-Service Part 195 Regulated Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Breakout Tanks

1. How should part 195 regulations address the assessment of and remediation of anomalies on in-service breakout tanks? Would incorporating the risk-based inspection interval provided for in consensus industry standards ( e.g., the fifth edition of API Std 653) within PHMSA regulations be appropriate for some or all breakout tanks? [22] Please identify any specific regulatory amendments that merit consideration, as well as the technical, safety, and economic reasons supporting those recommended amendments.

Issued in Washington, DC, on May 15, 2025, under the authority delegated in 49 CFR 1.97.

Benjamin D. Kochman,

Acting Administrator.

Footnotes

1.   See §§ 192.903 (definition of high consequence areas, or HCAs, for gas transmission lines) and 195.450 (definition of HCAs for hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines)

Back to Citation

2.   See PHMSA, “Pipeline Incident 20 Year Trends,” https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/​data-and-statistics/​pipeline/​pipeline-incident-20-year-trends (last visited Mar. 26, 2025).

Back to Citation

3.  Listing in this ANPRM the large number of those rulemakings would be difficult; however, PHMSA maintains a comprehensive list of its rulemakings on its website. See PHMSA, “Notices and Rulemaking Documents,” https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/​regulations/​federal-register-documents (last visited Mar. 27, 2025).

Back to Citation

4.  Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), “Transportation of Liquids by Pipeline,” 46 FR 38357 (July 27, 1981).

Back to Citation

5.  RSPA, “Pipeline Safety: Pipeline Integrity Management in High Consequence Areas (Hazardous Liquid Operators with 500 or More Miles of Pipe),” 65 FR 75406 (Dec 1, 2000).

Back to Citation

6.  PHMSA, “Pipeline Safety: Safety of Gas Transmission Pipelines: Repair Criteria, Integrity Management Improvements, Cathodic Protection, Management of Change, and Other Related Amendments,” 87 FR 52224 (Aug 24, 2022).

Back to Citation

7.   See INGAA v. PHMSA, 114 F.4th 744, 756 (D.C. Cir. 2024).

Back to Citation

8.  Those recent rulemakings adopted new requirements on the following topics: design features and operational practices to improve rupture response practices; detailed procedures for confirmation of maximum allowable operating pressures; operator qualifications and incident response; state damage prevention programs; pipeline control room management; and multiple updates to its part 192 regulations to reference new or more recent editions of consensus industry standards governing design, testing, operation, maintenance, and emergency response for gas transmission pipelines.

Back to Citation

9.  RSPA, “Transportation of Natural and Other Gas and Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline: Inspection and Test Intervals,” 47 FR 46852 (Oct 21, 1982).

Back to Citation

10.  RSPA, “Pipeline Safety: Adoption of Consensus Standard for Breakout Tanks,” 64 FR 15926, 15932 (Apr 2, 1999) (declining to adopt wholesale the risk-based approach to inspection interval determination set forth in several standards issued by the American Petroleum Institute).

Back to Citation

11.  PHMSA, “Pipeline Safety: Periodic Updates of Regulatory References to Technical Standards and Miscellaneous Amendments,” 80 FR 168, 171 (Jan 5, 2015).

Back to Citation

12.  API “Supplemental Comments on Docket ID PHMSA-2011-0337; Pipeline Safety: Periodic Updates of Regulatory References to Technical Standards and Miscellaneous Amendments” (Apr. 30, 2014), available at: https://www.regulations.gov/​comment/​PHMSA-2011-0337-0011.

Back to Citation

13.   See INGAA, Initial Comments on Gas Pipeline Leak Detection and Repair NPRM” at 2 (Aug. 16, 2023) (referencing PHMSA, “Final Rule—Pipeline Safety: Safety of Gas Transmission Pipelines: Repair Criteria, Integrity Management Improvements, Cathodic Protection, Management of Change, and Other Related Amendments,” 87 FR 52224 (Aug 24, 2022) (RIN2 Final Rule).

Back to Citation

14.   See “PHMSA NTSB Recommendations,” available at: https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/​phmsa-ntsb-recommendations/​phmsa-ntsb-recommendations (last visited Mar. 27, 2025).

