ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change)

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Indirect Land-Use Changes Can Overcome Carbon Savings from Biofuels in Brazil

David M. Lapola, Ruediger Schaldach, Joseph Alcamo, Alberte Bondeau, Jennifer Koch, Christina Koelking, and Joerg A. Priess (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)  Abstract:  The planned expansion of biofuel plantations in Brazil could potentially cause both direct and indirect

February 15, 2010 Read Full Article

UC Merced Scientist Honored for Biofuels Research

(Central Valley Business Times)  The mass production of biofuels could be a major step toward eliminating dependence on fossil fuels, but a number of factors have stood in the way, including the argument against using productive agricultural land for fuel

February 15, 2010 Read Full Article

Getting a True Measure on Biofuels: Effects of 'Indirect' Land Use Figure in Energy Future

by C. Boyden Gray (Washington Times)  Little noticed outside a small policy community, an issue has quietly arisen in recent years that, while seemingly technical, has the potential to derail the nation's attempts to address the issues of energy security

February 15, 2010 Read Full Article

Food, Feed, Fiber, Fuel and Fun

by Joanne Ivancic (Advanced Biofuels USA)  I’ve taken to adding “fun” to the quartet sung by many when speaking of the uses served by our crop land and forests:  food, feed, fiber and fuel.  The song began as a duet

February 09, 2010 Read Full Article

California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard: Testing the Boundaries of Green Federalism

Mackinnon Lawrence (Biofuels Digest)  California, a long-time pioneer in the area of environmental law and policy, is now the target of a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of its recently adopted Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), given final approval by the

February 09, 2010 Read Full Article

How to Create Effective Biofuels Public Policy

by Joanna Schroeder (domesticfuels.com)  One of the biggest challenges for our country lies in the issue of how to create effective public policies that will grow the biofuels industry and reduce our dependence on foreign oil. Dr. Antonio Bento, associate

January 25, 2010 Read Full Article

BIO Comments on Preliminary Draft Regulation for the California Cap-and-Trade Program

Comments by Brent Erickson, Executive Vice President, Industrial and Environmental Section of the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) to the California Environmental Protection Agency and Air Resources Board (January 11, 2010):  ... The essence of the cap-and-trade program is the establishment

January 18, 2010 Read Full Article

Biofuels and Indirect Land Use Change Effects: the Debate Continues

by John A. Mathews and Hao Tan, (Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia) While debate on biofuels and bioenergy generally has sparked controversy over claimed greenhouse gas emissions benefits available with a switch to biomass, these claims have generally not taken into account

December 28, 2009 Read Full Article

Brazil Warns EU on Biofuel Sustainability

(EurActiv)  EU rules for calculating indirect land-use changes caused by biofuel production would not be legitimate without an internationally-accepted methodology, a group of developing countries has told the European Commission.  The warning was sent to Energy Commissioner Andris Piebalgs on

December 28, 2009 Read Full Article

International Technology Action Plan on Bioenergy Released

Bioenergy includes any kind of chemical energy accumulated through photosynthetic processes in organic plant matter (i.e., biomass). Example sources of bioenergy include dedicated energy crops (short rotation wood, perennial grasses), agricultural and forestry products and wastes, biogas resulting from the

December 15, 2009 Read Full Article

VIDEO: Brazilian Government Tackling Climate Change in Brazil

The Brazilian National Plan on Climate Change, launched in December 2008, comprises a set of over one hundred actions and programs to reduce carbon emissions across different sectors of the Brazilian economy.  The two main tactics emphasized in the plan

December 09, 2009 Read Full Article

Can Feedstock Production for Biofuels Be Sustainable in California?

by Stephen R. Kaffka (California Agriculture)   The use of crops and crop residues as feedstocks for biofuels increases domestic and global supplies, creates new industries, and may result in reduced greenhouse-gas emissions. Uncertainty about the best crop and residue sources,

December 03, 2009 Read Full Article

Model Estimates Food-Versus-Biofuel Trade-Off

by Deepak Rajagopal, Steven Sexton, Gal Hochman, David Roland-Holst, David Zilberman (California Agriculture)  Biofuels have been criticized for raising food prices and reducing food production. While biofuels have rightly been blamed for contributing to reduced food security at a time

