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Iino Kaiun Kaisha : Conducts Marine Biofuel Trial in Singapore

(IINO Kaiun Kaisha/Market Screener) IINO Kaiun Kaisha, Ltd. (IINO) announces that it has conducted a trial on one of its vessels using a marine biofuel blend delivered in Singapore on December

March 2, 2023 Read Full Article

Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha : “K” LINE Conducts Trial Use of Marine Biofuel on Capesize Bulker to Help Decarbonize the Shipping Industry

(Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha/Market Screener)  Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Ltd. (“K” LINE) is pleased to announce that we have conducted the trial use of B24 marine biofuel comprising 24% fatty acid methyl

February 27, 2023 Read Full Article

“K” LINE Conducts Trial Use of Marine Biofuel on a Capesize Bulker

(Port News)  Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Ltd. (“K” LINE) is pleased to announce that we have conducted the trial use of B24 marine biofuel comprising 24% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) blended

February 24, 2023 Read Full Article

GCMD-led Consortium Successfully Completes Trialling Two Supply Chains of Sustainable Biofuels

(Global Center for Maritime Decarbonization) The Global Centre for Maritime Decarbonisation (GCMD) has successfully completed trialling two supply chains of biofuel blends sourced from different origins. The supply chain trials encompassed

February 22, 2023 Read Full Article

ONE Biofuel Onboard MOL Endowment

(Maritime Executive) Ocean Network Express (ONE) is pleased to announce the successful completion of the biofuel trial onboard MOL ENDOWMENT. Drop-in biofuel pilot project Conducted as part of the Global Centre

February 22, 2023 Read Full Article

TotalEnergies Marine Fuels, Hapag-Lloyd and Jurong Port Universal Terminal Kick-Start First Biofuel Bunker Term Delivery in Singapore

(American Journal of Transportation) TotalEnergies Marine Fuels has successfully completed its first refueling of a Hapag-Lloyd container vessel in Singapore with sustainable, UCOME (Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester)-based, marine biofuel.

February 9, 2023 Read Full Article

Argus Launches World’s First Biofuel Blended Ship Bunker Price

(Argus)  Global energy and commodity price reporting agency Argus today launched the world’s first independently assessed price for ship fuel that includes a biofuel component. The new B24 daily assessment

February 1, 2023 Read Full Article

Chevron, ONE Wrap up Biofuel Bunkering on 4,800 TEU Containership

by Fatima Bahtić (Offshore Energy) Oil major Chevron has teamed up with Singapore-based shipping giant Ocean Network Express (ONE) to complete inaugural biofuel bunkering on a 4,800 TEU containership. As informed,

December 30, 2022 Read Full Article

Argus Media Whitepaper: Marine Biodiesel Demand Set to Grow Next Year

(Manifold Times) Argus Media on Wednesday (9 November) released a whitepaper on marine biodiesel where its marine fuels team explain how competitive this sustainable ‘drop in’ fuel is and introduce new

November 16, 2022 Read Full Article

MOL to Make Sea Trials of LNG Carrier Powered by Biofuel

(Mitsui O.S.K. Lines) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. (MOL; President & CEO: Takeshi Hashimoto) today announced that its group company, AQUARIUS LNG SHIPPING LIMITED (Managing Director: Yoshiyuki Kato) has conducted sea

November 16, 2022 Read Full Article

ExxonMobil Commercialising Marine Biofuels in North Europe

by Marcus Hand (Seatrade Maritime News) ExxonMobil is moving beyond the trial stage for drop-in biofuels to commercialisation of the product at North European ports. — Eddie Fish, Market Development Advisor

October 13, 2022 Read Full Article

Marubeni Claims World’s First Biofuel Trial on Ethylene Carrier

by Adis Ajdin (Splash247.com)  Japanese trading house Marubeni Corporation said it has carried out a trial voyage on one of its chartered vessels using a marine biofuel blend, which to the

October 12, 2022 Read Full Article

Getting Shipshape with Biofuels

by Eliseo Curcio and Michele Miceli (Biofuels International) … Currently, fossil-based fuels such as VLSFO and MGO and other bunkers are used in the shipping industry as main fuels. The amount