Back to Citation

15.  E.O. 14192, “Unleashing Prosperity Through Deregulation,” 90 FR 9065 (Feb 6, 2025); E.O. 14152, “Unleashing American Energy,” 90 FR 8353 (Jan. 29 2025); E.O. 14156, “Declaring a National Energy Emergency,” 90 FR 8433 (Jan 29, 2025).

Back to Citation

16.  PHMSA, “Letters of Interpretation,” available at: https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/​regulations/​title49/​b/​2/​1 (last accessed Mar. 11, 2025).

Back to Citation

17.  ASME B31.4-2006, “Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids” is incorporated by reference in § 195.3 for other purposes. These tables appear as tables 451.6.2.9-1 and 451.6.2.9-2 in ASME B31.4-2022.

Back to Citation

18.   See AGA, Pipeline Research Committee Project, PR-3-805, “A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe” (Dec. 22, 1989); ASME/ANSI B31G-1991, “Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines” (2004).

Back to Citation

19.  API, Recommended Practice 1183, “Assessment and Management of Dents in Pipelines,” first edition (Nov. 2020) (including Errata 1 (Jan. 2021) and Addendum 1 (May 2024)) (API RP 1183).

Back to Citation

 

20.  PHMSA notes that even as a reviewing court found that PHMSA had not provided adequate discussion of the compliance costs associated with a minimum dent safety factor set forth in ECA procedures at § 192.712(c), the court's decision did not address the safety benefits of PHMSA's choice of safety factor. See Interstate Natural Gas Assn. v. PHMSA, 114 F.4th 744, 752-753 (Aug. 16, 2024).

 

Back to Citation

21.  API, Recommended Practice 1183, “Assessment and Management of Pipeline Dents” (First edition 2020).

Back to Citation

22.  API Standard 653, “Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction,” 5th edition, Nov. 2014 (including addendum 1 (Apr. 2018), addendum 2 (May 2020), addendum 3 (Nov. 2023), errata 1 (Mar. 2020), and errata 2 (Feb. 2025)), section 6.4.2.2.2, Subsequent Internal Inspection Interval.

Back to Citation

[FR Doc. 2025-09078 Filed 5-20-25; 8:45 am]

READ MORE

Tags
safety Regulations-Federal public comments pipelines Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin (PHMSA) carbon pipeline Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Share

Comments are closed.

Nearly 55,000 articles in our online library!

Use the categories and tags listed below to access the nearly 50,000 articles indexed on this website.