December 03, 2009 Read Full Article

Higher US Farm Productivity Will Meet Rising Ethanol Demand

(FarmOnline, Australia)  Higher productivity per acre among those US farmers providing feedstock for ethanol will meet the increased demand for petrol-ethanol blends this year.   Those familiar with the US agriculture sector's long history of productivity and efficiency have maintained that

November 22, 2009 Read Full Article

CO2 from Forest Destruction Overestimated – Study

by David Adam  (Guardian)  The carbon dioxide emissions caused by the destruction of tropical forests have been significantly overestimated, according to a new study. The work could undermine attempts to pay poor countries to protect forests as a cost-effective way to

November 10, 2009 Read Full Article

Brazil Raises Cane over U.S. Ethanol Tariff

by Chris Kraul (LA Times)  Who could resent the attention being showered on electric cars? Stylish and clean, they're the darling of the renewable-energy crowd, which is hailing the scheduled rollout of several e-powered models next year as a major blow

November 06, 2009 Read Full Article

U.N. Panel Report Confirms Potential for Significant GHG Reductions from Biofuels

The Global Renewable Fuels Alliance (GRFA) today responded to a report on biofuels produced by the United Nation’s International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management.  The report, “Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels”, asserts that more research and

November 04, 2009 Read Full Article

Senator Charles Grassley Speaks Out Against Inappropriate Use of International Indirect Land Use Change Analysis

Prepared Floor Statement of Senator Chuck Grassley:    Biofuels and the Environmental Protection Agency     Thursday, October 29, 2009 ...  The first issue I’m speaking about relates to the EPA’s proposal to penalize biofuels for greenhouse gas emissions from supposed changes in international

October 30, 2009 Read Full Article

Midwestern Legislators Group Moves in Support of Ethanol and Sound Science

(National Corn Growers Association)  The Midwest Legislative Conference of The Council of State Governments issued a series of resolutions recently containing policy resolutions adopted that aim to increase the use of both ethanol and blender pumps. Additionally, the group adopted

October 29, 2009 Read Full Article

Low Carbon Future Needs Low Carbon Fuel

(Novozymes)  ... “The article in Science overlooks one important fact: Biofuels recycle atmospheric carbon while fossil fuels release carbon that has been stored underground for millions of years. In the transport sector, biofuels are the only viable alternative to fossil

October 28, 2009 Read Full Article

Use of Forests as Carbon Offsets Fails to Impress In First Big Trial

by Juliet Eliperin (Washington Post)  More than a decade ago in the northeast corner of Bolivia, a group of polluters and environmentalists joined forces in the first large-scale experiment to curb climate change with a strategy that promised to suit

October 28, 2009 Read Full Article

Indirect Emissions from Biofuels: How Important?

by Jerry M. Melillo, et al. (Science Express)  A global biofuels program will lead to intense pressures on land supply and can increase greenhouse gas emissions from land-use changes. Using linked economic and terrestrial biogeochemistry models, we examine direct and

October 27, 2009 Read Full Article

Why Sustainability Standards for Biofuel Production Make Little Economic Sense

by Harry deGorter and David R. Just (Policy Analysis, Cato Institute) The federal “sustainability standard” requires ethanol to emit at least 20 percent less carbon dioxide (CO2) than gasoline. Recent rulings by California and the Environmental Protection Agency, however, have cast doubt

October 25, 2009 Read Full Article

Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels

(United Nations Environment Programme)  The number of scientific publications devoted to biofuels is growing exponentially, and the number of reviews is increasing rapidly. For decision makers it has become a hard job to find robust reference material and solid guidance.

