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Tag "enhanced oil recovery (EOR)"

Bill Aims to Create Clean Transportation Standard in Minnesota

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine) Legislation currently pending in Minnesota aims to establish a clean transportation standard that would require the state’s transportation fuels to achieve 100 percent reduction in carbon

March 16, 2023 Read Full Article

Midwest CO2 Pipeline Rush Creates Regulatory Chaos

by Mike Soraghan  (E&E News Energywire)  A complicated question is looming in the Midwest over plans to build thousands of miles of carbon dioxide pipelines: Who would regulate them? The answer

March 3, 2023 Read Full Article

A Blue State Asks: Is Carbon Capture Part of Climate Agenda?

by Jeffrey Tomich (E&E News/EnergyWire) …  Less clear, however, is whether (Gov. J.B) Pritzker and Illinois’ Democratic-led General Assembly are willing to embrace carbon capture — a third rail of climate politics

February 15, 2023 Read Full Article

Sen. Jeff Magrum Files 8 Bills Related to Summit Carbon Solutions Pipeline

by Jeff Beach (InForUm) Summit Carbon Solutions says its $4.5 billion pipeline project will help ethanol plants and corn growers but has been met with resistance from landowners. — The controversial

January 20, 2023 Read Full Article

Big Oil Talks ‘Transition’ but Perpetuates Petroleum, House Documents Say

by Steven Mufson and Timothy Puko (Washington Post) … For more than a year, the committee (House Oversight Committee) has been investigating a handful of major oil companies, along with two

December 26, 2022 Read Full Article

Fossils, Fertilizers, and False Solutions: How Laundering Fossil Fuels in Agrochemicals Puts the Climate and the Planet at Risk

(Center for International Environmental Law) Fertilizers and pesticides are interdependent inputs to a destructive food production model that is contributing to catastrophic biodiversity collapse, toxic pollution, and the violation of human

November 1, 2022 Read Full Article

Global Carbon Capture Capacity Due to Rise Sixfold by 2030

(Bloomberg NEF) More than $3 billion has been invested in carbon capture so far in 2022 — The global capacity for carbon capture in 2030 is set to increase sixfold from

October 21, 2022 Read Full Article

Where Should We Permanently Store Carbon Dioxide Removed from the Atmosphere?

(Heirloom Carbon) …  There is only one location big enough to permanently store the 6–10 billion tons of CO2 the world needs to be capturing from the atmosphere each year by

October 18, 2022 Read Full Article

The Persistence of Myth and Energy Infrastructure

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) If you’ve been around the renewable fuels movement, lately the renewable fuels industry, for any length of time, you’ve seen quite a few advocates and champions

October 12, 2022 Read Full Article

Troubled Carbon Capture Projects Dog US DOE ahead of New Spending Spree

by Karin Rives (S&P Global) … The San Juan plant is not the only carbon capture project receiving funds from the federal government that has struggled to become operational. With a

October 3, 2022 Read Full Article

Hennen: The CO2 Boom

by Scott Hennen (InForUm) Columnist Scott Hennen writes that North Dakota Gov. Burgum likens the state’s burgeoning CO2 industry to the creation of the Bakken in western North Dakota. — North

October 1, 2022 Read Full Article

Over $40M Investment to Kickstart $20B in Carbon Capture Projects

(Emissions Reduction Alberta/Carbon Capture Magazine) The Government of Alberta is investing over $40 million through Emissions Reduction Alberta (ERA) in 11 projects focused on advancing the province’s global leadership in

August 26, 2022 Read Full Article

The Ethanol Industry’s Commercial Capture

by Katie Schroeder (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  CO2 from corn ethanol plants is a great candidate for capture and sequestration because it is so clean. That also makes it a versatile

July 22, 2022 Read Full Article

Summit Carbon Solutions Equity Campaign for 5-state Carbon Capture Project Reaches $1 Billion in Commitments

(Forum News Service/Dickinson Press)  Summit Carbon Solutions is proposing to build the world’s largest carbon capture and sequestration project. Ethanol plants in Atwater and Granite Falls, Minnesota, are part of

May 13, 2022 Read Full Article

Breaking It Down Tax Credit Incentives for Carbon Sequestration: Potentially the Most Impactful U.S. Policy to Battle Climate Change

by Bryen Alperin, Gary Blitz, Sarah Grey, Steve Whittaker, John Koenig, John Pierce, and Jason Kuzma  (Carbon Capture Magazine) The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 expanded the 45Q tax credit,

