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Greasezilla Selected to Be the Fats, Oils and Grease (FOG) Separation Technology for the Danbury Wastewater Treatment Center

(Greasezilla/Informed Infrastructure)   Greasezilla™, the most cost-effective and ecological brown grease separator available, is pleased to announce it has been selected as an integral part of a new state-of-the-art FOG-to-Biodiesel receiving station

September 23, 2019 Read Full Article

The Golden Cow – Is India the Place to Be for Biofuels?

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest)  … Is India the cash cow for biofuels? Or even the golden cow? If Aemetis’ recent 200% year over year increase in biodiesel sales is

August 19, 2019 Read Full Article

City-Based Scientists Develop New Biodiesel Plant Tech — Biodiesel from Feedstock with Free Fatty Acid up to 10%

(Tribune News Service) Scientists at the Centre of Excellence for Farm Machinery (CoEFM) here have developed the technology of ‘Semi-continuous Biodiesel Plant’. This technology represents a simplified process to produce biodiesel

July 17, 2019 Read Full Article

Renewable Biodiesel Maker Plans $58.7 Million Plant near Hull

by Dave Dreeszen (Sioux City Journal)   A biofuels manufacturer is seeking $2.8 million in state incentives to build a $58.7 million plant near Hull. The proposed ReadiFuels-Iowa plant would produce

February 22, 2019 Read Full Article

Aemetis India Plant Completes Capacity Expansion to 50 million Gallons Per Year of Biodiesel from Lower Cost, High FFA Feedstock

(Aemetis/Globe Newswire) Expanding Demand from India Government and Domestic Customers —  Aemetis, Inc. (“Aemetis” or the “Company”) (NASDAQ: AMTX) announced today that its Universal Biofuels subsidiary has completed a two-year upgrade of the

January 10, 2019 Read Full Article

Al-Corn Clean Fuel Support MN FFA

by Cindy Zimmerman (Energy.AgWired.com)  Al-Corn Clean Fuel has been recognized by the Minnesota FFA Foundation for the company’s support of programing throughout southeast and southern Minnesota. The partnership between Al-Corn Clean Fuel and the

December 7, 2018 Read Full Article

The 40 Hottest Technologies in the Advanced Bioeconomy 2018

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In California, Impossible Foods took the #1 spot in the 2018 “40 Hottest Technologies in the Advanced Bioeconomy” rankings, published today in The Digest, the world’s

November 9, 2018 Read Full Article

West Coast Biodiesel Consolidation: Crimson Acquires SeQuential

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine)  California-based biodiesel producer Crimson Renewable Energy LP has acquired SeQuential, a vertically integrated biodiesel producer based in Oregon. With the acquisition, Crimson will gain increased feedstock

November 6, 2018 Read Full Article

Innovations in Biomass-Based Diesel

by Susanne Retka Schill (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Two ethanol producers are adopting quite different innovative technologies to add value to their corn oil—one making biodiesel with supercritical methods, the other making

October 24, 2018 Read Full Article

Sylvatex, Trucent Announce Scale up of MicroX Technology

(Trucent/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Sylvatex Inc. and Trucent recently announced successful scale up and blending of MicroX renewable blendstock from an optimized distillers corn oil (DCO) to free fatty acid (FFA) hydrolysis

October 19, 2018 Read Full Article

Sylvatex and Its Remarkable Progress Near the Land of Misfit Feedstocks

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  From California comes the happy news that Sylavatex CEO Virginia Klausmeier is expecting a new child in a couple of weeks, and that the significant scale-up

October 2, 2018 Read Full Article

Top 10 Biodiesel Trends 2018: What’s up with the World’s Favorite Advanced Biofuel?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  … We’ve organized the state of biodiesel into 10 areas of vital interest ranging from the development of markets to the entry of ancillary products and

June 7, 2018 Read Full Article

Upgraded Aemetis Plant in India Completes Biodiesel Production Using Lower Cost, High FFA Waste Feedstock

(EconoTimes/Aemetis)  Pre-treatment Unit Passes First Production Tests Required to Supply BP Singapore Under Three-year Agreement  —  Aemetis, Inc. (NASDAQ: AMTX) announced today that its Universal Biofuels subsidiary completed the production of high quality distilled

April 26, 2018 Read Full Article

Vive le ROI: Has Sylvatex Uncovered a Gold Mine in Renewable Fuels?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  One of the purest, high-yield financial plays we have ever seen in the energy business is possibly emerging, one that could put fracking returns to shame. Vive

February 15, 2018 Read Full Article

Against the Odds

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine)  Continued investment and expansion took place in the U.S. biodiesel sector throughout 2017, despite rising political uncertainty and a lapsed tax credit. Here is an overview

