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Co-Locating Renewable Diesel with Ethanol Biorefinery: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Saola Energy’s Renewable Diesel

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) NextChem was in the news yesterday with the big announcement that they will co-license GranBio’s patented technology for the production of second-generation ethanol, but at ABLC

August 4, 2020 Read Full Article

Algae’s State of Play: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to ABO’s Algae Industry Updates

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  What companies are investing and working in algae today? What about algae’s biomass production? The big players and partner industries? Initiatives for growing the algae industry?

July 16, 2020 Read Full Article

5 Ways to Reduce Costs in Integrated Biorefineries: The Digest’s 2020 Multi-Slide Guide to Enabling Lower-Cost Biofuels

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) just released a new report that outlines five specific, yet broadly applicable, areas of focus to reduce costs in an integrated

July 13, 2020 Read Full Article

2026 and the Case for Co-location of Biorefineries with Advanced Nuclear

by Ross Mazur and Joel Braden (Sustainable Fuels Consulting LLC/Biofuels Digest)  …Carbon-neutral Electricity For all of us whose product is sold in an LCFS or RFS-2 market, carbon-free electricity could

April 2, 2020 Read Full Article

The Bioeconomy Christmas: Uncle Sam puts $12B+ for Biomass-Based Diesel, Action on Biointermediates, Cellulosics, and Small Refinery Waivers into the Stocking This Year

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) This week, Congressional leaders announced a five-year extension of the biomass-based diesel tax credit as part of a year-end tax extenders package.  As Christmas gifts go,

December 20, 2019 Read Full Article

Forest Products Industry Barriers to Producing Biofuels

(Biorenewable Deployment Consortium) BDC is a 501c3 organization focused on education and brokering partnerships in order to accelerate the deployment of economic bioprocesses and assist the forest products industry to

September 16, 2019 Read Full Article

ABFA: Letter Urges EPA to Finalize Provisions in REGS Rule

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine)  A group of 15 companies sent a letter to Assistant EPA Administrator for Air and Radiation Bill Wehrum June 12 urging the agency to finalize provisions

June 20, 2019 Read Full Article

Spotlight: Adding Value Across the Board

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine)  Spotlighting the Minnesota Soybean Growers Association, which championed the nation’s first biodiesel mandate as a way to add value to surplus soybean oil, and RPS, whose

April 17, 2019 Read Full Article

The Next Chapter for Algae: The Farm Bill of 2018 Recognizes Algae as a Crop for the First Time. Will We Be Bold Enough to Treat It Like One?

by Rebecca White (iWi (Qualitas Health, Inc.)/Biofuels Digest)  This Wednesday marks a major milestone in the history of the American algae industry: the first meeting in which the Biomass R&D Board Technical Advisory

March 27, 2019 Read Full Article

Want a Bipartisan Push on Climate Change? Start With Unleashing American Biofuels

by Jeff Cosman (Morning Consult/Attis Industries Inc.)  …  And in November, a letter from the Department of Energy, the EPA and the United States Department of Agriculture to Congress laid out

February 6, 2019 Read Full Article

New Report Finds EPA Could Be Doing Much More to Unlock Growth of Low-Carbon Biofuels

by Jesse Stolark (Environmental and Energy Study Institute)  … The industry has been unable to produce the volumes called for under the advanced and cellulosic categories due to a variety

December 7, 2018 Read Full Article

The Laws of Biofuels Deployment, and TACs that Whack: Heard on the Floor at the CAAFI Annual Meeting

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) … This year, the TAC (Technical Advisory Committee of the Biomass R&D Board) did something about as audacious and rare as shouting loud praise of open

December 5, 2018 Read Full Article

Report on the Thermochemical Sciences Symposium at Auburn University

by Leyla Battista-Channell*  (Advanced Biofuels USA) Auburn, Alabama: Home to the Auburn tigers, the “loveliest village on the plains,” and this year’s host to the Thermochemical Sciences Symposium. Previously held

November 12, 2018 Read Full Article

The Complex Dynamics of Coprocessing

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine)  While oil refiners adding a small percentage of renewable feedstock to their operations sounds simple, the political, economic, technical, societal and market consequences are anything but. 