Advanced Biofuels USA Policy Statements and Handouts!
Our Sponsors
FREE Subscription! Advanced Biofuels USA events calendar; policy and actions; education newsletters
Donate
ARCHIVES
CATEGORIES
tags
Advanced Clean Fleets Rule 100 octane 100% SAF (Sustainable Aviation Fuel) 103 octane 105 octane 108 octane 109 octane 110 octane 113 octane 119 octane 2016 US House and Senate Campaigns 2016 US Presidential Campaign 2018 US Senate and House Campaigns Other Election Activities 2020 Election 2022 Election 2022 US Senate and House Campaign 2024 Election 2nd generation biofuels 3-D 3D printing 3rd generation biofuels 4-H 40A Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Tax Incentive 40B Sustainable Aviation Fuel Tax Credit 45Q Carbon Oxide Sequestration Tax Credit 45V Hydrogen Production Tax Credit 45X Advanced Manufacturing Production Tax Credit 45Z Clean Fuel Production Tax Credit 48C Advanced Energy Project Tax Credit 4th generation fuels 7% solution 81 Octane 84 octane 85 octane 87 octane 88 octane 89 octane 90 octane 91 octane 92 octane 93 octane 94 octane 95 octane 96 octane 98 octane A20 (20% methanol/bioethanol) abatement abu Abu Dhabi acacia acetate acetic acid acetone acid acid hydrolysis adaptive evolution additional carbon additionality adequate/inadequate domestic supply Administrative Procedure Act adsorption Advanced Biofuel Payment Program advanced biofuel prices Advanced biofuels advanced biofuels production Advanced Clean Cars II Rule (ACC and ACCII) Advanced Clean Trucks Rule advanced ethanol advanced ethanol tax credit advertising campaign aerobic digestion aerosols Affordable Clean Energy Program (ACE) afforestation Afghanistan Africa AGARDA (Agriculture Advanced Research and Development Authority) agave aggregation Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP) agricultural economics Agricultural Policy Agricultural waste/residue Agriculture agrivoltaic/agrovoltaic agroforestry agrofuels agronomy Air Force air pollution control Air Pollution Policy air quality Aircraft engine emissions airports Alabama Alaska Albania albedo Alberta albizia alcohol fuel cells alcohol fuels alcohol-to-diesel alcohol-to-jet (ATJ)/ethanol-to-jet (ETJ) alfalfa algae algae contamination algae cultivation algae extraction algae harvesting algae parity algae separation algal biofuels Algeria Algiers alkaline exchange membrane (AEM) alkanes alkenes alkylate alligator fat almond almond hulls shells alternative energy vehicles alternative fuels Alternative Fuels Credit alternative fuels excise tax credit Alternative Fuels Tax Credit (AFTC) aluminum Amazon American Le Mans Series (ALMS) ammonia ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) ammonia fuel cell ammonia price ammonia terminal amylose anaerobic digestate anaerobic digester/digestion and Energy Use in Transportation Model Angola anhydrous ethanol animal bedding animal fat animal feed animal waste Antactica Antarctica antibiotics antitrust apple Appropriations APR (Aqueous Phase Reforming) aquaculture aquatic organisms Arabidopsis arabinose ARCA Archaea Architecture Arctic Argentian Argentiina Argentina Arizona Arkansas Armenia Army Corps of Engineers aromatics aromatics price ARPA-C ARPA-E ARPA-Terra arrandi artificial intelligence Aruba Asia Asia Pacific asphalt/bitumen ASTM ASTM 6866 ASTM D1655 ASTM D2880 ASTM D396 ASTM D4054 ASTM D4806 Denatured fuel ethanol ASTM D4814 ASTM D5798 ASTM D6751 ASTM D7467 (B6-B20) ASTM D7544 ASTM D7566 (Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons) ASTM D7862 ASTM D7875 ASTM D7901 (DME-Dimethyl Ether for Fuel Purposes) ASTM D8076 ASTM D8181 ASTM D975 ASTM E3050 Denatured Ethanol for Cooking ASTM E3146 ASTM standards ASTM WK55232 (D02) ASTM WK63392 ATJ-SPK (Alcohol to Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene) Atlantic Canada atmosphere Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Australia Australian pine Austria Auto manufacturer automotive aviation aviation fuel (SAF) benefits aviation fuel (SAF) mandates aviation fuel (SAF) price aviation fuel (SAF) production aviation fuel (SAF) pumps/delivery aviation fuel (SAF) tax credit aviation fuel (SAF) terminal Aviation Fuel/Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Aviation Gasoline/AvGas avocado award awards/recognition Azerbaijan. b B0 B10 B100 B100 pumps B11 B12 B12.5 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B19 B2 B20 B24 B25 B3 B30 B30RD10 B33 B35 B4 B40 B49 B5 B50 B50RD50 B6 B60 B7 B70 B75 B8 B80 B98 B99 Babados nut tree babassu bacteria bagasse Bahamas Bahrain bamboo banana banana stems Bangladesh bankruptcy Barbados barge barley barley fiber barley protein barley straw Basque batteries Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) bauxite beauty leaf tree beaver beer bees Belarus Belgium Belize Benin benzene Bermuda Bhutan big bluestem big data Big Food Big Oil/Oil Majors BIGoil billion ton study bio Bio LPG (Bio Liquid Petroleum Gas) bio-based diesel benefits bio-based economy Bio-CNG pumps Bio-CNG/RNG terminal bio-LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) Bio-LNG Pumps (Liquified Natural Gas) Bio-LNG terminal bio-natural gas bio-NGV (natural gas for vehicles) bio-oil/pyrolysis oil bio-SPK (bio derived synthetic paraffinic kerosene) biobased Biobased Market Access and Development Grants Biobased Markets Program biobased materials Biobased Product Manufacturing Assistance Program biochar biochemical conversion BioChemicals/Renewable Chemicals biociiesel bioconversion Biocrude/Green Crude/SynCrude biodegradable biodiesel biodiesel blend wall biodiesel EN 14214 Biodiesel Fuel Education Program biodiesel pipeline biodiesel prices biodiesel production biodiesel pumps biodiesel quality biodiesel standards biodiesel tax credit biodiesel technologies biodiesel terminal biodiversity bioeconomy bioelectricity bioelectrochemical conversion bioenergy Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) biofoundry Biofuel biofuel cells biofuel consumption Biofuel Crops biofuel distribution Biofuel Infrastructure Partnership (BIP) biofuel