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

The 7% Solution: Sustainable US Biofuels without International Indirect Land Use Effects

by Robert E. Kozak  (Advanced Biofuels USA)  Looking at some real-world numbers, it becomes clear that the fear raised in Fixing a Critical Climate Accounting Error, Science, October 23, 2009, misses the point. Growing energy crops, including perennial grasses or

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

Advanced Biofuels USA Reacts to Science Magazine Article

(Advanced Biofuels USA)  A study published in Science magazine promotes a policy which would penalize American biofuels industries in US legislation and regulation and in international global climate change agreements.  Advanced Biofuels USA would like to point out two items

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

Carbon Advantage of Biofuels May Be Overstated

by Juliet Eilperin (Washington Post)  The world's policymakers and scientists have made a critical error in how they count biofuels' contribution to human-generated greenhouse-gas emissions, according to a paper published Thursday in the journal Science.   ... (Steven P.) Hamburg, (chief scientist

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

Growth Energy Reacts to Science Magazine Paper

Tom Buis (Growth Energy)  “Ethanol is part of the natural carbon cycle. It has taken the lifetime of our planet to produce the oil that is in the ground. Biofuels come from the top of the earth, with emissions that

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

Science Article on GHG Accounting Misses the Mark on Biofuels

(Renewable Fuels Association) Biofuels produced from biomass feedstocks (i.e. plant matter) are, by definition, carbon neutral because carbon dioxide tailpipe emissions from the combustion of biofuels are readily absorbed by growing plants. As such, the tailpipe emissions resulting from the use

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

Accounting Error Undermines Climate Change Laws

(Nitrogen News)...  “The error is serious, but we can fix it,” said lead author Tim Searchinger, a research scholar at Princeton University and a fellow with the German Marshall Fund of the U.S. “The solution is to count all the

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

They’d Shoot Trees, Wouldn’t They? Climate Laws Encourage Deforestation, Scientists Say

by Keith Johnson (Wall Street Journal) The law of unintended consequences strikes yet again.  Global plans to tackle climate change, from the Kyoto Protocol to the recently-passed Waxman-Markey bill, have a fatal flaw: They essentially encourage large-scale deforestation, which pretty much

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

Calculating Emissions Is Problematic

by Sindya N. Bhanoo (New York Times)  ...  The problem boils down to this: In emission calculations, all fuel derived from plants and other organic sources — including ethanol — is generally treated as if it has no effect on carbon dioxide in

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

Fixing a Critical Climate Accounting Error

by Tim Searchinger, et al. (Science Magazine)  The accounting now used for assessing compliance with carbon limits in the Kyoto Protocol and in climate legislation contains a far-reaching but fixable flaw that will severely undermine greenhouse gas reduction goals (1).

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

Implications of Limiting CO2 Concentrations for Land Use and Energy

by Marshall Wise, et al. (Science Magazine)  Limiting atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations to low levels requires strategies to manage anthropogenic carbon emissions from terrestrial systems as well as fossil fuel and industrial sources. We explore the implications of fully

October 23, 2009 Read Full Article

Biofuels Producers Warn They Are Going to Fall Far Short of Federal Mandates

by Jessica Leber  (New York Times Climatewire)  The emerging cellulosic biofuel industry, stung by frozen credit markets, ineffective federal loan programs and lagging federal policies, will fall far short of mandated production volumes over the next few years.  U.S. EPA is

October 10, 2009 Read Full Article

Indirect Land Use Change Analysis Debate on Video

The German Marshall Fund on September 25, 2009, sponsored a debate at the Cannon House Office Building on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC, on biofuels and indirect land use change.  The debaters were Tim Searchinger, transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund and co-author

October 07, 2009 Read Full Article

Global Forest Watch Canada Releases Study of GHG Emissions from Oil Sands Development

A new research paper, Bitumen and Biocarbon, was released today by Global Forest Watch Canada. The paper reveals that significant amounts of greenhouse gases are emitted through the disturbance and/or removal of biocarbon (trees, shrubs, peats), which overlay Alberta's oil

October 06, 2009 Read Full Article

Scientific Data Supports GHG Reduction of Sugarcane Ethanol, Even Considering ILUC

Brazilian ethanol produced from sugarcane can help the United States meet its advanced renewable fuel targets, while helping reduce emissions. This is one of the conclusions presented by the Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA) to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

October 01, 2009 Read Full Article

New Energy Economics: Can Scientists Really Estimate Indirect Land Use?

by Cole Gustafson (INFORUM)  ... (Indirect land use change)  LUC is thought to occur in response to rising U.S. grain prices. As additional U.S. grains are used to produce biofuels, prices for those grains rise due to a limited supply. These