November 6, 2018 Read Full Article

Sylvatex, Trucent Announce Scale up of MicroX Technology

(Trucent/Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Sylvatex Inc. and Trucent recently announced successful scale up and blending of MicroX renewable blendstock from an optimized distillers corn oil (DCO) to free fatty acid (FFA) hydrolysis

October 19, 2018 Read Full Article

Public Work Group Meeting to Discuss Co-processing of Low-Carbon Feedstocks in Conventional Petroleum Refineries — October 19, 2018 — Sacramento, CA

    Public Work Group Meeting to Discuss Co-processing of Low-Carbon Feedstocks in Conventional Petroleum Refineries — October 19, 2018 — Sacramento, CA

(California Air Resources Board)  This event is intended to communicate staff guidance as well as solicit stakeholder feedback related to fuel pathway applications under the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) Regulation

October 5, 2018 Read Full Article

Determining the Renewability of Co-Processed Fuels

(UFOP/ECOFYS)  To report the biofuel content (i.e. the renewable share) of the outputs when biogenic and fossil components are coprocessed, a robust, consistent and transparent methodology is needed. There are several

September 25, 2018 Read Full Article

Bioenergy (Biofuels/Biomass) RFS Roundup: To Grow Cellulosic Fuel Volumes, Address Low Hanging Fruit in RFS Changes

by Jessie Stolark (Energy and Environmental Study Institute)  On Wednesday July 25, the House Energy & Commerce Committee held a hearing to educate members on the complexities of the compliance markets

August 1, 2018 Read Full Article

Pioneering Achievements: Biodiesel Magazine Spotlights Eight Companies

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine)  Biodiesel Magazine spotlights eight companies—four process technology providers, two commodity firms, a blending equipment manufacturer and an adsorbent supplier—forging new paths in their respective fields. WWS

May 25, 2018 0 comment Read Full Article

Biofuels Production and Consumption in the US: Status, Advances and Challenges

by Mahmood Ebadian and James D. McMillan (IEA Bioenergy Task 39 Newsletter)  … The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) was enacted in 2007 to enhance domestic production of fuels and spur

May 11, 2018 Read Full Article

Isobutanol’s Horizons: The Digest’s 2018 Multi-Slide Guide to Gevo

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Gevo has two proprietary technologies that combine to make it possible to retrofit existing ethanol plants to produce isobutanol, a four carbon alcohol which serves as

April 12, 2018 Read Full Article

Where’s Ethanol Going to Go?

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  … According to POET CEO Jeff Broin, there’s a deal on the table — changing almost by the hour, but a deal none the less. A deal on the

March 23, 2018 Read Full Article

The Time Has Come for RFS Reform

by Mike McAdams (Advanced Biofuels Association/Biofuels Digest) In December of 2007, President Bush—with overwhelming bipartisan support—signed the RFS2 into law. Since that time, it has become clear the law has worked

July 26, 2017 Read Full Article

Ready for Take-Off: The Digest’s 2017 Multi-Slide Guide to Honeywell’s UOP and Aviation Biofuels

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Honeywell’s UOP has developed a renewable jet fuel processing technology, a renewable diesel process, as well as a joint venture, Envergent Technologies, that will market

July 20, 2017 Read Full Article

North Dakota Oil Refinery Plans to Co-Process Renewable Diesel

by Ron Kotrba (Biomass Magazine)  A Tesoro oil refinery in Dickinson, North Dakota, has plans to co-process renewable feedstock along with regionally sourced Bakken crude oil to produce a 5

July 7, 2017 Read Full Article

Green Nano-Chemistry: The Digest’s 2016 Multi-Slide Guide to Sylvatex

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Sylvatex is a green nano-chemistry company utilizing renewable non-toxic inputs to create a nanoparticle that can be used in multiple applications. The company’s alternative fuel product

December 2, 2016 Read Full Article

Comment Period Opens on EPA Rule to Update RFS, Fuel Regulations

by Erin Voegele (Ethanol Producer Magazine) On Nov. 16, U.S. EPA’s proposed Renewable Enhancement and Growth Support rule was published in the Federal Register, officially opening a 60-day public comment period

November 23, 2016 Read Full Article

Biointermediates and U: A Potential Step Change in Advanced Biofuel Economics

by Antoine C. Schellinger (Biofuels Digest/ International Alliance Group)  … The EPA has performed lifecycle analysis on certain pathways and published them in the CFR as approved pathways. They are labeled