producer tax credit biofuel production biofuel tax credit biofuel terminal Biofuels Directive biofuels education Biogas Biogas pipeline Biogasoline/Renewable Gasoline Biogasoline/Renewable Gasoline pumps biogenic carbon biogenic emissions Bioheat biohydrocarbons biohydrogen BioIsoprene BioMADE biomanufacturing biomass Biomass Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS) Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) biomass hydrolysis biomass recalcitrance Biomass Research and Development initiative (BRDI) biomass sorghum Biomass to Liquid (BTL) biomass transportation biomaterials bioplastics biopower BioPreferred bioproducts biopropene bioprospecting BioRefineries/Renewable Fuel Production Biorefinery Assistance Program (BAP) old 9003 Biorefinery Renewable Chemical Biobased Product Mfgr Assistance 9003 Program BioRenewable-1 (BR-1) BioSNG Biotechnology birch bitter orange black carbon black grease black liquor black locust black soldier fly Blend wall blender blender pumps Blenders Credit blending blendstock blockchain blue carbon boat fuel boiler/furnace fuel Bolivia bolt-on Bonaire bonds book-and-claim border tax Borneo Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana BQ-9000 Brachiaria bracken brackish water brash Brassica Brazil breadfruit/ulu breweries brine British Columbia broker brown grease brownfields Brunei Btu's BTX (Benzene Toluene Xylene) Bu12.5 Bu16 Budget building block chemicals Bulgaria bunker bunker oil Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Burkina Faso Burma Burundi buses Business and Industry Program (B&I) business law business resources Business/General Aviation butadiene butandeiol (bio-BDO) Butane butanediol butanol emissions butanol/biobutanol butyl acetate butylene butyric acid by c C1 C2 C21 C3 sugar C4 grasses C5 sugar C6 sugar Cabo Verde cactus cactus pear cagaita calibration California California Air Resources Board (CARB) Calophyllum hawthorn Cambodia Camelina camels Cameroon Canad Canada Canary Islands canary reed grass canarygrass candle nut cannabis canola straw Canola/Rapeseed cap-and-invest cap-and-trade capybara capybras carbohydrates carbon carbon capture and storage (CCS) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) carbon cost carbon credit carbon credit markets carbon cycle carbon debt Carbon Dioxide (CO2) carbon efficiency carbon emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chp chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Heat Standards Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart/modern/conservation agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Congressional Review Act Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi Customs and Border Protection cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose dfdsffsfdfsf diatoms diesel Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 diesel with renewables diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion diethyl ether digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct air capture direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) direct-to-fuel directed evolution dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping dual-fuel/flex fuel ships Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity price electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electrofuels (e-fuels) prices electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants embargo eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 EN 228 EN 590 EN228 (standard pump gasoline) end user end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices energy reserves Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine Development engine problems Engine/Fuel Co-optimization engineering England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Environmentalists Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling Enzyme solicitation enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) Equatorial Guinea equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) etha ethane ethanol ethanol benefits ethanol blend wall ethanol blended diesel ED ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fire ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas ethanol tolerance ethanol-fueled aircraft Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/diesel ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethyl levulinate (EL) ethylbenzene ethylene ets eucalyptus Euglena European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) externalities extremophiles f F Factor F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farmers farming farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources Forest Service forestry forklifts Formate formic acid fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud free fatty acids (FFA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium Gambia games gas prices gas tax/highway user fee gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gasoline-range hydrocarbons Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Gerrmany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) Intensity giant cane giant kelp Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect Global South global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grain sorghum/milo grain speculators grains GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery green/black economy Greenland GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala Guava Seed guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Guinea Bissau Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP gypsum h Haiti Halophytes harvest site processing harvesting Hawai'i hay hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ HDO-SAK (hydro deoxygenated synthetic aromatic kerosene) health health benefits health effects heat of combustion heat of vaporization heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen internal combustion engines hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen pumps/fueling stations hydrogen tax credit hydrogen