October 6, 2022 Read Full Article

Cepsa Starts Production of Advanced Biofuels at Its Huelva Energy Park

(Cepsa) The company has begun to produce sustainable fuels with used cooking oils at its industrial facilities in Palos de la Frontera; This milestone is part of Cepsa’s Positive Motion strategy that aims

October 5, 2022 Read Full Article

OOCL Gives Biofuel a Whirl

by Jasmina Ovcina Mandra  (Offshore Energy) Hong Kong-based container shipping company Orient Overseas Container Line (OOCL) has completed a trial use of marine biofuel for the first time in its fleet. The

September 29, 2022 Read Full Article

Asia Pacific: TotalEnergies Marine Fuels Bunkers CMA CGM Containership with Biofuel

by Lesley Bankes-Hughes (Bunkerspot)  TotalEnergies Marine Fuels has announced the refuelling of the 4,294 TEU CMA CGM MONTOIR containership in Singapore with a biofuel made of very low sulphur fuel oil

September 21, 2022 Read Full Article

TotalEnergies Marine Fuels Completes Cosco Shipping Lines’ First Bunkering of Marine Biofuel

(TotalEnergies/Seatrade Maritime News) TotalEnergies Marine Fuels has successfully completed the first refuelling of a Cosco Shipping Lines containership with sustainable marine biofuel. This operation marks TotalEnergies’ first biofuel bunkering operation for a

August 25, 2022 Read Full Article

GoodFuels’ Asia-Pacific Branch Kickstarts Sustainable Biofuel Deliveries with NYK as First Client

(GoodFuels) Milestone refuelling underlines GoodFuels’ ability to cater for Asia Pacific’s growing demand for sustainable marine fuels –GoodFuels, the leading biofuels pioneer for the global transport industry, has today announced

August 16, 2022 Read Full Article

Singapore: Eng Hua Embarks on Inaugural Biofuel Bunkering Operation in Company’s 53-Year History

(Manifold Times)  Singapore-based Eng Hua Company (Pte) Limited, an accredited bunker supplier incorporated since 1969, started its first biofuel bunkering operation on Wednesday (3 August) to support trials by ocean-going vessels,

August 9, 2022 Read Full Article

$18m Project to Build Drop-in Biofuel Assurance Framework

by Gary Howard (Seatrade Maritime News)  The Global Centre for Maritime Decarbonisation (GCMD) and 17 industry peers launched a project to safeguard the premium and value of marine biofuels. — The

July 26, 2022 Read Full Article

TotalEnergies, MOL Group Complete First Ship Refuelling with Biofuel in Singapore

by Jeslyn Lerh (Reuters)  Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. (MOL) (9104.T) and TotalEnergies Marine Fuels (TTEF.PA) have completed the first refuelling of a ship with biofuels in Singapore, the shipping company said on Wednesday. The ship,

June 29, 2022 Read Full Article

Asia Pacific: MOL Trialling Panamax Bulker Running on Chevron Biofuel

by Ian Taylor (Bunkerspot) MOL Drybulk is set to start sea trials later this month of the Panamax bulk carrier C.S. OLIVE running on biofuel supplied by Chevron Singapore. In a statement issued

June 10, 2022 Read Full Article

Rio Tinto and bp Sign One-Year Trial of Marine Biofuels

(bp)  Rio Tinto and bp have agreed to work together on a one-year biofuel trial to help reduce carbon emissions from Rio Tinto’s marine fleet.  Under the trial, bp is

June 2, 2022 Read Full Article

GE Shipping Conducts Trials with Biofuel

(Indian Chemical News/Great Eastern Shipping Company)  The sustainable biofuels can be used as a marine ‘drop-in fuel’ to help reduce carbon emissions in shipping. — The Great Eastern Shipping Company Limited

May 27, 2022 Read Full Article

New Biofuels Partnerships and First Supply in the Middle East

(Monjasa) Oil and shipping group, Monjasa, has successfully completed its first blending and supply of marine biofuels in the UAE. The project was carried out in close collaboration with international energy

May 5, 2022 Read Full Article

Louis Dreyfus Company Successfully Completes Biofuel Trial on First Carbon Neutral Juice Shipment

(Hellenic Shipping News/Louis Dreyfus Company B.V.) Louis Dreyfus Company B.V. (LDC) announced today the successful completion of a biofuel trial carried out in collaboration with Wisby Tanker AB, Sweden (Wisby