May 9, 2022 Read Full Article

Proponents Say Storing Captured Carbon Underground Is Safe, But States Are Transferring Long-Term Liability for Such Projects to the Public

by Nicholas Kusnetz (Inside Climate News)  As companies propose storing carbon dioxide in depleted oil fields or saline aquifers, some states are putting themselves on the hook for future problems

May 2, 2022 Read Full Article

Giant Grass Miscanthus: Bioethanol Source with Negative CO2 Balance

(University of Hohenheim)  European collaborative project led by the University of Hohenheim shows: Combining bioethanol production with carbon storage can effectively reduce CO2.  A significant reduction in greenhouse gas is feasible.

April 22, 2022 Read Full Article

“Super Developing” Carbon Capture: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Carbon America

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Carbon Americashared this illuminating slide guide at ABLC Connect highlighting how they are a “super developer” with developing, building, financing, owning and operating carbon capture

April 19, 2022 Read Full Article

Occidental Is Eyeing California’s Clean Fuels Market to Fund Texas Carbon Removal Plant

by Nicholas Kusnetz (Inside Climate News) The oil company plans to remove carbon from the atmosphere and pump it into the ground to extract oil in the Permian Basin. Some climate

April 11, 2022 Read Full Article

Costs, Challenges, Current Projects: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to Carbon Capture

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  There are synergies with carbon capture and biofuel processes. This ABLC slide guide from Dave Collings at 1898 & Co. looks at the challenges of

March 23, 2022 Read Full Article

Infinium™ Enters into Strategic Alliance with Denbury for Ultra-Low Carbon Fuels Projects in Texas, Continuing Development Momentum

(Infinium)  Innovative electrofuels technology is aimed at decarbonizing the transportation sector — Infinium, a clean fuels innovator, announced today that the company has entered into a strategic alliance with US energy

February 28, 2022 Read Full Article

Carbon and Hydrogen Hubs Part 1: The Digest’s 2022 Multi-Slide Guide to GPI’s Atlas

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  What are the major components of a carbon and hydrogen hub? What’s the latest on carbon management and removal in the U.S.? How can hydrogen

February 14, 2022 Read Full Article

Shell’s Massive Carbon Capture Plant Is Emitting More Than It’s Capturing

by Anya Zoledziowski (Vice World News)  A new Global Witness report found that it has the same carbon footprint per year as 1.2 million gas-powered cars.  — A first-of-its-kind “green” Shell

January 21, 2022 Read Full Article

New IEAGHG Report: 2021-02 CO2 as a Feedstock: Comparison of CCU Pathways

(IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Program) A range of carbon dioxide capture technologies have been developed, including amine-based routes and calcium looping methods, some of which are now considered to be at

December 31, 2021 Read Full Article

Khanna Targets Enhanced Oil Recovery

by Matthew Choi (Politico’s Morning Energy)  Rep. Ro Khanna, who led the House Oversight Environment Subcommittee’s probe into the oil and gas industry earlier this year, wants to end tax

December 14, 2021 Read Full Article

New IEAGHG Report: 2021-02 CO2 as a Feedstock: Comparison of CCU Pathways

(IEAGHG) A range of carbon dioxide capture technologies have been developed, including amine-based routes and calcium looping methods, some of which are now considered to be at technology readiness level (TRL)

December 1, 2021 Read Full Article

What We Know about Two Carbon Capture Pipelines Proposed in Iowa

by Donnelle Eller (Des Moines Register)  … Two companies — Summit Carbon Solutions and Navigator CO2 Ventures — want to build pipelines that will be used to move carbon dioxide captured from

November 29, 2021 Read Full Article

Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in the United States

by Angela C. Jones and Ashley J. Lawson (Congressional Research Service)  Carbon capture and storage (or sequestration)—known as CCS—is a process that involves capturing man–made carbon dioxide (CO2) at its source and

October 27, 2021 Read Full Article

Whitecap Resources Inc. Partners with Federated Co-operatives Limited to Reduce CO2 Emissions in Saskatchewan

(Whitecap Resources Inc./CISION) Whitecap Resources Inc. (“Whitecap” or the “Company”) (TSX: WCP) is pleased to announce that it has signed a memorandum of understanding (“MOU”) with Federated Co-operatives Limited (“FCL”) to use