terminal Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen Price hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogenolysis hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois Illiois illuppai ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indian beech tree Indian grass Indiana indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine (ICE) internal combustion engine (ICE)/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-10 JP-4 JP-5/NATO F-44 JP-8/NATO F-34 juniper Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kalanchoe kamani Kans grass Kansas Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid lactose Lake County lamp oil land ownership land prices land rights land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy landfill methane Landfills landscape Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena levulinic acid Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels liquidation Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louis Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M100 M15 M3 M50 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning machinery macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Fuel Oil Marine Gas Oil (MGO) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel Terminal Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering market forces market share marketing markets/sales Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute mass balance standard Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritania Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane leaks methane/biomethane methanization methanol benefits methanol fuel cells methanol hybrid methanol price Methanol-to-Gasoline Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ-SPK) Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methylbutenol Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels milk permeate millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minn Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold Moldova molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nano particles nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Energy Council National Environmental Policy Act National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Native American/American Indian/First Nation Tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gas prices natural gas vehicles natural gasoline Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions NEN 7427-1 neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrogen starvation nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 noodles nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakota North Korea Northeast northern catalpa Northern Ireland Northern Territory Northwest Territories Norwary Norway Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nut shells nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition oak oat hulls oat straw oats Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Science Technology and Policy (OSTP) Offices of Inspector Generals offtake agreements Ohio oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes oil/gas terminals Oilcane Oils Oklahoma olefins oligomerization olive cake olive oil olive pits olive pomace olive water olives Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm ammonia production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing on-site hydrogen production one p one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontaio Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course owa oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm trunk sap palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peach shell peaches peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical photolysis photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot pilot scale pine pine beetle pine needles pine nut pineapple Pineapple leaf pinion Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin (PHMSA) pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet platinum Plug-in Flex Fuel Hybrid Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poand podcasts Poland poli Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyethylene polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter/waste power power-to-x/gas/liquid prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propane/renewable propane pumps propanol property insurance propylene protectionism protein protests proton exchange membrane (PEM) public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps/fueling station pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis pyrolytic liquefaction Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week r R Factor R100/RD100 R33 R5 R95B5/RD95B5 R99/RD99 rabbits race radiata pine radish leaves Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rain tree rainforest ranchers RAND rare earth metal/critical minerals RD10 RD100 RD20 RD3 RD30 RD40 RD50 RD55 RD80 RD80B20 RD99 reclaimed mine lands Recycled Carbon Fuel (RCF) recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) Regulated Emissions regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit renewable diesel pipelines Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/HVO/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED/RED II/RED III) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable marine diesel renewable naphtha-with-ethanol-t0-jet (NETJ) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) price Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) renewable volume obligation (RVO) REnova RenovaBio replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program Republic of Congo repurpose research and development research facility resiliency resource depletion resurrection grass retail retrofit return on investment Reverse Water-gas Shift RFI (Request for Information) RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island rhododendron Ricardo rice rice bran rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice price rice straw/paddy straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB) royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rubber seeds rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass rye straw s saccharification SAF pipeline SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 SAFc (Sustainable Aviation Fuel certificates) Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC sal tree Salicornia salt water salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar Samoa Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater seaweed cultivation Seaweed/Macroalgae second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks seed-to-wheel Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil Shea sheep shellfish shipping shipping containers shipworm siam weed Sierra Leone silage silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore Singpore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration Small Business Innovatin Research (SBIR) Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog smokestack soap soapstock Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solar fuel solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solaris Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Solomon Islands Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum price sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Southeast Asia Southern Africa Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soy meal soybean hulls soybean prices soybeans Spain spartina specifications Spekboom Spent Bleaching Earth Oil (SBEO) sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam methane reformation steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve STrategiv Petroleum Reserve straw students su sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar Sugar Beets/Energy Beets Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugar standards sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel sugarcane sugarcane prices sugarcane straw sugars sugars-to-fats sulfur Sumatra sunflower sunflower stalks supercritical fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Surface Transportation Board Suriname Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum sweetgum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland sycamore syngas (synthesis gas) syngas/gas fermentation SYNHH synthesised aromatic kerosene (SAK) synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic kerosene synthetic liquified gas (SLG) synthetic methane/e-methane synthetic natural gas Syria Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall fescue tall oil tallow tallow tree tamanu/nyamplung Tamarix tank cars tank-to-wheel tanker trucks tankers Tanzania tar sands tariffs taro Tasmania tax benefit tax credits tax incentives tax parity tax policy taxes tea teach teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training tech transfer technical course Technical Readiness Levels techno-economic analysis technology transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics Thermal catalytic depolymerization (TCD) thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion thermochemical liquefaction Tibet Tier 3 Tier 4 tilapia tillage Timor-Leste tires tobacco tobacco tree Togo Tokyo toluene Tonga tool Toronto torrefaction totai Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) trade trade dispute/discrimination trade group trade organization Trade Policy trade secrets training trains transesterification transgenics transition Transportation Fuels Policy Transportation Fuels Policy--Municipal Transportation Fuels Policy--State Transportation Policy travel policy Treasury Department trees Trinidad and Tobago triticale trucks tubers tugboats tung tunicate Tunisia Tunsia Turkey U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) UCOME (Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester) Uganda UK (United Kingdom) UK Emission Trade Scheme (UK ETS) Ukraine Ukriane UL (Underwriters Laboratory) ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) Ultra Low Sulfur Fuel Oil (ULSFO) Ultra-low-carbon bioethanol underground storage tanks (UST) UNESCO UNIDO (United National Industrial Development Organization) United Arab Emirates (UAE) United Nations (UN) United Nations' International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) United States Auto Club Unleaded 88/E15 uranium urban sprawl urbanization Uruguay US Agency for International Development (USAID) US Army US ethanol exports US Geological Survey US Product Safety Commission USAC USAID USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) used cooking oil (UCO) used motor oil used railroad ties ustain Utah utilities utility model Uzbekistan value chain Value Stack vanadium Vancouver Vanuatu Vatican VEETC vegetable oils vehicles miles traveled (VMT) Velocys Venezuela Vermont vetiver Victoria video Vietnam vinasse vinegar vineyard waste Virgin Islands. virgin oils Virginia viruses vlsfo VLSFO (very low sulfur fuel oil) volatile fatty acids (VFA) volunteers VTOL (vertical take-off and landing aircraft) Vulcanol w waiver Wales warranty Washington Washington DC waste waste alcohol Waste CO2 waste heat waste management waste oil waste paper waste vegetable oil waste-to-chemicals Waste-to-Energy waste-to-fuel wastewater water water consumption water footprint water hyacinth water policy water pollution water quality water treatment water vapor watermeal watermelon wax weather well-to-wheel West Africa West Coast West Java West Virginia Western Australia wet distillers grain wet extraction What You Can Do wheat wheat bran wheat fiber wheat prices wheat straw wheatgrass whey whisky white grease White House wildlife habitat willow wind energy wine wastage/grape marc winter crops Wisconsin Wisdonsin women Wood woody biomass World Bank World Trade Organization (WTO) Wyoming XTL xylan xylene xylose yard waste yeast yellow grease yellowhorn tree Yemen Yields Yukon Zambia Zanzibar zein zeolites zero-carbon bioethanol Zimbabwe zinc zoning

© 2008-2023 Copyright Advanced BioFuels USA. All Rights reserved.