April 29, 2022 Read Full Article

Pacific International Lines Trials Marine Biofuel

(Pacific International Lines/Biobased Diesel Daily) As part of ongoing efforts to achieve its decarbonization objectives, Pacific International Lines shared that it is conducting a trial use of marine biofuel on its

April 12, 2022 Read Full Article

Ocean Network Express Marine Biofuel Trial, CMA CGM, REG, Bunker Holding, Safe Bulkers, VARO, Unifeeder in Biofuels Bunkering Bonanza

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) … In today’s Digest, all the details on the ONE marine biofuel trials, 4 other big biofuel bunkering activities going on with companies like

April 11, 2022 Read Full Article

NORDEN Launches Carbon-Neutral Freight Transport

(NORDEN)  NORDEN has launched a 100% carbon-neutral biofuel sailing option for customers looking to decarbonise their supply chains. The biofuel sailing is the first in a range of green freight products

April 8, 2022 Read Full Article

Shipping Eyes Biofuels on Route to Decarbonisation, Shares Infineum Expert

by Rob Ashton (Manifold Times) The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted mandatory measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping under its pollution prevention treaty (MARPOL). Rob Ashton,

March 31, 2022 Read Full Article

V-Bunkers Delivers Marine Biofuel to Shipping Clients in Singapore

(V-Bunkers/Biobased Diesel Daily) Vitol’s Singapore bunker operations company V-Bunkers announced March 17 that its barges have recently made several deliveries of very low sulfur fuel oil (VLSFO) blended with marine

March 22, 2022 Read Full Article

Seanergy and NYK Line Announce Successful Completion of Biofuel Trials on a Capesize Vessel

(Seanergy/Globe Newswire) Seanergy’s Biofuel Testing Program commenced in August 2021 and to-date Biofuel has been successfully tested on a number of its Capesize Vessels —  Seanergy Maritime Holdings Corp. (NASDAQ: SHIP)

March 17, 2022 Read Full Article

GAC Bunker Fuels Opens New Office in Westport: Increased Support for Alternative Fuel Demands

(GAC Bunker Fuels) GAC Bunker Fuels has opened a new office in Westport, Connecticut, USA, as part of its commitment to global customers seeking ways to decarbonise in American ports and

March 15, 2022 Read Full Article

Safe Bulkers Inc. Announces Results of Pilot Biofuel Project

(Safe Bulkers) Safe Bulkers Inc. (the “Company”) (NYSE: SB), an international provider of marine dry-bulk transportation services announced that in the framework of several environmental initiatives targeting to reduce its

February 18, 2022 Read Full Article

Western Bulk Takes Delivery of First Carbon Offset Combined with Bio Fuel from TFG Marine

(Western Bulk) Western Bulk has taken delivery of its first carbon offset bio-blend bunker fuel (B30) from TFG Marine Pte Ltd (“TFG Marine”), the global marine fuel supply and procurement joint

February 8, 2022 Read Full Article

d’Amico Group-Led Decarbonization Trial Confirms Positive Reduction in Carbon Emissions and Carbon Intensity of Biofuel Blend Derived from Renewable Feedstock

(d’Amico Group) d’Amico Group, ABS, LR FOBAS, MAN Energy Solutions, RINA, the Liberian Registry and Trafigura announce positive results in this lifecycle strategy decarbonization project — The joint industry project

February 2, 2022 Read Full Article

BioLNG, Renewable Synthetic LNG: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to SEA-LNG

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest)  2021 brought significant progress on increasing production of bioLNG and renewable synthetic LNG and leading the move to a cleaner future for the deep-sea

January 31, 2022 Read Full Article

MTM to Expand Biofuel Use after Successful Trial

by Marcus Hand (Seatrade Maritime News) Singapore-headquartered MTM Ship Management is to expand its use of biofuels following a successful trial.  — A trial voyage using biofuels was successfully completed on

January 26, 2022 Read Full Article

BP, Maersk Tankers Successfully Trial Biofuel Blend on Ships

by Ron Bousso (Reuters)  BP (BP.L) and Maersk Tankers successfully completed trials using marine fuel blended with biofuel on tankers as efforts grow to tackle the shipping sector’s greenhouse gas emissions. …