October 01, 2009 Read Full Article

World Growth Launches New Campaign, Releases Report on Palm Oil

World Growth report exposes how attempts by environmental NGOs to restrict production, trade of palm oil (a sustainable oil) would harm successful strategies to end poverty, restrict opportunities for developing countries to reduce emissions. Today (September 29, 2009) at the

October 01, 2009 Read Full Article

NGOs, Scientists Hit Back at Food vs Fuel, Indirect Land Use Change Proponents with Hard Data

Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  From Bangkok to Fargo, biofuels scientists have hit back at what they term faulty research and misguided priorities – with a series of presentations on palm oil, indirect land use change, and food vs fuel.  READ

October 01, 2009 Read Full Article

EPA Rule Will Reflect 'Uncertainty' on Indirect Biofuels Emissions, Fending Off Amendment

Letter from EPA Administrator, Lisa Jackson to Senator Tom Harkin, former chairman of the Senate Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee (below).  Upon receiving these assurances, Senator Harkin and co-sponsors withdrew an amendment to the EPA's fiscal 2010 spending bill that

September 30, 2009 Read Full Article

Council on Sustainable Biomass Production Invites Comments on Draft Standards

The Council on Sustainable Biomass Production (CSBP) is a multi-stakeholder organization established in 2007 to develop comprehensive voluntary sustainability standards for the production of biomass and its conversion to bioenergy.  CSBP intends for its Standard to serve as the foundation

September 18, 2009 Read Full Article

Inter-American Development Bank Releases New Version of Biofuels Sustainability Scorecard

The Inter-American Development Bank has released a new version of its Biofuels Sustainability Scorecard, which will enable users to better anticipate the impacts of potential biofuel projects on sensitive issues such as indigenous rights, carbon emissions from land use change,

September 18, 2009 Read Full Article

Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities Urge Study of International Indirect Land Use Change Analysis

... We believe scientific data aren't available on a global basis to be able to accurately determine the extent to which biofuel production causes land use changes in remote locations or the greenhouse gas emissions that might exist. The possible

September 16, 2009 Read Full Article

New Fuels Alliance and 20 Companies Send ILUC Letter to Senators Kerry and Boxer

... The New Fuels Alliance submitted a letter co-signed by 20 leading advanced biofuel companies to Senators Boxer (D-CA) and Kerry (D-MA) asking for balanced carbon accounting in any upcoming climate legislation.   The letter comes in the wake of the

September 10, 2009 Read Full Article

Two EPA Administrators Tour Farms, Visit Biorefinery

by O.Kay Henderson (Radio Iowa)  Two top officials in the Environmental Protection Agency who've never visited an American farm were in Iowa today, at Senator Chuck Grassley's invitation. They toured Grant Kimberly's farm near Maxwell.   ...  Senator Grassley says he wants

September 08, 2009 Read Full Article

Minnesota Project Releases New Report: Transportation Biofuels in the United States: An Update

"(W)e do intend for Transportation Biofuels in the United States to act as a tool to provide an overview of the current status of major developments in the biofuels industry. We highlight recent changes in biofuels production processes, biomass development,

September 08, 2009 Read Full Article

Improvements in Life Cycle Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Corn-Ethanol

(Journal of Industrial Ecology)  Corn-ethanol production is expanding rapidly with the adoption of improved technologies to increase energy efficiency and profitability in crop production, ethanol conversion, and coproduct use. Life cycle assessment can evaluate the impact of these changes on

September 03, 2009 Read Full Article

Banned in Boston: Massachusetts Moves to Strike Algae, Miscanthus, Switchgrass, Oil from Microorganisms, from Qualifying Under Clean Energy Biofuels Act

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Massachusetts, the state Department of Energy Resources, in coordination with the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs, announced that it would ban all biofuels not made using waste feedstocks from qualifying under the

August 19, 2009 Read Full Article

Row Over US Biofuel Rules Intensifies

by Cath Everett (BusinessGreen.com)  Corn ethanol industry accuses EPA of influencing independent panel to boost support for controversial biofuel carbon life cycle regulations.  An independent peer review of proposed US biofuel regulations has only served to intensify a long-running dispute