November 22, 2016 Read Full Article

Scaling up Industrial Biotech: The Digest’s 2016 Multi-Slide Guide to Financing the Advanced Bioeconomy

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Building a low carbon, bio-based economy through sustainable innovation means scaling up technologies.  And that means financing for scale. The opportunity is massive. As the OECD

November 18, 2016 Read Full Article

What’s Next for Advanced Biofuels?

by Michael McAdams (Advanced Biofuels Association/Biomass Magazine)  As for what is left to do after Congress returns on Nov. 15, extending existing biofuel tax credits are number one on the

November 15, 2016 Read Full Article

Drop-In Biofuel Developers See Promise in US EPA Rule Change

by Meghan Gordon (Platts)  US advanced biofuels production could get a boost under a rule change the Environmental Protection Agency is considering that would allow conventional refineries to receive renewable fuel

October 13, 2016 Read Full Article

Drop-In Biofuel Developers See Promise in US EPA Rule Change

by Meghan Gordon (Platts)  US advanced biofuels production could get a boost under a rule change the Environmental Protection Agency is considering that would allow conventional refineries to receive renewable fuel

October 11, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

EPA Proposes Poplar, Willow Trees for Ethanol in U.S. Biofuel Rule Tweak

by Michael Hirtzer (Reuters)  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on Monday proposed tweaks to its Renewable Fuel Standard that would allow biofuels to be processed at more than one location and

October 10, 2016 Read Full Article

EPA Proposes Major Updates to RFS Regulations

by Erin Voegele (Biomass Magazine)  … Within the proposed rule, the EPA explains that the RFS registration, reporting, recordkeeping and product transfer document (PTD) requirements were designed with the general expectation

October 4, 2016 Read Full Article

Proposed Renewables Enhancement and Growth Support (REGS) Rule

(Environmental Protection Agency)  EPA is proposing enhancements to its Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) program and other related fuel regulations to support market growth of ethanol and other renewable fuels in

October 4, 2016 Read Full Article

Biorenewable Deployment Consortium Holds Candid Discussion of Current Bioeconomy Happenings from a Forest Resources Perspective

by Joanne Ivancic* (Advanced Biofuels USA)  An intimate group that shares some background or interest in forest resources meets twice each year under the Biorenewable Deployment Consortium banner for candid

September 28, 2016 Read Full Article

Answers to Your Questions about Renewables and the Advanced Bioeconomy

by Jim Lane and Ron Cascone (Biofuels Digest/NEXANT)  Recently, we held a popular webinar on Renewables and the Advanced Bioeconomy with NEXANT principal Ron Cascone, for which you can see the slides

September 22, 2016 0 comment Read Full Article

EPA Brings Biofuel Production Changes To White House

by Kali Hays (Law360)  The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on Tuesday sent some proposed changes to its Renewable Fuel Standard program to the White House for review, as the agency

May 12, 2016 Read Full Article

Tenacity Required to Secure Advanced Biofuels Future

by Michael McAdams (Advanced Biofuels Association/Biomass Magazine)  Once again, we enter spring awaiting the U.S. EPA’s proposal for the renewable volumes obligations (RVO) for the next year. After six years

May 4, 2016 Read Full Article

Duel Fuel–Colocating Ethanol, Biodiesel

by Keith Loria (Ethanol Producer Magazine)   Biodiesel tanks are popping up in the tank farms at some ethanol plants these days. — During the past decade, there has been a great

April 15, 2016 Read Full Article

Towards Advanced Biofuels – Options for Integrating 1st and 2nd Generation biofuel Production (RES-T-BIOPLANT)

(IEA-RETD/IEA Implementing Agreement for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment)  The integration of advanced (2nd generation / 2G) biofuel plants with conventional (1st generation / 1G) biofuel plants can lead to significant

February 9, 2016 Read Full Article

Tesoro Makes Its Move on Renewable Biocrude

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  In Texas, Tesoro has unveiled its plan to foster the development of biocrude made from renewable biomass, which can be co-processed in its existing refineries,