December 17, 2021 Read Full Article

First Wave of Ships Explore Green Hydrogen as Route to Net Zero

by Jonathan Saul, Nina Chestney (Reuters) Developers across the world are for the first time testing the use of hydrogen to power ships as the maritime industry races to find

November 24, 2021 Read Full Article

Euronav Successfully Concludes Four Month Trial of B50 Biofuel Blend on Suezmax

(Euronav)  After a successful completion of a B30 biofuel blend test on the Suezmax Statia (2006 – 150,205 dwt), Euronav has now successfully concluded a B50 biofuel blend trial on

November 24, 2021 Read Full Article

CMA CGM, ENGIE to Develop bioLNG & Synthetic LNG for Shipping Sector

(CMA CGM/Engie/NGV Journal) The CMA CGM Group and ENGIE have committed to working together to advance the energy transition by championing the industrial-scale production and distribution of synthetic methane and bio-LNG

November 12, 2021 Read Full Article

How Feasible Are Biofuels in Marine Applications?: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to Marine Biofuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Do biofuels have potential for the maritime sector? Should BETO implement a biofuels program for large ocean-going vessels to meet the International Maritime Organization’s carbon

October 14, 2021 Read Full Article

Euronav Successfully Completes Biofuel Test on Suezmax

(Euronav) As one of the first in the oil tanker industry Euronav tested a B30 biofuel on a Suezmax, the Statia (2006- 150,205 dwt). The trial with the biofuel blend

October 12, 2021 Read Full Article

Maersk’s Green Shipping Plan Runs up against Scarce Cooking Oil

(Transport Topics/Bloomberg) A.P. Moller Maersk A/S’s efforts to become carbon-neutral face an unusual hurdle: There isn’t enough used cooking oil to make the biofuel that powers the vessels. “The biofuel is

August 10, 2021 Read Full Article

Berge Bulk and Marine Biofuel Pioneer GoodFuels Successfully Complete First Bio-Bunkering

(GoodFuels)  Trial further demonstrates the viability of GoodFuels’ sustainable marine biofuel in future fuel mix and takes Berge Bulk another step closer to shipping’s decarbonisation goals  — GoodFuels, the leading marine

July 7, 2021 Read Full Article

How Viable Is Bio-Oil for Marine Transport?: The Digest’s 2021 Multi-Slide Guide to Biofuels for Marine Engines

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Determining the technical feasibility of using biofuels, especially bio-oils, for marine engine use, understanding the efficacy of biofuels in marine transport, looking at the impact

July 6, 2021 Read Full Article

Maersk Carbon Tax Proposal May Provide Advantage

by Stefka Wechsler  (Argus Media)  Danish shipping company Maersk’s proposal for a $450/t tax on carbon could give it a competitive advantage over others in the industry given its size and financial

July 6, 2021 Read Full Article

Understanding Energy Density of Future Fuels Could Be Key to Clearer Decarbonization Decision-Making

(SEA-LNG) Just as like for like full lifecycle GHG comparisons of future fuels are essential, accurate comparisons of energy density are also vital —  Greater understanding around the comparative pricing, vessel

July 2, 2021 Read Full Article

Every 10% of Bio-LNG Drop-In Gives Another Two Years ‘Runway Extension’ for GHG Reduction Compliance

(SEA_LNG) New analysis from SEA-LNG, the coalition for accelerating LNG as a marine fuel, has determined that for every 10% of bio-LNG dropped in and blended with LNG as a marine

February 25, 2021 Read Full Article

A.P. Moller – Maersk Will Operate the World’s First Carbon Neutral Liner Vessel by 2023 – Seven Years ahead of Schedule

(Maersk) Fast-tracked by advances in technology and increasing customer demand for sustainable supply chains, A.P. Moller – Maersk accelerates the efforts to decarbonise marine operations with the launch of the

February 18, 2021 Read Full Article

TFG Marine Commences Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp Operations, Successfully Trials Marine Biofuels and Appoints Rasmus Bach Nielsen to Board

(TFG Marine) TFG Marine, (“TFG”), the global marine fuel supply and procurement joint venture company created by Trafigura and shipping firms Frontline and Golden Ocean, announces major milestones in its strategy

December 11, 2020 Read Full Article

Uniper Energy Dubai & Neutral Fuels Join Forces to Deliver Maritime Biofuel in Fujairah

