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Argentina Plans to Extend Biodiesel, Ethanol Blends

by Charles Newbery (S&P Global Platts) Requirement was to expire in May; Blends now at 10% in gasoline, 12% in diesel; Improvements planned for blend regime  —  Argentina’s President Alberto Fernandez said his

February 12, 2021 Read Full Article

Chevron CEO Vows Higher Returns, Lower Carbon to Revive Big Oil

by Kevin Crowley and Caroline Hyde (Bloomberg/Yahoo! Finance)  … One thing investors can’t count on is for Chevron to announce any long-term targets to eliminate or severely reduce emissions, as

December 8, 2020 Read Full Article

The Pandemic Could End Texas’s Oil Boom—and Start Something Better: Profits from the Permian Basin Are Falling and Renewable Energy Is Surging. Here’s What That Means for the Lonestar State’s Future.

by Justin Miller (Texas Observer/Popular Science)    … Thousands flocked to the region to get a piece of the boom. “You could be someone with no college degree, no high

October 6, 2020 Read Full Article

ExxonMobil Focused on Core Oil and Gas as Renewable Returns Too Weak: Official

(Energy Market Price/S&P Global) ExxonMobil remains focused on growing its core oil and gas business as alternative renewable energies are mostly unable to offer attractive rates of return compared to

October 2, 2020 Read Full Article

Republicans Back Bill to Help Oil Sector

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico’s Morning Energy) REPUBLICANS BACK BILL TO HELP OIL SECTOR: Texas Sen. John Cornyn introduced legislation on Tuesday to help the hard-hit oil sector during the coronavirus pandemic by reducing the royalty

June 24, 2020 Read Full Article

Coronavirus Will Hasten ‘Peak Oil’ by Three Years, Says Research Firm

by Myles McCormick (Financial Times)  Rystad Energy says its estimate of recoverable barrels of crude has dropped by 282bn  — An influential research firm has cut its estimate of potential

June 22, 2020 Read Full Article

Bioenergy: The Great Continuum

by Gerard J. Ostheimer and Douglas L. Faulkner (below50/“the Clean Tech Conservative”/Leatherstocking LLC/Biofuels Digest)  … (W)e would like to point out a number of anniversaries put biofuels and bio-based products

June 2, 2020 Read Full Article

Energy Transition to Be Shaped by World Response to COVID-19

by Allison Good, Taylor Kuykendall and Dan Testa  (S&P Global)  … The coronavirus pandemic may accelerate a shift from fossil fuel spending to investments in renewable energy, but the pace of

May 4, 2020 Read Full Article

Virus Weakens Markets for Renewable Energy — Industries Press Pause on Steep Growth Trajectory

by Melody M. Bomgardner (Chemical & Engineering News)  … Unlike ­fossil energy sources like US shale oil, where many operators may go bankrupt, renewables are poised to rebound as soon

April 10, 2020 Read Full Article

White House Likely to Pursue Federal Aid for Shale Companies Hit by Oil Shock, Coronavirus Downturn

by Jeff Stein, Will Englund, Steven Mufson and Robert Costa (Washington Post) … The White House is strongly considering pushing federal assistance for oil and natural gas producers hit by

March 10, 2020 Read Full Article

Flood of Oil Is Coming, Complicating Efforts to Fight Global Warming

by Clifford Krauss (New York Times) A surge of oil production is coming, whether the world needs it or not.  The flood of crude will arrive even as concerns about climate change

November 4, 2019 Read Full Article

Oil Firms to Pour Extra 7m Barrels per Day into Markets, Data Shows

by Jonathan Watts, Jillian Ambrose and Adam Vaughan (The Guardian) Projected production surge in next 12 years to be led by Shell despite climate crisis; Video: why we need political action to

October 10, 2019 Read Full Article

Ethanol’s Impact Lauded in Wake of Saudi Attack

by Candace Krebs (Ag Journal) … “What people don’t realize is that shale provides a particular very light type of oil, and we can’t use that exclusively with the way our

October 3, 2019 Read Full Article

U.S. Oil Companies Find Energy Independence Isn’t So Profitable

by Clifford Krauss (New York Times)  … In the last four years, roughly 175 oil and gas companies in the United States and Canada with debts totaling about $100 billion have

July 1, 2019 Read Full Article

Governor Jay Inslee Rolls Out More Climate Policy

(Our Daily Planet)  When it comes to climate policy, Governor Jay Inslee already has a plan to address nearly every element of the climate crisis, but on Monday he rolled out a new

June 25, 2019 Read Full Article

The Permian Basin Is Booming With Oil. But at What Cost to West Texans?