January 24, 2018 0 comment Read Full Article

California Ethanol Mill to Build Novel Biodiesel Refinery On-Site

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine)  A California ethanol plant is being awarded a grant from the state energy commission to help build a biodiesel production facility on-site. Calgren Renewable Fuels,

April 5, 2017 Read Full Article

Alternative Feedstock & Process Technology Overview

by Will Smith (Springhouse Consulting/Biodiesel Magazine)  While the majority of U.S. biodiesel is still produced from soybean and canola oil, the role of alternative feedstock has increased steadily over the

January 23, 2017 Read Full Article

A California Company Develops Nanotechnology Combining Ethanol with Corn Oil for a New Blendstock that Reduces Diesel Emissions

by Debbie Sniderman (Ethanol Producer Magazine/VI Ventures LLC)  One of the biggest technology upgrades for the ethanol industry in the past decade has been corn oil extraction. If Virginia Klausmeier and

November 21, 2016 Read Full Article

Putting Poor Quality Waste Fats into Good Use While Keeping an Eye on Algae Oil and Waste Plastic

(Neste)  Neste has become the world’s largest producer of renewable fuels from waste and residues as a result of long-term work. This pioneer in the field has an exceptionally extensive

October 13, 2016 Read Full Article

Duonix Beatrice Begins Commercial-Scale Biodiesel Production Using Innovative ENSEL Technology

(Business Wire/Flint Hills Resources)  First-of-its-kind plant capable of producing high-quality, cost-competitive biodiesel from a multitude of advantaged, non-edible feedstocks  —  Flint Hills Resources and Benefuel® Inc. announced today the startup

September 14, 2016 Read Full Article

Duel Fuel–Colocating Ethanol, Biodiesel

by Keith Loria (Ethanol Producer Magazine)   Biodiesel tanks are popping up in the tank farms at some ethanol plants these days. — During the past decade, there has been a great

April 15, 2016 Read Full Article

REG’s Rolling Thunder: What Did Not Kill Them (Falling Oil Prices), Made Them Stronger

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  … It’s been a couple of years since we visited REG and the difference is palpable. The company has become a little ADM, rather than a

April 5, 2016 Read Full Article

What Biodiesel Producers Should Know about Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine)  If your glycerin or free fatty acids may find their way into the food or feed supply, you must comply with the daunting Food Safety

January 28, 2016 Read Full Article

Pertamina to Buy 1.84 million Kilolitre of Fatty Acids for Biodiesel

(Jakarta Globe)  State energy giant Pertamina has signed contracts with 11 biofuel companies to supply 1.84 million kiloliter of fatty acid methyl ester, a chemical used to create biodiesel. The

November 23, 2015 Read Full Article

New Biobased Projects Around the World

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Who’s building what, where, now. 29 projects in construction or in commissioning in Africa, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Australia, and the Americas Despite low

November 18, 2015 Read Full Article

Preparing For Duonix Biodiesel Plant Start-Up

by  Doug Kennedy (KWBE)  A biodiesel plant at the northwest edge of Beatrice is getting ready for the start of operations, by planning to do some testing procedures, soon. … Crews

November 13, 2015 Read Full Article

Firefighters Train with Duonix Biodiesel

by Jory Schweers  (Beatrice Daily Sun)   Beatrice Fire Department has been working with the Duonix Biodiesel plant west of town to ensure that all safety measures are being met before

October 7, 2015 Read Full Article

Is HVO the Holy Grail of the World Biodiesel Market?

(Greenea)  Overcapacity, shortage of sustainable feedstock, blending wall… they all contribute to the increasingly challenging situation on the biodiesel market in Europe. At the same time, new HVO investments start

September 8, 2015 Read Full Article

Scotland’s Argent Energy Commissions BDI for Multifeedstock Plant

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine)  Austria-based BDI-BioEnergy International AG announced it has been commissioned to implement the next phase of construction—installation of multifeedstock technology—at Argent Energy (U.K.) Ltd.’s 13 MMgy

August 26, 2015 0 comment Read Full Article

Andhra Pradesh, Telangana Have Miles to Go for Biofuels

by V. Nilesh (Deccan Chronicle)  The government’s national policy on biofuels which aims to blend 20 per cent biofuels by 2017 seems a farfetched dream, at least in the case of

August 18, 2015 Read Full Article

BDI Successfully Completes RetroFit Project in Spain

(BDI)  BDI – BioEnergy International AG has successfully completed the expansion of a BioDiesel plant in Spain. Oils and animal fats with very high FFA-content will in the future be

May 14, 2015 Read Full Article

Catalyst for Green Biodiesel Production from Unrefined Feedstock

(Research Asia Research News/The Hong Kong Polytechnic University)  Researchers at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University have developed a durable catalyst for green biodiesel production from low grade feedstock through one-step

May 13, 2015 Read Full Article

Biodiesel from Waste Grease

(National University of Singapore) A team of NUS researchers from the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering has developed a set of environment-friendly techniques to produce biodiesel entirely from waste grease