(Uniper Energy)  Uniper Energy DMCC (UED) and Neutral Fuels have announced that they will collaborate to provide maritime biofuel in Fujairah, UAE. Both leaders in their fields, UED supplies very

November 25, 2020 Read Full Article

Solving the Low Carbon Shipping Fuel and Energy Algorithm – Quickly!

by Adrian Tolson (BLUE Insight/Biofuels Digest) BLUE Insight’s Low Carbon Shipping Fuels and Energy Guide 2020 is a market first assessment of the leading low carbon marine fuels with potential to replace fossil

September 16, 2020 Read Full Article

ExxonMobil’s First Marine Bio Fuel Oil

(ExxonMobil) ExxonMobil Completes Successful Sea Trial of its First Marine Bio Fuel Oil:  Successful sea trial completed with leading tanker shipping company Stena Bulk; Fuel can help deliver carbon dioxide emission reduction

September 11, 2020 Read Full Article

Ammonfuel Highlights and Download of the Report

(Haldor Topsoe) In August 2020, Alfa Laval, Hafnia, Haldor Topsoe, Vestas, and Siemens Gamesa issued the report “Ammonfuel – an industrial view of ammonia as a marine fuel” based on own

August 17, 2020 Read Full Article

2019 Demand in Rotterdam Bunker Port More Sustainable

(Port of Rotterdam)  The demand for LNG, bio and low-sulphur bunkers has increased enormously in Rotterdam over the past year. Total sales in this largest European bunker port fell from

March 9, 2020 Read Full Article

ABS Fuels Advisory Offers Guidance on Adoption of Gas, Low Flashpoint Fuels

(Biofuels International)  Classification service provider the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) has published its ‘Advisory on Gas and Other Low Flashpoint Fuels’, to offer guidance on current technologies, regulatory requirements and

July 5, 2019 Read Full Article

Marine Biofuels Begin to Make Headway in Ocean Shipping

(Benzinga)  Biofuels created by recycling used cooking oils are being tested by ocean-going ships in pilot trials around the world. Such biofuels may even be gaining acceptance by ocean-shippers, freight forwarders

March 14, 2019 Read Full Article

U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard Is Not Working: Marathon CEO

by David Gaffen and Erwin Seba (Reuters)  The U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) laws are not working and there is an “opportunity for a reset” of the standard in Washington, Marathon

March 13, 2019 Read Full Article

South Korean-Indonesian Consortium Seeking Partner for Sustainable Bunker Fuel Project in Singapore

by Meghan Sapp (Biofuels Digest)   In Singapore, Ship and Bunker reports that South Korea’s GF Oil and Sejong Technologies have

March 13, 2019 Read Full Article

IKEA, CMA CGM and the GoodShipping Program Join Forces to Test Sustainable Marine Bio-Fuel Oil

(GoodShipping Program)  IKEA Transport & Logistics Services, CMA CGM, the GoodShipping Program and the Port of Rotterdam have today announced they

March 13, 2019 Read Full Article

Commercializing Marine Biofuels: The Digest’s 2019 Multi-Slide Guide to GoodFuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  GoodFuels is the the market-leader in developing and delivering advanced sustainable fuels for the transport sector, offering

March 11, 2019 Read Full Article

Coalition Provides Sustainable Marine Biofuels Verification

(FreightEurasia)  A proof-of-concept coalition made up of global mining company BHP, NYK, sustainable biofuel supplier GoodFuels and applications’ developer Blockchain Labs

February 27, 2019 Read Full Article

Consumption, U.S. Recession in 2020, Oil-Led, Says Prominent US Economist

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Florida at the 24th National Ethanol Conference, US energy economist Phil Verleger said “I don’t

February 13, 2019 Read Full Article

Fueling Debate

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico’s Morning Energy)   FUELING DEBATE: ConservAmerica Chairwoman Nan Hayworth urged National Economic Council Director Larry Kudlow to

February 6, 2019 Read Full Article

BHP and NYK Use GoodFuels Biofuel to Progress Decarbonisation Goals

(GoodFuels)  BHP, NYK, GoodFuels and BLOC collaborate to progress sustainable biofuel bunkering in Rotterdam, verified with blockchain. —  Today (February 4, 2019)

February 5, 2019 Read Full Article

LR and UMAS Release New ‘Zero-Emission Vessels Transition Pathways’ Study.