January 22, 2016 Read Full Article

2015: A Missed Opportunity for Biofuels

by Michael McAdams (Advanced Biofuels Association/Biomass Magazine)  To say that 2015 was an overall disappointment for the biofuels industry would be an understatement. With the price of oil hovering from

November 30, 2015 Read Full Article

Co-Processing of HEFA feedstocks with Petroleum Hydrocarbons for Jet Production

(Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAFI))  On June 19th, Alisdair Clark of BP and Joseph Sorena of Chevron presented “Co-processing of HEFA Feedstocks with Petroleum Hydrocarbons for Jet Production” for

August 5, 2015 Read Full Article

ACORE Brings Together Biofuel Industry to Publish Comments Addressing RFS Rules which Impede Advanced Biofuels Development

(American Council on Renewable Energy)  ACORE Brings Together Biofuel Industry to Publish Comments Addressing RFS Rules — Industry leaders and ACORE members take up issues with co-location requirements under the RFS

May 18, 2015 Read Full Article

Time Has Come Today

by Ron Kotrba (Biodiesel Magazine)  The synergies between co-located ethanol and biodiesel production have been discussed for a decade. The existing infrastructure to share process essentials, an in-house feedstock in distillers corn

June 17, 2014 Read Full Article

Researchers Find Potential to Grow Biofuel Feedstock on PV Farms

by Ker Than( Stanford University/Biomass Magazine) Growing agave and other carefully chosen plants amid photovoltaic panels could allow solar farms not only to collect sunlight for electricity but also to produce

June 2, 2014 Read Full Article

Special Asia Biofuels Report: The Top 10 Stories of the Year, and More

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest) Asia looks at petroleum reserves and exploration and concludes: our future is in biomass. As we wrote in 2012: “There’s only one complete region for biofuels

December 26, 2013 Read Full Article

Canada, Renewables and the Courtroom Wallah

by Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest)  Take some process heat and steam and CO2 from an ethanol plant — add a greenhouse, then stir and bake — what do you get?

March 5, 2013 Read Full Article

Cellulosic Developers Make Case for Integrated Ethanol Production

by Kris Bevill (Ethanol Producer Magazine)  Corn ethanol and cellulosic ethanol have previously been viewed as entirely separate products which will be manufactured by two unique types of producers, but

June 6, 2012 Read Full Article

Navigating the Nuances of Integration

by Bryan Sims (Biorefining Magazine)  Experts discuss important considerations in co-location and retrofit projects Whether it’s co-locating a stand-alone biorefinery at an existing industrial asset to bolster supply chain dynamics,

February 13, 2012 0 comment Read Full Article

ABO Member Spotlight: Tim Burns, Chief Executive Officer, BioProcess Algae

(Algal Biomass Organization February 25 Newsletter)  …We are designing, manufacturing and operating systems that enable controlled, economical cultivation of algal biomass using attached growth technology.  We are currently beginning the second