August 14, 2009 Read Full Article

EPA Announces Peer Review Findings on the Lifecycle Analysis for the Proposed Rule to Implement the Expanded Renewable Fuel Standard Program

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (''EPA'') announces the availability of documents pertaining to the expert peer review record completed on the Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2) Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Analysis.   On May 5, 2009, EPA announced proposed revisions to

August 12, 2009 Read Full Article

Renewable Fuels Association Team, Other Stakeholders Unable to Verify EPA ILUC Analysis Results

In a letter to the US Environmental Protection Agency Administrator, the Renewable Fuels Association explains that stakeholders are unable to replicate or verify the analysis used by EPA in its international indirect land use change model. The best and most common way for

August 11, 2009 Read Full Article

Corn Farmers Coalition Publishes The Corn Fact Book

....  There is plenty of corn to eat and plenty for making ethanol and plenty for feeding cattle and plenty more to export and still more to make chemicals and fabric. After peaking briefly in July 2008 at more than

August 05, 2009 Read Full Article

Biofuels 'Done Right' Can Curb Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Provide Other Benefits

by Chris Emery  (Princeton News)   Biofuels derived from renewable sources can be produced in large quantities and address many problems related to fossil fuels, including greenhouse gas emissions, but only if they are made from certain sources, according to a new

July 21, 2009 Read Full Article

Senate Energy and Natural Resources Chair Wants to Refine the Renewable Fuel Standard

by Senator Jeff Bingaman (D-NM)  (Politico)  ...(W)e envisioned a biofuels industry that would move beyond corn ethanol. Scientists, the environmental community and some cutting-edge entrepreneurs were confident that biofuels could come from a wide array of feedstocks and use an

July 17, 2009 Read Full Article

Biofuels are a Long-Term Renewable Solution

by Senator John Thune (R-SD)  (Politico)   As Congress, the administration and the private sector look for ways to reduce our consumption of imported oil, we should not overlook the most readily available domestic alternative to imported oil: biofuels. The development

July 13, 2009 Read Full Article

Senate Ag Panel's Members Look to Stake Major Claim in Climate Bill

by Allison Winter  (New York Times, ClimateWire)   ... Chairman Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) and other members of his panel say they want to ensure any effort at wide-ranging climate legislation in the Senate will include all of the provisions that House Agriculture

July 10, 2009 Read Full Article

EPA Extends Renewable Fuel Standard Comment Period to September 25

 EPA is extending the comment period for the proposed rule "Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Changes to the Renewable Fuel Standard Program." Under the Federal Register Notice, published May 26, 2009. the public comment period was set to end

July 06, 2009 Read Full Article

New Zealand Green Party Introduces Sustainable Biofuels Legislation

A bill introduced in the New Zealand Parliament re-instates the legal framework for selling sustainable biofuels in New Zealand without violating World Trade Organization obligations. It does not distinguish between imported and locally produced biofuel, but requires both to meet the sustainability

July 02, 2009 Read Full Article

EPA Grants California Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards Waiver Request

EPA is granting California’s waiver request enabling the state to enforce its greenhouse gas emissions standards for new motor vehicles, beginning with the current model year.   ...   The first California waiver request was made in December 2005 and was subsequently

July 01, 2009 Read Full Article

House Ag Committee Chair Reaches Climate Change Bill Agreement

 House Agriculture Committee Chairman Collin C. Peterson issued the following statement on an agreement with House Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Henry Waxman on the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009. "We have reached an agreement that works for

June 24, 2009 Read Full Article

A Fair Accounting of Greenhouse Gases For All Potential Transportation Fuels

by Bob Dinneen, Renewable Fuels Association It is troubling--and, at the same time, sadly amusing--that an enterprising reporter at USA Today has done more homework on the possible indirect effects of increased renewable electricity generation than scores of analysts at

June 24, 2009 Read Full Article

Biofuels and Greenhouse Gas Emissions on a Collision Course

by  Dr. Robert Wisner,   Biofuels Economist,   Ag Marketing Resource Center,   Iowa State University The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 (1) requires a gradual increase in the volume of various kinds of biofuels to be blended with U.S. motor

June 24, 2009 Read Full Article

BIO Focuses on Advanced Biofuels Asking EPA to Maintain Flexibility in Life Cycle Analysis for Renewable Fuel Standard