October 22, 2021 Read Full Article

The Oil Industry’s Bright Green Energy Future

by Mike Newman (Parhelion Underwriting) The Oil industry is under pressure on many fronts in the climate change era and faces an existential threat from alternative, renewable sources of energy

September 1, 2021 Read Full Article

Biprtisan Infrastructure Bill Includes $25 Billion in Potential New Subsidies for Fossil Fuels

by Alleen Brown (The Intercept)  Instead of reducing the role of fossil fuels in the economy, critics say, the bill subsidizes industry “greenwashing.” … The latest draft bill would make

August 4, 2021 Read Full Article

Burying CO2 Deep in ND’s Geology May Combat Climate Change. Is It Financially Feasible?

by Adam Willis (Forum News Service/Twin Cities Pioneer Press) For some of North Dakota’s legacy industries, like coal power, the future could depend on the capacity of companies to deliver on

August 3, 2021 Read Full Article

Lawsuits Target Exxon’s Social Media ‘Green Washing’

by Maxine Joselow  (E&E News Climatewire) Two years ago, Exxon Mobil Corp. took to Twitter to promote its research into algae biofuel. The oil giant tweeted a photo of swirling beakers of bright green

July 22, 2021 Read Full Article

Back to the Stone Age, or Everything I Really Needed to Know about Solving Climate Change, I Learned from Fred Flintstone

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  As someone once observed, the Stone Age did not end because we ran out of stones, and the Petroleum Age is not going to end

July 13, 2021 Read Full Article

Carbon Capture Is a No-Brainer Solution for Companies Facing Net-Zero Policy Goals

by Ian Palmer (Biofuels Digest) … Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an escape hatch, or an offset, to be used if there are “leftover” GHG emissions.  If a country is

July 7, 2021 Read Full Article

Big Oil (Probably) Isn’t Going Away Anytime Soon. But It’s Definitely Changing

by Camila Domonoske (NPR) … European companies – such as French multinational Total and British-based BP – are staking big bets on a pivot from oil to renewable power. Meanwhile,

June 9, 2021 Read Full Article

From Biodiesel, DME to Carbon Capture, PT Pertamina Realizes Sustainable Green Economy

(Antara News) In the framework to run the direction of the President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) regarding the Grand National Energy Strategy for energy transformation and strengthening green economy, green technology and

May 20, 2021 Read Full Article

New Milestone for Carbon Capture and Storage: Red Trail Energy and EERC Near Commercialization of CO2 Storage Technology

by Patrick C. Miller (UND Today)  After nearly 20 years of researching and developing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies as a means of mitigating climate change, the UND Energy & Environmental

April 21, 2021 Read Full Article

Kinder Morgan Seeks to Expand CO2 Business in Clean Energy Push

by Sergio Chapa (Bloomberg News) Pipeline giant Kinder Morgan Inc. plans to expand its carbon-capture business, joining the ranks of major oil and gas companies capitalizing on clean energy investing. Fueled

April 2, 2021 Read Full Article

Carbon Capture Coalition Applauds Introduction of Bipartisan Senate Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Tax Credit Amendments Act

(Carbon Capture Coalition)  Robust Legislation Addresses Top Two Coalition Priorities from New Federal Policy Blueprint — The Carbon Capture Coalition today endorsed the bipartisan Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage Tax Credit

March 26, 2021 Read Full Article

U.S. Grains Council, Growth Energy, RFA Comment on Proposed Canada Clean Fuel Regulations

by Helena Tavares Kennedy (Biofuels Digest) In Washington, D.C., the U.S. Grains Council, Growth Energy and the Renewable Fuels Association submitted joint comments to Environment and Climate Change Canada, regarding its proposed

March 8, 2021 Read Full Article

North Dakota Bill Would Benefit CCS Projects at Ethanol Plants

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Representatives of the North Dakota ethanol industry on Jan. 20 testified in favor of a bill that aims to create a sales and use tax

January 26, 2021 Read Full Article

Coal, Ethanol Industries Seek Sales Tax Exemption for Carbon Storage Projects

by Amy R. Sisk (Bismark Tribune)  Several North Dakota coal and ethanol plants are inching closer to capturing the carbon dioxide they generate and storing it underground, and they’re asking

January 21, 2021 Read Full Article

SCALE Act Could Help Ethanol Plants Transport CO2 to Customers

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) Reps. Marc Veasey, D-Texas; David McKinley, R-W.V.; Cheri Bustos, D-Ill.; and Pete Stauber, R-Minn., on Dec. 16 introduced the Storing CO2 and Lowering Emissions (SCALE)