April 30, 2015 0 comment Read Full Article

Biodiesel Plant Retrofitting Underway

by Scott Koperski  (Beatrice Daily Sun)  A massive retrofitting of the Duonix biodiesel plant in west Beatrice is underway and on schedule to put the plant into production later this

April 29, 2015 0 comment Read Full Article

TSCA Nomenclature May Be Barrier for Advanced Biofuels

(The Biobased and Renewable Products Advocacy Group/The Oil Price Information Network)  (The Oil Price Information Network (OPIS) spoke with BRAG’s Richard E. Engler, Ph.D., Senior Policy Advisor with B&C, regarding

April 16, 2015 Read Full Article

Lund Researchers Develop Optimized Two-Phase Enzymatic Process for Production of Biodiesel

(Green Car Congress) Researchers at Lund University (Sweden) have developed an optimized two-phase enzymatic (lipase) system for the conversion of plant oils to biodiesel. Applied to the solvent-free ethanolysis of rapeseed

April 7, 2015 Read Full Article

A New Source of Biofuel – Leather Sludge

(Reuters)  In the Czech Republic, researchers at Tomas Bata University are working with the fat leftovers from leather production called fleshings to produce biodiesel from an otherwise toxic waste. Burning

March 4, 2015 Read Full Article

The Neodiesel Revolution Heads Offshore: Benefuel, Felda Expand in Malaysia

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  It’s New, it’s Neo — the neodiesel companies — brimming with technologies to create cleaner alternatives to a powerhouse fuel. They have the performance, half

March 4, 2015 Read Full Article

SRS & BEI Partner to Develop Enzyme Catalyst Transesterification

(SRS International/PR.com)  SRS and Biodiesel Experts have developed a transesterification system for biodiesel production process that utilizes enzymes efficiently to produce quality biodiesel on any scale. While using high-FFA feedstock,

February 10, 2015 Read Full Article

Biodiesel 2015: The Top 14 Trends for the New Year

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  New technologies, new markets, new research and most of the same policy challenges, as we look at the 14 top trends for 2015. … 1.

January 21, 2015 Read Full Article

Immobilized Enzyme Technology Enters Commercial Stage

by Ahmed Tafesh (TransBiodiesel/Biodiesel Magazine)  TransBiodiesel supplies its flagship product to the biodiesel production industry under the brand name TransZyme A, providing the best use cost when dealing with high-FFA feedstock,

December 31, 2014 Read Full Article

Continual Improvements to Continuous Flow Production

by Ming Chai and Gus Kellogg (Greenleaf Biofuels/Biodiesel Magazine)   As most biodiesel start-ups will find, the relatively simple academic theory of converting triglycerides into alkyl esters is not so simple

December 31, 2014 Read Full Article

Ever-Evolving Biodiesel Technology Developments

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine) … Even so-called conventional chemical processing is riddled with original approaches and unique twists. A cookie-cutter industry biodiesel is not. While too many technologies exist in

December 31, 2014 Read Full Article

Viesel Develops Continuous Enzymatic Biodiesel Process

by Brent Chrabas (Viesel Fuel LLC/Biodiesel Magazine)  In collaboration with Tactical Fabrication of Dublin, Georgia, and Novozymes of Denmark, a novel biodiesel production technology developed by Viesel Skunk Works LLC

December 11, 2014 Read Full Article

Troll the Ancient Waste-Oil Carol : FFA la la la la la la la la la

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  “On the way” forever, talked up by all, deployed by some – technologies that handle high free fatty acid feedstocks like used cooking oil are

December 4, 2014 Read Full Article

Louisiana Entrepreneur Embodies Industry Switch from Emphasis on Biofuels to Bioproducts

by Joanne Ivancic* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  Golden Leaf Energy’s Troy A. Clark grew up in Louisiana. Studying chemical engineering at Tulane University brought him into contact with the oil industry.

September 23, 2014 0 comment Read Full Article

A Q&A with JatroDiesel

by Joanna Schroeder (DomesticFuel.com)  JatroDiesel’s technology has been selected by Patriot Renewable Fuels for its 4-5 million biodiesel facility under construction next to its ethanol plant in Annawan, Illinois. The biodiesel plant, when it goes

December 23, 2013 Read Full Article

INCBIO Has Secured an Order for the Supply of an 8,000MT/year High FFA Biodiesel Plant from Green Energy Group Limited in Hong Kong

(INCBIO)  Incbio, a leading Portuguese engineering company, who specializes in state of the art fully automated industrial ultrasonic Biodiesel plants, has signed a contract with Biofuel Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary

March 1, 2013 Read Full Article

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High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway funds highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Honge tree nuts Hong Kong hops horse bedding Horse manure horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrids hydrocarbon fuels hydrofaction hydrogen hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen fuel cells hydrogenolysis hydrogen pumps hydropower hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal liquefaction hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois illuppai ILUC (Indirect Land Use Change) import/export incinerator ash India Indiana Indian beech 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isooctene Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA jackfruit Jamaica jamelão Japan jatobá Jatropha Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 Jetfuel (Sustainable Alternative Jetfuel (SAJF)/Renewable Jetfuel (RJF) Jimmy Carter Jobs jojoba Jordan JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 JP-10 juniper jute K-12 Education Kabakanjagala kamani Kansas Kans grass Karanja Kazakhstan kelp Kemiri Sunan kenaf Kentucky Kenya kerosene ketones kinggrass Kiribati Knowledge Discovery Framework Korea Kosovo kudzu kukui nut kulpa Kuwait Kygryzstan labels Labrador lactose Lake County lamp oil landfill methane Landfills land ownership land prices land rights landscape land subsidence land tenure land transfer land use land use change land use policy Laos Latin America Latvia LCFS (Low Carbon Fuel Standard) lead Leadtree Lebanon legislation Legislation-Federal Legislation-State lemna lend-lease Lesotho lesquerella leucaena Liberia Libya licensing lichens life cycle analysis (LCA) lignin Lignocellulosic Biofuel lignocellulosic sugars Lipid liquefaction liquid liquidation liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M3 M15 M50 M100 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Biofuel marine algae Marine Corps Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methanation methane/biomethane methane leaks Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbe microbes microbiology microorganizms microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molybdenum Monaco mongongo Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol nahar Namibia nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Lab National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Transportation Safety Board Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gasoline natural gas prices natural gas vehicles Navy Nebraska neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick Newfoundland new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand next generation biofuels next generation vehicles NHRA drag racing Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate 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ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree payments peaches peak oil peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot scale pine pineapple pine beetle pine nut pinion pipelines Pistacia chinensis PLA plant cell research plant cell walls plant oil plastic plastic-to-jet Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) plume grass Poland Policy politics pollinators pollution pollution control polyfuel polymer polymerization polysaccharides pomace pomegranates pongamia pongamia pinnata poplar poppy population control Portable refinery Portugal poster sessions potamogeton potassium potato poultry litter power-to-gas prairie grasses pre-processing precision farming/agriculture precursors/biointermediates premium gasoline Pretreatment pretreatment equipment price price of water prickly pear Prince Edward Island process flow diagram producer tax credit Production tax credit productivity project insurance propagating Propane/Biopropane/Renewable Propane propanol property insurance protectionism protein protests public comments public health policy Puerto Rico pulp Pulp/Paper Mill pump retrofit kit pumps pungam Punnai tree pyrolysis Q-RIN QAP Qatar quality assurance Quality Assurance Plans (QAPs) quality improvement quantum dots Quebec Queensland quote of the week R33 rabbits race radiata pine Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing railroad rainforest RAND rare earth metal RD20 RD30 RD99 RD100 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit Renewable Diesel/Green 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RHD100 Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS) Rhode Island Ricardo rice rice bran oil rice hulls rice husks rice straw RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) RIMPAC RINs (Renewable Identification Numbers) RINs markets RINs price risk management RJ-4 RJ-6 RME (rape methyl ester) RME180 RNA (Ribonucleic acid) roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rotation crops royalties RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass s saccharification Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC SAK sales Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy Scotland scum sea level rise seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed-to-wheel seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale gas shale oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple simarouba Singapore sisal SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smokestack soap social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar-to-fuels solar biofuels solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solid oxide fuel cell Solutions solvent liquefaction Somalia soot sorghum sorghum oil sorghum stover South Africa South America South Australia South Carolina South Dakota Southeast Asia Southern Africa South Korea South Pacific South Sudan Soviet Union SOx (Sulfur oxides) soybean prices soybeans soy meal Spain spartina specifications sprawl spruce Sri Lanka Stakeholders standards start-up State Department Statistics steam explosion steam reformation steel stevia stillage storage tanks Straight (pure) Vegetable Oil (SVO or PVO) stranded assets Strategic Bioenergy Reserve straw students sub-Saharan Africa sub-sim (substantially similar) succinic acid sucrose Sudan sugar sugar-to-biodiesel sugar-to-farnesane sugar-to-jetfuel Sugar Beets/Energy Beets sugar can sugar cane sugar cane prices sugar cane straw Sugar kelp sugar palm sugar platform sugar prices sugars sugars-to-fats sugar standards sulfur Sumatra sunflower supercritical fluid supercritical hydrolysis supply agreements supply chain Supreme Court surahart Suriname Sustainability Swaziland Sweden sweetgum sweet potatoes Sweet sorghum swine waste Switchgrass Switzerland sycamore syngas syngas fermentation synthetic biology synthetic diesel synthetic gasoline synthetic methane Syria 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