Large uncertainties in calculating international land use change effects and associated greenhouse gas emissions remain in the Environmental Protection Agency's life cycle assessment of biofuels for the Renewable Fuel Standard. The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) today asked EPA to maintain

June 17, 2009 Read Full Article

Harkin: Indirect Land Use Won't Stand Up to Scientific Scrutiny

by Dan Looker.  Talking to reporters, Senate Agriculture Committee Chairman Tom Harkin (D-IA) said he doubts that the final rule from the Environmental Protection Agency on a new renewable fuel standard will have the same use of indirect land use that

June 16, 2009 Read Full Article

Pelosi, US House Farm Chief Discuss Climate Bill

Speaker Nancy Pelosi met the House Agriculture Committee chairman Collin Peterson to discuss the climate change bill that he opposes but which is a priority for House Democrats this year.  ... Peterson announced opposition to the climate bill a month ago

June 16, 2009 Read Full Article

“Drama Building for Biofuels in California”: a Biofuels Digest Special Report

Being a standard-bearer requires heroic endeavors, and perhaps inevitably, epic miscalculations as well.  This is the situation of the California Air Resources Board (ARB) in its recent announcement of the Low Carbon Fuel Standard for alternative fuels .” For so long the

June 16, 2009 Read Full Article

DTN and The Guardian/Greenpeace Report on Brazil Deforestation

By Kieran Gartlan (DTN):  The transformation began last year when a controversial study was published in Science Magazine by environmentalist Tim Searchinger. It introduced the innocuous four-letter acronym ILUC, or Indirect Land Use Change.  According to ILUC theory, corn used for

June 01, 2009 Read Full Article

Nowhere Does the Energy Independence and Security Act Mention “International Indirect Land Use Change”

Thoughts from Joanne Ivancic, Executive Director, Advanced Biofuels USA. There has been a lot of controversy about “indirect land use change” analysis related to figuring out how much greenhouse gas emissions result from the production of biofuels. Looking closely at

May 29, 2009 Read Full Article

Manning Feraci, National Biodiesel Board Concerned About Proposed EPA RFS GHGRule

... It appears that the EPA, in determining the ghg profile for biodiesel, is penalizing the U.S. biodiesel industry for land use decisions made outside the U.S. that have little if anything to do with the domestic biodiesel production. A

May 12, 2009 Read Full Article

Biofuels in Asia: An Analysis of Sustanability Options

(Clean Energy Asia)  The purpose of this report is to provide an objective and comprehensive regional analysis summarizing the benefits and risks of biofuels development in Asia, and examining the istribution and use of biofuels through the lens of global

March 30, 2009 Read Full Article

Defining Sustainability: Science, Standards, and Scorecards: An Industrial Perspective on Sustainability

by Peter Halling (Novozymes, Inc.) He talked about an industry perspective, from the point of view of Novozymes, a company that actively pursues sustainability in its business practices. Novozymes is the world leader in industrial enzymes and microorganisms with 700