(Lloyd’s Register)  A study that examines three key energy pathways to help identify the actions required for the shipping industry to

January 31, 2019 Read Full Article

Ready for Take Off? Aviation Biofuels Past, Present, and Future

by David Hitchcock (Atlantic Council)  … However, the importance of powering the aviation sector (both military and commercial) through sustainable fuels

January 26, 2019 Read Full Article

State of the Bioeconomy

by Wayne Lee and Mark J Riedy (Lee Enterprises Consulting, Inc. and Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton LLP/Biofuels Digest) At present, the

January 4, 2019 Read Full Article

Calls for Stricter ISO Standards of Biodiesel in Marine Fuel

by Meghan Sapp (Biofuels Digest) In Germany, the International Union of Marine Insurance said in its December quarterly newsletter that more than

December 26, 2018 Read Full Article

Coming Changes in Marine Fuel Sulfur Limits Will Affect Global Oil Markets

(U.S. Energy Information Administration)  International regulations limiting sulfur in fuels for ocean-going vessels, set to take effect in January 2020, have

December 19, 2018 Read Full Article

Ethanol’s New Way Forward: The Digest’s 2018 Multi-Slide ABLC Guide to Byogy Renewables

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Byogy Renewables is producing full replacement renewable fuels for all modes of transport, including heavy transport

December 18, 2018 Read Full Article

GoodFuels Launches Zero-Emission Heavy Fuel Oil. Ultra-Low Sulphur Marine Biofuels Step Forward.

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  From the Netherlands comes news of a world first:  GoodFuels Marine and the shipping company NORDEN have

December 4, 2018 Read Full Article

New Plant at Gothenburg Port Starts Offering Bio-LNG Bunkering to Ships

(Swedegas/NGV Journal)  Gothenburg-based shipping company Terntank was the very first operator to take on LNG and bio-LNG at a new bunkering

December 3, 2018 Read Full Article

Danish Firm Claims First Biofuel Commercial Sea Voyage

by Tom Burridge (BBC News)  As things stand, the vast majority of ocean-going vessels that transport goods across the globe run

December 2, 2018 Read Full Article

Biofuels for the Marine Shipping Sector: An Overview and Analysis of Sector Infrastructure, Fuel Technologies and Regulations

by Chia-wen Carmen Hsieh and Claus Felby (University of Copenhagen/IEA Bioenergy) The merchant shipping sector is one of the mayor