by Christian Wallace (Texas Monthly)  … I was riding shotgun with Josh Snow, an old friend who’s worked his way up the ranks at his father’s independent oil company. The two

May 31, 2019 Read Full Article

Immovable Objects: Railroad Delays …

by Matt Thompson (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Railroad delays in 2014 forced ethanol plants to slow production or find other ways to move their products. Four years later, the situation has improved,

December 6, 2018 Read Full Article

Global Oil Demand under Growing Threat from Electric Cars, Cleaner Fuel

by Amanda Cooper (Reuters)  Oil demand seen peaking in 2040 at 106.3 mln bpd – IEA;  Demand forecast raised by over 1 mln bpd vs last year;  But electric cars, fuel efficiency to

November 18, 2018 Read Full Article

Exclusive Report: The Federal Biofuel Mandate ‘Has Failed To Achieve Its Policy Goals’

by Michael Bastasch (The Daily Caller)  The federal biofuel mandate “has failed to achieve its policy goals while imposing significant other costs on consumers,” according to a new report. Americans paid out

April 19, 2018 Read Full Article

‘Keep It In The Ground’ Activists Optimistic Despite Oil Boom

by Jeff Brady (National Public Radio)  The United States oil business is booming and the country could soon be the largest crude oil producer in the world. Despite this record-breaking production,

March 16, 2018 Read Full Article

New Report: California Oil Among World’s Dirtiest — Rampant Oil Production Undermines State’s Climate Leadership

(Center for Biological Diversity)  Three-quarters of California’s oil is as climate-damaging as Canadian tar sands crude, according to a Center for Biological Diversity report released today at the United Nations climate change conference

November 10, 2017 Read Full Article

The Next Oil Price Spike May Cripple The Industry

by Andreas de Vries & Salman Ghouri (OilPrice.com)  Two diametrically opposed views dominate the current debate about where the oil price is heading. On the one hand, there is the

August 24, 2017 Read Full Article

Behind the Battle for Octane

by Denton Cinquegrana (Oil Price Information Service(OPIS))  What you need to know as the refining, agricultural and auto industries gear up to vie for their piece of a multi-billion-dollar market  —

August 22, 2017 Read Full Article

Taking Stock of Texas Shale

by Anthony Adragna (Politico’s Morning Energy)  The Academy of Medicine, Engineering & Science of Texas is today releasing a report examining the environmental and community impacts of shale production in

June 19, 2017 Read Full Article

The Energy 202: Trump Administration Has New Energy Buzzword

by Dino Grandoni (The Washington Post)  In the Trump administration, “energy dominance” has replaced “energy independence” as the go-to phrase for describing the federal government’s broad energy goals — in President

May 26, 2017 Read Full Article

Remove the Ethanol Albatross from around the Necks of U.S. Consumers: Robert W. Chase (Opinion)

by Rob W. Chase (Cleveland.com)  … Less than 5 percent of all service stations in the United States offer ethanol-free gasoline. Almost all the gasoline sold nationally is E10 (10 percent ethanol, 90

May 1, 2017 Read Full Article

Intersecting Trends of Oil and Ethanol

by Patrick C. Miller (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Is the growth in shale oil production a potential boost for ethanol? The theory goes that because the light crude produced from fracked shale

April 24, 2017 Read Full Article

Thousands of Spills at US Oil and Gas Fracking Sites

By Matt McGrath (BBC)  Up to 16% of hydraulically fractured oil and gas wells spill liquids every year, according to new research from US scientists. They found that there had been

February 22, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

INTERVIEW-Argentina Could Double Percentage of Ethanol in Fuels -Official

by Maximilian Heath (Reuters)  Argentina in the next two to three years could double the proportion of ethanol used in gasoline from the current 12 percent of the blend, a government

February 16, 2017 Read Full Article

The Oil War Is Only Just Getting Started

by Tsvetana Paraskova (OilPrice.com) … Although this view that low-cost producers would try to seize more market share comes from an oil major with significant interests in Russia and Iraq, for

February 3, 2017 0 comment Read Full Article

Not So Prolific: U.S. Shale Faces A Reality Check

by Nick Cunningham (OilPrice.com)  …  Speaking at the National Oil-equipment Manufacturers and Delegates Society (NOMADS) in Houston a few months ago, IHS Markit’s associate direct for Plays and Basins, Reed Olmstead,

December 13, 2016 Read Full Article

America’s Most Prolific Gas Play Needs 50 Rigs to Keep Booming

by Ari Natter and James Rowley  (Bloomberg)   …  Fifty rigs need to be drilling for natural gas in America’s most prolific shale region to keep production of the fuel from