March 20, 2009 Read Full Article
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emissions carbon fiber carbon insets Carbon Intensity (CI)/Carbon Footprint carbon life cycle carbon markets Carbon Monoxide (CO) carbon negative carbon neutrality carbon offsets carbon pipeline carbon price carbon recycling carbon removal carbon sink carbon standard carbon tax Carbon tax border adjustments carbon tax-and-dividend carbon terminal carbon user fee Carbon Utilization and Biogas Education Program carbon-14 testing carbon-efficient fuels carbon/CO2 sequestration carcinogens cardoon Caribbean carinata carinata/brassica carinata carob CAS Registry cashew cashew apple Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) CASI Cassava cassava price cassava pulp cassava stalk castor bean castor stalk catalysis catalysts catalytic decarboxylation catalytic hydrothermal conversion catalytic hydrothermal conversion-to-jet (CHCJ) catalytic hydrothermal gasification catalytic hydrothermolysis jet CHJ pathway cattails cattle cavitation CBD (cannabidiol) CBG (compressed biogas) cell culturing cellulase 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point clover cmelina CNG Conversion kit co co-generation co-location Co-op Extension co-operative co-processing co-products CO2 Electrolysis CO2 neutral fuels CO2Removal Certificates (CORCs) coal Coal and Biomass to Liquid (CBTL) Coast Guard coastal habitat conservation coastal hay cobalt cock's foot coco coco methyl ester (CME) cocoa Coconut coffee coffee cherries coffee grounds coffee pulp cold flow cold-tolerance college/university Colombia Colorado combined heat and power (CHP) Comment Request commercial flights commercialization commissioning commo Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commodity trading common reed Community activity community college Community involvement/engagement community scale Community Wood Energy Program competition compliance compliance credits compost Compressed Natural Gas (CNG/R-CNG/bioCNG) compression ratios compression-ignition engine computer simulation concrete condensate Congo Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Connecticut Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) construction and demolition waste/debris consumer education contamination contest contrails conversion technology Cook Islands cook stoves cooking fuel cooperatives COP21 COP22 COP23 COP24 COP25 COP26 COP27 COP28 COP29 COP30 copper coppice cordgrass corn bran Corn cobs corn ethanol corn fiber corn growers corn harvest corn kernel corn meal corn oil corn oil/distillers corn oil (DCO) corn prices corn stalks corn stover corn supply corn surplus corn syrup corn-based products corn/maize Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards corporate social responsibility corrosion corruption CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) cosmetics Costa Rica cotton cotton seed hulls cotton seed oil cotton stalk cottonwood Council on Environmental Quality county cover crops cow rumen cracking Crambe crassulacean acid metabolism plants (CAM) crimes criteria pollutants Croatia crop crop insurance cropland croton crowdfunding crude oil Cuba cup plant cuphea currency/foreign exchange policy curriculum cusi cutworm caterpillars cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) cylindro Cyprus Czech Republic d D-3 (cellulosic) RINs D-4 (bio-based diesel) RINs d-5 D-5 (advanced biofuel) RINs D-6 (renewable fuel) RINs D-7 RINs (Cellulosic Diesel) D-8 (proposed) RINs D20 (20%DME) D5 (5%DME) dairy waste dandelion DARPA date kernel oil date palm date palm pits date palm waste Dates DDGS (distiller’s dried grains with solubles) dead zone decanol decision-support tool deep water drilling Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Defense Production Act deficit definitions deforestation defossilization Dehydration Delaware DeltaWing demonstration demonstration scale/unit Denmark densify density Department of Agriculture (USDA) Department of Commerce Department of Defense (DOD) Department of Education Department of Energy (DOE) Department of Health and Human Services Department of Homeland Security 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drought drought tolerant drought-resistant dry ice dual cropping Dubai duckweed e e-diesel e-LNG (synthetic/electro Liquified Natural Gas) e-methanol e-NG (synthetic natural gas) E. coli E0 E0 price E1 E10 E10 certification fuel E10 price E100 E100 conversion kit E11 E12 E13 E15 E15 price E15 pumps E2 E20 E20 price E20 pumps E22 E25 E25 pumps E27 E3 E30 E30 capable E30 certification fuel E30 optimized E30 price E30 pumps E35 E4 E40 E40 conversion kit E40 pumps E5 E5 price E50 E55 E6 E7 E70 diesel E75 E78 E8 E80 E85 E85 conversion kit E85 optimized engines E85 price E85 pumps E90 E92 E95 E97 E98 earthquakes East Africa Eastern Europe economic development Economic Development Administration economic modeling economic policy economics Ecosystems Services Ecuador ED7 (7% ethanol 93% diesel) ED95 education Education Series 3030 educational business private educational tour EERE efficiency egg shell Egypt El Salvador Electric aircraft Electric Car/Electric Vehicle (EV) electric car/Electric 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(FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices feedstock storage feedstock terminal feedstock transportation Feedstocks fermentation ferry fertilizer fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) Fischer-Tropsch/FT fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flameleaf sumac flavors flax fleet turnover Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests Flightpath flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum 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High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) high octane low carbon (HOLC) fuel High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project high sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Hong Kong Honge tree nuts hops horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 HVO20 HVO30 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrid ships hybrids hydrocarbon fuels Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction hydroformylation hydrogen aircraft hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps/fueling 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