December 29, 2017 Read Full Article

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Blend wall blockchain boat fuel boiler fuel Bolivia bolt-on Bonaire bonds book-and-claim border tax Borneo Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana BQ-9000 bracken brackish water brash Brassica Brazil breweries brine British Columbia brown grease Brunei Btu's BTX (Benzene Toluene Xylene) Bu12.5 Bu16 Budget building block chemicals Bulgaria bunker bunker oil Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Burkina Faso Burma Burundi buses Business/General Aviation Business and Industry Program (B&I) business law business resources butadiene butandeiol (bio-BDO) Butane butanediol butanol/biobutanol butyl acetate butylene butyric acid c C1 C2 C3 sugar C5 sugar C6 sugar C21 Cabo Verde cactus cactus pear Californa California California Air Resources Board (CARB) Cambodia Camelina camels Cameroon Canada canarygrass Canary Islands canary reed grass candle nut cannabis canola/rapeseed canola straw cap-and-invest cap-and-trade capybara carbohydrates carbon carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carbon capture and storage (CCS) carbon capture and utilization (CCU) carbon cost carbon credit carbon credit markets carbon cycle carbon debt Carbon Dioxide (CO2) carbon efficiency carbon emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI) carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax carbon tax-and-dividend Carbon tax border adjustments carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata cashew cashew apple CAS Registry Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cellulase enzymes cellulose cellulosic biofuel Cellulosic biomass cellulosic diesel Cellulosic ethanol cellulosic ethanol price cellulosic feedstock cellulosic production tax credit cellulosic sugars Cellulosic Tax Credit cellulosic waiver credit cement Central African Republic Central America Certificate Program Certificates of Origin (COs) certification certification fuels cesium cetane Chad change in soil condition charging stations CHCJ-5 chemical-looping hydrogen method Chesapeake Bay chicken feathers chickens Chile Chili China chitin chromium chufa/cyperus esculents/nutsedge CIA circular economy citrus citrus greening disease Citrus Peel Clean clean air Clean Air Act (CAA) clean diesel clean fuel production tax credit Clean Fuel Standard/Policy (CFS) Clean Power Plan (CPP) Clean Trucks Plan Clean Water Act climate change Climate Change Adaptation climate change effects climate change mitigation climate legislation climate smart agriculture closed-loop system Clostridium thermocellum cloud point clover CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 neutral fuels coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) coastal hay Coast Guard cobalt coco cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold-tolerance cold flow college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading Community activity community college Community involvement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression-ignition engine compression ratios concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology cooking fuel Cook Islands cook stoves cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 copper coppice cordgrass corn-based products corn/maize corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stov corn stover corn supply corn surplus Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D5 (5%DME) D20 (20%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act definitions deforestation defossilization defossilize Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security Department of Justice Department of Labor Department of the Interior Department of Transportation (DOT) depolymerization depots dextrose diatoms diesel diesel-range hydrocarbons diesel-to-biodiesel conversion Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) diesel fuel blendstock diesel prices Diesel R5 Diesel Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/HVO/Paraffinic Diesel diesel with renewables digital Digital Biology diisobutylene (DIB) dilute acid hydrolysis pretreatment DIN 51605 DIN EN 15376 (Ethanol blending component) direct-to-fuel direct air capture directed evolution direct injection direct ocean capture Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Conversion (DSHC) dispense distillates distillation distilled biodiesel distilled palm methyl ester (DPME) distilleries distributed/centralized distribution distribution capacity distribution waiver diversification divestment DME/rDME (dimethyl ether)/renewable DME DMF (2.5-dimethylfuran) Dominican Republic double cropping drawdown Drones/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) drop-in biofuels/hydrocarbons drought drought-resistant drought tolerant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol E0 E0 price E2 E3 E4 E5 E5 price E6 E7 E8 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E40 E40 pumps E50 E75 E78 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E95 E97 E98 E100 E100 conversion kit earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED95 education educational business private educational tour Education Series 3030 efficiency Egypt Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric Vehicle (EV) Prices electric grid electricity electricity/power generation electricity/power transmission electricity price electrocatalysis electrochemical electrochemical cell electrofuels (e-fuels) electroly electrolysis electrolytic cation exchange electromethanogenesis (ME) electrons Elephant grass/Napier grass elephants El Salvador eminent domain emissions emissions standards EN 228 EN 590 EN 15751 EN 15940 EN 16709 end-of-life Endangered Species Act (ESA) end user Energy Bill energy cane energy consumption energy crops energy density energy dominance energy grasses energy independence Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) Energy Information Administration (US EIA) energy law energy policy energy prices Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI or EROI) energy security Energy Security Trust energy storage enforcement engine Engine/Fuel Co-optimization Engine Development engineering engine problems England enhanced oil recovery (EOR) entrepreneur environment environmental impact study (EIS) Environmentalists environmental justice/socially inclusive environmental policy Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) Enzymatic enzymatic conversion enzymatic depolymerization enzymatic hydrolysis enzyme production enzyme recycling enzymes EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EPACT (Energy Policy Act) equipment eRINs/electric pathway Eritrea erosion control EROWI (Energy Return on Water Invested) esg ESG (Environmental Social Governance) esterification Estonia ETBE (ethyl tert-butyl ether) ethane ethanol Ethanol-to-Gasoline (ETG) ethanol/bioethanol ethanol/methanol synthesis ethanol2G ethanol benefits ethanol blends/ethanol flex fuels ethanol blend wall ethanol emissions ethanol ether diesel fuel ethanol fuel cells ethanol hybrid ethanol pipeline ethanol prices ethanol production ethanol pumps ethanol tax ethanol terminal ethanol to gas Ethiopia Ethiopian mustard ethylbenzene ethylene ethyl levulinate (EL) ets eucalyptus European Emissions Trading System (ETS) European Union (EU) eutrophication executive order executive order--state externalities extremophiles f F-24 F-34 F-76 (Marine Diesel) F-T FAEE FAEE (fatty acid ethyl esters) Fair trade False Claims Act FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Farm Bill Farm Bureau farm equipment farmers farming farm policy Farm to Fleet Farm to Fly farnesane farnesene Fats fecal sludge Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices Feedstocks feedstock storage feedstock transportation fermentation ferry fertilizer F Factor fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch/FT Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flavors