December 22, 2020 Read Full Article

Incentives Spur Investors to Pick Up Pace on Low-Carbon Projects

by Dean Scott (Bloomberg Law) Growing interest in combining federal, state credits in low-carbon projects; Congress’ inaction on 45Q credit extension a worrying sign for new efforts  — A mix of

December 1, 2020 Read Full Article

Committee to Review Wyo. Carbon Capture, Utilization

by Jeremy Dillon (County 17/E&E News)  The Senate Environment and Public Works Committee will head to Wyoming this week for a field hearing to analyze the state’s efforts on carbon capture

August 19, 2020 Read Full Article

The Door Is Open for Ethanol Producers and CCS

by Roxby Hartley (EcoEngineers/Ethanol Producer Magazine) Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is receiving a lot of traction thanks to two exciting developments in 2018 and 2019: 1)      California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard

May 18, 2020 Read Full Article

There’s More than One Way to Save the Planet! Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Another New Market for Bioenergy

by Mike Newman (Parhelion Underwriting/Biofuels Digest)  Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is an important strategy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change.  CCS is a process by which large amounts

March 18, 2020 Read Full Article

45Q, the Tax Credit That’s Luring US Companies to Capture CO2 — Cement, Ethanol, and Ammonia Makers Are among Those Looking to Convert Waste Carbon to Cash

by Melody M. Bomgardner (Chemical & Engineering News) …  The most effective policies, economists and industrialists agree, are those that put a price on carbon. Doing so with a tax

February 27, 2020 Read Full Article

IRS Unveils 45Q Guidance

by Kelsey Tamborrino (Politico’s Morning Energy)  Almost two years after Congress initially expanded a tax incentive for carbon capture and sequestration projects as part of its 2018 budget bill, the IRS

February 20, 2020 Read Full Article

Carbon Capture Initiatives and 45Q

by Cácia Pimentel* (Advanced Biofuels USA) On February 15th the Center on Global Energy Policy (CGEP) Carbon Management Research Initiative and the Women in Energy program hosted a panel of experts to

February 18, 2020 Read Full Article

The New Carbon Economy: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Waste Carbon Utilization and Management

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Electrification and batteries can’t remove the need for carbon,and a more sustainable economy is not a low-carbon economy as much as it will be a renewable

January 27, 2020 Read Full Article

Capture Carbon Dioxide to Reduce Climate Change

by John R. Snyder (Post Register)  …  That is, to reverse climate change, carbon dioxide currently in the atmosphere must be removed and new emissions of CO2 must stop. … Carbon

January 23, 2020 Read Full Article

Carbon Capture Technologies: Biomass Industry’s Unique Opportunity

by Jessie Stolark (Biomass Magazine/Carbon Capture Coalition)  Spurred by interest and growing recognition of the role biomass can play in mitigating climate change, project developers and policy makers are putting