March 25, 2011 Read Full Article

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of Investigation (FBI) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) federal land Federal Railroad Administration Federal Reserve Bank Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Transit Administration (FTA) feed Feed In Tariffs (FIT) feed prices Feedstock Flexibility Program for Bioenergy Producers feedstock logistics feedstock material feedstock prices Feedstocks feedstock storage feedstock transportation fermentation ferry fertilizer F Factor fiber Fiji Financing Finland Fischer-Tropsch/FT Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SKA Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) fish feed fish oil fish waste fit for purpose flameleaf sumac flavors flax Fleets fleshings flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) Flightpath flight tests flixweed/tansy/herb-Sophia flood-prone soil Florida flue gas FOG (Fats/Oils/Grease) follow-the-crop food Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and fuel food policy food prices food processing waste food safety food security food vs biomaterials/bioplastics food vs fuel food waste for forage forage sorghum forecasts foreign oil Foreign Policy forest Forest Biomass for Energy forest biotechnology forest residue/waste Forest resources forestry Forest Service fossil carbon fossil fuel fracking fractionation fragrance France franchise fraud Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) free fatty acids (FFA) French French Guiana fructose fruit FT-SKA fuel fuel additives fuel cells fuel economy fuel efficiency fuel injection fuel mixtures fuel molecules fuel oil fuel performance fuel prices Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) fuel registration Fuel Retailers fuel testing fuel transportation fuel use fuel wholesaler fully burdened cost fund funding fungus/fungi Furanics furfural fusel oils Future Farmers of America (FFA) Gabon Gambia gas-to-liquid (GTL) gasification gasoline gasoline-range hydrocarbons gasoline baseline gasoline consumption gasoline mandate gasoline markets gasoline price gas prices gas tax/highway user fee General Services Administration general waiver authority generators genetically engineered yeast cells genetically enhanced microbes genetically modified organism (GMO) genome Georgia Georgia (country) geothermal German Germany Ghana GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions) giant cane Giant King Grass Giant Reed/Arundo GIS glass tubing gliricidia sepium global rebound effect global warming global warming potential glucose glycerin glycerin standards glycerol goats Governance practices) Government Accountability Office (GAO) government investment government subsidies grains grain sorghum/milo grain speculators GRAND-AM grants grants-local grants-state grapefruit grapes graphene graphite GRAS (generally regarded as safe) Grasses grasshoppers grease Great Green Fleet Great Lakes Greece green/black economy green bonds green chemistry Green Deal EU green economy green house facility Green Jobs Green New Deal Green Racing Green Recovery GREET model Grenada gribble growers gua beans Guam guar Guatemala guayule Guerbet reaction Guinea Gulf states gulmohar Gumweed (grindelia squarosa) Guyana GWP h Haiti Halophytes harvesting harvest site processing Hawaii hazardous waste hazelnut HBIIP Higher Blends Infrastructure Incentive Program HDCJ health health benefits health effects heat-tolerance heating oil/fuel heat of combustion heat of vaporization Heavy Duty Truck Rule heavy duty vehicles (HDV) hedging HEFA (Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids) HEFA50 helicopters hemicellulace enzymes hemicellulose hemicellulosic sugars Hemp hemp oil hemp seed herb hexanol HFO (Heavy Residual Fuel Oil) HFS-SIP hibiscus high blend renewable fuels (HBRF) High Octane Fuel (HOF) High Octane Fuel Standard High Octane Gasoline (HOG) High Octane Vehicles (HOV) high performance regular high school project Highway Bill highway rights-of-way Highway Trust Fund history hog farmers hombayniya homogeneous-charge compression-ignition Honduras honey locust Honge 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liquefaction liquid liquidation liquid petroleum gas (LPG) liquid transportation fuels Liquified Biogas (LBG) Liquified Biogas (LBG) pumps Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) lithium Lithuania litigation Litigation-Federal Litigation-State livestock loan guarantees loans lobbying loblolly pine locomotives lodgepole pine logistics long-term contracts Louisiana low carbon emissions low carbon octane standard (LCOS) Low Emission Vehicle Standards (LEV) low sulfur diesel low sulfur fuel low sulfur marine fuel lubricants lumber mill Luxembourg lysis M3 M15 M50 M100 ma macadamia macauba Macedonia machine learning Madagascar magnesium mahua Maine Malawi Malaysia Mali mallees Malta Malyasia mamona management changes mandates mangaba manganese mango mangrove Manitoba mannose manure maple maps marginal land Marine/Maritime Bio- Renewable Fuel marine algae Marine Corps Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) Marine Gas Oil (MGO) market forces marketing markets/sales market share Mars Marshall Islands Maryland Masdar Institute Massachusetts mass balance standard Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Mauritius Mazda meat mechanics training medical waste MEEC membranes mergers and acquisitions mesquite methan methanation methane/biomethane methane leaks methanization Methanol/Biomethanol/Renewable Methanol methanol price Mexico Michelin GreenX Challenge Michigan micro-crop microalgae microbial electrosynthesis microbiology microorganisms/microbes microwave Mid-Atlantic Middle East Midwest mileage military