November 7, 2016 Read Full Article

Biofuels Not Contributing to Decline in Bee Habitat

(WNAX) A new study from the National Academy of Sciences says the expansion of corn and soybean acres to supply feed stock for biofuels is hampering habitat for bees. Renewable Fuels

September 9, 2016 Read Full Article

Refiner Cuts Costs, Offers Buyouts as Ethanol Credits Rise

by Barbara J Powell (Bloomberg)   …  RINS aren’t the real problem for the Philadelphia refinery, Robert Campbell, head of oil products research for London-based Energy Aspects, said in a telephone

September 9, 2016 Read Full Article

Oklahoma Quake Prompts Shutdown of Gas-Linked Wells

by Doug Stranglin (USA Today)  One of the largest earthquakes in Oklahoma rattled the Midwest on Saturday all the way from Nebraska to North Texas.  —  Oklahoma regulators on Saturday

September 6, 2016 Read Full Article

Biofuels versus Gasoline: The Emissions Gap Is Widening

(Environmental and Energy Study Institute)  … Many respected laboratories, agencies, and researchers have used a lifecycle analysis to show that biofuels, particularly advanced biofuels, provide significant carbon benefits compared to gasoline.

September 3, 2016 Read Full Article

Understanding Octane Value in North America

by Tyler Wilson and Uday Turaga (ADI Analytics)  The value of an octane barrel has risen significantly in recent years going from $2.30 in 2010 to $3.58 in 2015. This has

July 18, 2016 Read Full Article

OPEC Is Winning the Market Share War

by Summer Said (The Wall Street Journal)  Middle Eastern oil production rose to a record-high of 31.5 million barrels a day in June  —  The Middle East is back as

July 18, 2016 Read Full Article

Oil Industry Faces Huge Worker Shortage

by Nick Cunningham (OilPrice.com)  … one reason that U.S. shale production won’t necessarily spring into action in short order is because the people and equipment that were sidelined over the past

July 15, 2016 Read Full Article

When the Wind Blows: Tracking Toxic Chemicals in Gas Fields and Impacted Communities

(Coming Clean)  When the Wind Blows: Tracking Toxic Chemicals in Gas Fields and Impacted Communities is a report documenting Coming Clean’s collaborative, community-based research project to monitor toxic volatile organic

June 16, 2016 Read Full Article

The U.S. Oil and Gas Boom Is Having Global Atmospheric Consequences, Scientists Suggest

by Chelsea Harvey (The Washington Post)  Scientists say they have made a startling discovery about the link between domestic oil and gas development and the world’s levels of atmospheric ethane — a

April 28, 2016 Read Full Article

U.S. Shale Oil Firms Feel Credit Squeeze as Banks Grow Cautious

by Swetha Gopinath and David Henry (Reuters)  Nearly two years into an epic oil rout, U.S. shale drillers that have upended global energy markets are finally feeling a credit squeeze

April 12, 2016 Read Full Article

The Shale Reckoning Comes to Oklahoma

by Asjylyn Loder (Bloomberg BusinessWeek)  … The excitement made it easy to ignore one big problem: It was one of the most expensive booms in history. Devon, Chesapeake, SandRidge Energy, and

March 11, 2016 Read Full Article

Despite Record Production, Ethanol Mandate Continues to Cost Public

(Institute for Energy Research)  2015 was a good year for the ethanol industry for both production and blending. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. ethanol producers increased their

March 10, 2016 Read Full Article

Opinion: South Dakotans Send Ethanol Message

by Orrie Swayze (AgWeek)  The idea that shale makes us crude oil independent is an oil industry fantasy that enables us to deny we willfully sacrifice our troops to fight endless

February 23, 2016 Read Full Article

The Highway to High Octane: Ethanol’s Attempts to Gain Ground in US Gasoline

by Herman Wang and Jeff Bair (Platts)  Capitol Crude:  The US Oil Policy Podcast  —  The US is likely to raise its gasoline octane standard over the next decade or

February 23, 2016 Read Full Article

Bailout the US Shale Oil/Gas Industry or Fund Clean Sustainable Renewable Transportation? A New Way of Looking at the Options. Press Release

For Immediate Release February 12, 2016—Frederick, MD Advanced Biofuels USA correspondent Robert E. Kozak analyses the potential for a reinvigorated US shale oil/gas industry with and without government subsidies; and compares it

February 16, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

After the Fall: Rebuilding US Liquid Fuel Production – Invest in Our Land or the Shale Oil Fields? (Part 2 of 2)

Efforts to promote a sustainable use of natural resources are not a waste of money, but rather an investment capable of providing other eco­nomic benefits in the medium term. If