January 14, 2020 Read Full Article

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Administration (FAA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices Feedstocks feedstock storage feedstock transportation fermentation ferry fertilizer F Factor fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch/FT Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK/A) fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose Fixed Base Operator (FBO) flavors flax Fleets fleet turnover fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) flight tests flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources forestry Forest Service forklifts fossil carbon fossil fuel Frace fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) free fatty acids (FFA) freight/cargo French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon gallium games gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasificatio gasification gasoline gasoline-range hydrocarbons gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gas prices gas tax/highway user fee Gemany General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal Germany Gerrmany Ghana ghg GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo gliricidia sepium global warming glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats gorse Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government resources government subsidies grains grain sorghum/milo grain speculators GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grease Great Green Fleet Greece green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy Green Jobs Greenland Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery GREET Greenhouse Gases Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation Model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana gypsum Haiti Halophytes harvesting harvest site processing Hawai'i hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat-tolerance heather heating oil/fuel heat of combustion heat of vaporization Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) hibiscus high-octane/low-carbon (HOLC) liquid fuels high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Hydrogen Content Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HHC-SPK) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras Honge tree nuts Hong Kong horticulture Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HPF (High Performance Fuels) HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet) human rights Hungary Hurricane Sandy HVO (Hydrotreated vegetable oil) HVO20 HVO100 Hybrid aircraft hybrid buses hybrid locomotive hybrids Hydrocarbon-Hydroprocesed Esters and Fatty Acids (HC-HEFA-SPK) hydrocarbon fuels hydrodeoxygenation hydrodiesel hydrofaction Hydrogen/Renewable Hydrogen hydrogen aircraft hydrogenase hydrogenation hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD) hydrogen carrier hydrogen combustion engines hydrogen fuel cells hydrogen leaks hydrogenolysis hydrogen pipeline hydrogen price hydrogen pumps hydrogen terminal hydropower Hydroprocessed fermented sugars to synthetic isoparaffins (HFS-SIP) hydroprocessing hydropyrolysis hydrothermal carbonization hydrothermal gasification hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) hydrothermal treatment Hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) hydrotreating hydrotreatment hydrous ethanol hypoxia zone Iceland Idaho Illinois ILUC (Indirect/Induced Land Use Change) import/export India Indiana Indian grass indirect effects indirect emissions indirect fuel use change indium Indonesi Indonesia industrial burners industrial ethanol industrial gases industrial sugars industrial waste industrial waste gases IndyCar infographic Infrastructure inhibitors innovation insecticide/pesticide insects insurance integrated biorefineries integrated food/energy systems intellectual property Inter-American Development Bank inter-crop interactive map intercropping internal combustion engine internal combustion engine/gasoline engine ban International international balance of payments International Energy Agency (IEA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Sustainability and Carbon Certification model(ISCC) International Trade International Trade Administration International Trade Commission Internships inulin invasive species Investing investment tax credit Invvesting ionic liquids Iowa IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran Iraq Ireland iridium iron iron oxide IRS (Internal Revenue Service) IS 1460 ISO 8217 (marine distillate fuel standard) ISO 9000 isobutanol isobutanol price isobutanol pump price isobutene isobutylene isomerisation isooctane isooctene isopropanol Israel Italy Ivory Coast JAA Jamaica Japan jatobá Jatropha Jersey Jerusalem artichoke jet jet A Jet A-1 jet B Jetfuel (Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)) Jimmy Carter Jobs Joint Office of Energy and Transportation jojoba Jordan JP-4 JP-5 JP-8 JP-10 Just A MInute Just Transition jute K-12 Education kalanchoe Kansas 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neem negative carbon emissions neodymium Nepal net energy balance Netherland Netherlands Nevada New Brunswick Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador new fuel approval New Guinea New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New South Wales New York New Zealand next generation biofuels next generation vehicles Nicaragua nickel Niger Nigeria nipa sap nitrate leaching nitrates nitrogen Nitrogen fertiliser nitrous oxide (N2O) Niue NO2 nopal North Africa North America North Carolina North Dakora North Dakota Northeast Northern Ireland Northern Territory North Korea Northwest Territories Norway Noth Dakota Nova Scotia NOx (nitrogen oxides) noxious weeds nuclear Nunavut nutraceuticals nutrient credit trading nutrient management nutrients nutrition nut shells oak oat hulls oats oat straw Obligated Parties/Point of Obligation (PoO) ocean-based energy Oceania octane octane price/value octanol Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Science and 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palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent (POME) palm oil prices palm waste Paludiculture/peatland cultivation Panama pandas panic grass papaya paper Papua Indonesia Papua New Guinea paraffins Paraguay Paris Agreement parity partial waiver particulates pasture land Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patents pathways Paulownia paulownia tree peaches peach shell peak oil peak oil demand peanuts/groundnuts peas pectin peela kaner pellet pellets Pennsylvania pennycress/stinkweed pentane pentanol pentose pequi perennial grains perennial grasses Performance permitting Peru pest-tolerance pesticide-tolerance pests pet food petition petroleum pharmaceuticals phase separation Philippines phosphorus photobioreactor photoelectrocatalysis photoelectrochemical photolysis photosynthesis phragmites pigeon pea pilot pilot scale pine pineapple pine beetle pine needles pine nut Pipeline and Hazardous 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Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy scooters Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation second-generation biofuel income tax credit Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shipping shipping containers Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver simarouba Singapore Singpore SK slash Slovakia Slovakia/Slovak Republic Slovenia sludge Small Business Administration small engines small refinery exemption (SRE) smog soapstock Social social benefit investing social cost social value social venture Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) soi soil soil amendments soil carbon soil health soil microbial biomass solar energy solar energy-to-chemical conversion solar fuel solaris solar thermochemical hydrogen (STCH) solid oxide fuel cell 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