military policy military reserves military specifications military strategic flexibility military strategy military use of biofuels millennium fruit millet millettia pinnata milo stover minerals mining Minnesota miscanthus misfueling missile fuel Mississippi Missouri mixed prarie mobile refinery modeling modular molasses mold molybdenum MON (Motor Octane Number) Monaco Mongolia mongongo Montana Montenegro moose morama Moringa tree Morocco morula motorcycles MOVES (motor vehicle emissions simulator) modeling system MOVES3 (MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator model) MOVES2014 Mozambique MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) MTBE (Methyl tert-butyl ether) multi-fuel municipal/city mushroom mushroom substrate mustard seed Myanmar n-butanol nahar Namibia nano nanocatalysts nanocellulose nanomaterials nano particles naphtha/bionaphtha NASCAR National Academies of Science National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) National Guard National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Oilheat Research Alliance National Park Service National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF) national security National Security Council National Transportation Safety Board Native American tribes natural gas Natural Gas Act natural gas input natural gasoline natural gas prices natural gas vehicles Navy Nebraska neem negative 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Policy (OSTP) offtake agreements Ohio Ohio Wisconsin oil oil embargo oil exploration oil monopoly oil p oil price parity oil prices oil production oil refineries oil replacement Oils oil sands oil seed oil seed crops oil speculators oil spill oil subsidies oil taxes Oklahoma olefins olive cake olive oil olive pits olives olive water Oman Omega-3s on-farm algae production on-farm biodiesel on-farm ethanol production on-farm natural gas production on-farm processing one pound waiver onion waste online courses Ontario OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) open fuel standard open pond opportunity zones optimized flex fuel vehicles orange peel orchard grass orchard prunings Oregon organic solar cells osage orange OSHA Overseas Private Investment Corporation overview overview/survey course oxygen oxygenate ozone Pakistan Palau palm palm biomass palm fatty acid distillate palm fiber palm fronds palm kernel palm kernel oil palm kernel shell palm oil palm oil mill effluent 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railroad rainforest rain tree RAND rare earth metal RD20 RD30 RD99 RD100 reclaimed mine lands recycled oil recycled plastics recycling red algae redcedar Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation refineries reforestation Reformate regenerative braking regenerative farming regulations Regulations-Federal Regulations-State Regulatory Enhancement Growth Support (REGS) Reid vapor pressure (RVP) remediation remediation rice straw Renewable Chemical renewable chemical producer tax incentive renewable chemical production tax credit Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel/Paraffinic Diesel Renewable Diesel/Green Diesel price Renewable Diesel Production renewable diesel pumps renewable diesel tax credit renewable diesel terminal Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Directive (RED and RED II) Renewable Energy Standard Renewable Energy to Fuels through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids (REFUEL) renewable fuel renewable fuel oil (RFO) Renewable Fuels Directive (EU) Renewable Fuel Standard 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roadmap rocket fuel Romania RON (Research Octane Number) rotation crops royalties RTP (rapid thermal processing) rubber rumen ruminants rural development Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Rural Energy Self-Sufficiency Initiative Russia Russian olive rutabaga Rwanda ry rye Rye grass s saccharification Safer and Affordable Fuel Efficient Vehicles (SAFE) safety safflower sago pond weed SAIC SAK Salicornia salt-tolerant saltbush saltcedar sal tree salt water Sanctions Santa Monica sardine oil Saskatchewan Saudi Arabia sawdust scale up Scandinavia scholarships/fellowships Science Advisory Board (SAB) Science Policy Scotland scum sea level rise seaports seashore mallow seawater Seaweed/Macroalgae seaweed cultivation Section 526 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) seed-to-wheel seed husks Senegal Serbia sesame sewage Seychelles shale shale gas shale oil shark oil sheep shipping shipping containers shipworm Sierra Leone silica Silphie/cup plant/Indian cup silver silver maple 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incentives tax parity tax policy tea teach-the-teacher teacher teacher resources teacher training technical course Technical Readiness Levels techno-economic analysis technology transfer tech transfer telephone utility poles Tennessee termites terpenes terrestrial carbon testing Texas textbook Thailand theft therapeutics thermal deoxygenation thermocatalytic conversion thermochemical conversion thermochemical liquefaction Tibet Tier 3 Tier 4 tilapia tillage Timor-Leste tires tobacco tobacco tree Togo Tokyo toluene Tonga tool Toronto torrefaction Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) trade trade dispute/discrimination trade group trade organization Trade Policy trade secrets training trains transesterification transgenics transition Transportation Fuels Policy Transportation Fuels Policy--Municipal Transportation Fuels Policy--State Transportation Fuels Policy; carbon removal Transportation Policy Treasury Department trees Trinidad and Tobago triticale trucks tubers tung tunicate Tunisia 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