February 12, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

U.S. Oil Refiners Look Abroad for Crude Supplies as North Dakota Boom Fades

by Jarrett Renshaw and Catherine Ngai (Reuters) … North Dakota’s Bakken production peaked at 1.153 million barrels per day in June, and had fallen to 1.13 million barrels per day by

November 4, 2015 Read Full Article

Answers for Your Questions about Low Oil Prices and Renewable Fuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  The Digest looks at security and energy security —  …  This week, the head of Russian state intelligence service, Alexander Bortnikov,warned of a potential “invasion

October 30, 2015 Read Full Article

Analysis Shows Greenhouse Gas Emissions Similar for Shale, Crude Oil

by Tona Kunz  (Argonne National Laboratory)  The U.S. Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory this week released a pair of studies on the efficiency of shale oil production excavation. The

October 28, 2015 Read Full Article

Why Oil Is Cheap in October 2015 (Part 1 of 2)

by Robert E. Kozak* (Advanced Biofuels USA) Conventional wisdom about declining oil prices, mostly originating from US Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA), says the fall of oil prices over

October 27, 2015 0 comment Read Full Article

Bernie Sanders Calls For Federal Investigation Of Exxon

by Emily Atkin (Think Progress)  Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT) wants ExxonMobil investigated by the Department of Justice.  In a letter to Attorney General Loretta Lynch on Tuesday,

October 21, 2015 Read Full Article

Exxon’s Own Research Confirmed Fossil Fuels’ Role in Global Warming Decades Ago (Parts 1 and 2)

by Neela Banerjee, Lisa Song and David Hasemyer (Inside Climate News)  Top executives were warned of possible catastrophe from greenhouse effect, then led efforts to block solutions. … This untold chapter

September 17, 2015 Read Full Article

Global Oil Supply More Fragile Than You Think

by Nick Cunningham (OilPrice.com)  … And many companies are also recalculating the oil price needed for new drilling projects to make financial sense. For example, according to the Wall Street Journal,

August 7, 2015 Read Full Article

More Job Losses Coming To U.S. Shale

by By Gaurav Agnihotri (OilPrice.com)  … A recent Bloomberg report stated that U.S. driller’s debts stood at $235 billion at the end of first quarter of 2015, which is quite worrying. Does

August 5, 2015 Read Full Article

Drop in Oil Prices Means No Drilling in Canada’s Biggest Shale Reserves

by Robert Tuttle (Bloomberg News)  The news was bittersweet for Canada’s Northwest Territories.  While the region found out last week that its Canol and Bluefish formations hold Canada’s largest shale

June 11, 2015 Read Full Article

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of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices Feedstocks feedstock storage feedstock transportation fermentation ferry fertilizer F Factor fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch/FT Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose flameleaf sumac flavors flax Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) Flightpath flight tests flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources forestry Forest Service fossil carbon fossil fuel fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) free fatty acids (FFA) French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon Gambia gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline-range hydrocarbons gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gas prices gas tax/highway user fee General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government subsidies grains grain sorghum/milo grain speculators GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green/black economy green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery GREET model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP h Haiti Halophytes harvesting harvest site processing Hawaii hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat-tolerance heating oil/fuel heat of combustion heat of vaporization Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) HFS-SIP hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Honge 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liquefaction liquid liquidation liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M3 M15 M50 M100 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Bio- Renewable Fuel marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts mass balance standard Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methan methanation methane/biomethane methane leaks methanization Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol nahar Namibia nano nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gasoline natural gas prices natural gas vehicles Navy Nebraska neem negative 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Policy (OSTP) offtake agreements Ohio Ohio Wisconsin oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement Oils oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes Oklahoma olefins olive cake olive oil olive pits olives olive water Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent 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railroad rainforest rain tree RAND rare earth metal RD20 RD30 RD99 RD100 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED and RED II) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) Renewable Fuel Standard 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roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rotation crops royalties RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass s saccharification Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC SAK Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed-to-wheel seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple 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incentives tax parity tax policy tea teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training technical course Technical Readiness Levels techno-economic analysis technology transfer tech transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion thermochemical liquefaction Tibet Tier 3 Tier 4 tilapia tillage Timor-Leste tires tobacco tobacco tree Togo Tokyo toluene Tonga tool Toronto torrefaction Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) trade trade dispute/discrimination trade group trade organization Trade Policy trade secrets training trains transesterification transgenics transition Transportation Fuels Policy Transportation Fuels Policy--Municipal Transportation Fuels Policy--State Transportation Fuels Policy; carbon removal Transportation Policy Treasury Department trees Trinidad and Tobago triticale trucks tubers tung tunicate Tunisia 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