flax Fleets fleet turnover fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources forestry Forest Service forklifts fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) free fatty acids (FFA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium games gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasificatio gasification gasoline gasoline-range hydrocarbons gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gas prices gas tax/highway user fee Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal Germany Gerrmany Ghana ghg GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo gliricidia sepium global warming glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grains grain sorghum/milo grain speculators GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grease Great Green Fleet Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy Green Jobs Greenland Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana gypsum Haiti Halophytes harvesting harvest site processing Hawai'i hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel heat of combustion heat of vaporization Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras Honge tree nuts Hong Kong horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO20 HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrids Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrocarbon fuels hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen hydrogen aircraft hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogenolysis hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps hydrogen terminal hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export India Indiana Indian grass indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesi Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine internal combustion engine/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA Jamaica Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 JP-10 Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education kalanchoe Kansas Kans grass Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati knotweed Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kusum Kuwait Kygryzstan labels labor policy Labrador lactic acid Lake County lamp oil landfill methane Landfills land ownership land prices land rights landscape land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead leaf ant Lebanon lecithin legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna Lesotho lesquerella leucaena Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) light rail lignin Lignin Ethanol Oil (LEO) Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars lime Lipid liquefaction liquid liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps liquified biomethane (LBM) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logist logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low c low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg M3 M15 M100 macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning macororo Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona mandate mandates manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) Marine/Maritime Bio and Renewable/Sustainable Fuel (SMF) price Marine/maritime renewable fuel terminal/bunkering marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts mass balance standard Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methan methanation methane/ methane/biomethane methane leaks methani methanization Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol fuel cells methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microo microorganisms/microbes Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millet millettia pinnata milo stover mineralization minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molinia molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo monitoring/measuring reporting verifiction (MRV) Montana moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles motors MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed mvr Myanmar n-butanol n-butene nahar Namibia nano nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha/renewable naphtha naphthene NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Environmental Policy Act National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Native American tribes natural g natural gas natural gas input natural gasoline natural gas prices natural gas vehicles Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherland Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand next generation biofuels next generation vehicles Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakora North Dakota Northeast Northern Ireland Northern Territory North Korea Northwest Territories Norway Noth Dakota Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition nut shells oak oat hulls oats oat straw Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and 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renewable diesel pipelines Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED/RED II/RED III) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO) Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) revisions/repeal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS and RFS2) renewable gasoline blendstock renewable marine diesel Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) price Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) pumps Renewable Portfolio Standards Renewable Power Standard Renewable Synthesized Iso-Paraffinic Fuels (SIP) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) renewable volume obligation (RVO) RenovaBio replacement molecules Repowering Assistance Program repurpose research and development research facility resiliency retail retrofit return on investment R Factor RFI (Request for Information) RFS "reset" RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island rhododendron rice rice bran rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice price rice straw/paddy straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) RNG tax credit roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rosin rotation crops royalties RP-1 RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Rural Renewable Energy Pilot Program rushes Russia rutabaga Rwanda rye Rye grass s saccharification SAF10 SAF30 SAF40 Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower SAF pipeline sago pond weed SAK Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush salt water Sanctions Santa Monica Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shipping shipping containers Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver simarouba Singapore Singpore SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog soapstock Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solar fuel solaris solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solid oxide fuel cell 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fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Surface Transportation Board Suriname sustain Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweetgum sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland syngas syngas/gas fermentation synthesised aromatic kerosene (SAK) synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic kerosene synthetic liquified gas (SLG) synthetic methane/e-methane synthetic natural gas Syria Tailoring Rule Taiwan Tajikistan tall oil tallow tallow tree tamanu/nyamplung tank cars tankers tanker trucks Tanzania tariffs taro tar sands Tasmania tax benefit tax credit taxes tax incentives tax parity tax policy teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training technical course Technical Readiness Levels techno-economic analysis technology transfer tech transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics Thermal catalytic depolymerization 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